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, ,   ,      ,    .     XX       ,    ,  ,  . Ƞ ,    ,  ,   ,     .

 ,   , 1989

     ,     ,   .         - UNESCO/UNDP .       2002       .

      SIBIS      -  ( -).           ,      . Ѡ  2006      .         ,          .

           . , , , , ,      .   -      ,      3D .

             .    ,    . Ѡ    ,     ,     .       ,    , , ,      .     XXI ,         .

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        ,     ,        ,    .  ,            .

           .   , , , , ,    .      ,      .           .

,       ,  .   ,                .        ,   .           .

 1964       (Gbor Dnes) :      .      .   ,    ,  -          .

   蠖    ,   ,         ,       ,     ,        .               .

      ,      .          .         ,        .

          .             XXI .  ,         (Samuel Johnson):   .  ,  ,     .       ,  ()   .



 
 - , 
E-mail: mweb2016@mail.ru
https://sites.google.com/site/seismkantiana







  ,                      .

  XII, 1950

        . Ÿ                .         XX   .

       .   ,     ,     .          .       ,        ,     .

             ,     .    ,     .       ,         ,          .

          ,  ,    (2013)   (Ajit Varki)   (Pascal Gagneux)   - (University California, San Diego),          .

        ,            .      蠖  ,    .      ,     .       ,   ,    ,     .

                  .     ,                .       .

      .     ,     ,        . Ѡ               .                .

           ,  , .    ,    .   , -,       .              .

     .       ,  ,  . Ѡ      ,     ,    ,    ,  . ,     ,             .

      ,        .      ,  ,   .    ,         .

 59       (Gaius Iulius Caesar)     acta senatus   .     (Octavianus Augustus)         .    ,   ,        .

     ,    ,        .      ,   .         ,  ,     ,     .

          .  XVI    ,      ,       .     頖    ,  ,  ,   .

    scritori d avise ( ).        novellanti  gazettanti.     newsmen,  nuvellisty.   ,   ,               蠖  .

       .  XVI XVII     蠖   .           .  1622       Weekly News.    ,      .         Gazett,      .






    1891.



      .  1837      .         . ʠ1887     , 1861       .        (18541856)    .        ,       .

         .   -     ,      .       ,     ,   , (Claude tienne Mini)    ,   .  1998      .

   ,      .          .  ,    젖         .    ,     ,   ,         .








          .     XIX .  1866     ,        , 1870         ().

 1860    (Antonio Meucci)  ,     ,   Telectrophon.  1876   (Alexander Graham Bell)    .          . Ѡ      .          ,    .      ,    .

      .       ,        ,     XX  , ,   .

          1888        (Hertzian Waves).  1893     , 1895 .          ,       ,     .   ,     ,    .








 1906           . Ѡ      . 18 1907      ,        ()  ()             .

 1909        1700         .     ,     SOS        . 14 1912     SOS,     ,    58    Carpathia.           .       ,   ,          .        .








            .  25           KDKA. Ѡ   2    .

       .             .      . ,      ,       .

 1933              . 2 1939,       ,      蠖       .

 1922,        ,      (John Logie Baird)    .           .  1927          705  .

 1928      ,     ,   General Electric     .          .








 1936 ,    ,       .      (Alan Mathison Turing)   Π .     (Post Emil Leon)      .           .         .

 1937     Z1   (Konrad Zuse).     22-     ,   64. Z1        .          (Iowa State University ofScience and Technology)   (John Vincent Atanasoff)    -  ()        .         .  1942    .








          .    .  ,             .  , ,       ,     .  1950          ENIAC     .

 1957        .         .      Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA,    ,   DARPA).    ARPA       .             .








     ,    .       ,    .  (1957),  (1960)  (1964)         .

 1960,      (1960)     Lockheed U-2,    (Francis Gary Powers)     ,          .       軠  Research and Development (RAND)    ,  ,           .            .   ,         ,      50% .








ʠ           ,           ,     .   ,              .

 ARPA             .         (Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider)  1962  Galactic Network.








       ,     .         .       (Leonard Kleinrock)        (19611964).

 ,   ,   ,      ,      ,     .  1962   RAND Corporation   On Distributed Communication Networks.          (   )        .      蠖     ,       ,        .

        ,          .    ,  .     蠖 ,     .         .








ʠ 70-            蠖 .  ARPA ,   ,          , ,      .

 1945  Wireless World   (Sir Arthur Charles Clarke)   Extra-Terrestrial Relays ( )     .        ,  14 1963     Syncom 3.  ,     頖         .

10 1962       Telstar 1.  15             ,     -.  -        (John Fitzgerald Kennedy).






            2010 (Arthur Clarke, 1945; , 2014).



 1967   (Lawrence G.Roberts)      ARPA.      - ARPAnet.     (Donald Watts Davies)    ,          ,       .         ,  .

26 1968    140         .  IBM, AT&T     . ,    Heart Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN),       ,   .

  BBN   ,       .   .   ARPA    BBN ࠫInterface Message Processor (IMP)        .








   - (UCLA, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles),    (Stanford Research Institute),   - (University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara)    (Utah State University)    .

 12   (Frank Hart) BBN       ARPANET.             Honeywell DDP-516.

 ,     ,    ,      12.        Interface Message Processor (IMP).           56/.  IMP        IMP.            .






ARPANET 1971  2005 (     C).      IP-. Ÿ ࠖ   ()  ,    RFC 1918. 2013   IP-    1,3.



30 1969  IMP  UCLA        (Stanford University),    - 520.    ARPANET. ʠ1 1969    - , ARPA  BBN  ,   .

     BBN   (Ray Samuel Tomlinson)        @.   1971       QWERTYUIOP      .          (Douglas Engelbart) ,        ,    .           ,     Send Message.

         (Lawrence Roberts).        ,  ,    ,       .






   ,      -: Barry M. Leiner, Vinion G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kieinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Lawrence G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff 1997.



      .      (Robert Elliot Kahn)   (Vinton Gray Cerf).   1974     IEEE Transaction Communications  AProtocol for Packet Network Intercommunication      ,   ,   .           TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).

 TCP     .        .  TCP    IP (Internet Protocol)   /IP    .  IP           .








  1977     , ARPANET   .         .  1973            . Ѡ     ,       .

 1984     (NSF)    NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network).        .  ,      ,       .

  1990    ,   젖 ,   ,   ,   .      ,       .      ,     ,    ,     .

          (CERN)  - (Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee)     HTML.  1989    World Wide Web (Web, WWW)            .         .






       .         1993,      3G   .



 1990  CERN    - -,  -  NeXTStep.        . , ,       ,         ftp telnet,      .

  1991 -      WWW    ,   1993 - NCSA Mosaic   (Marc Andreesen)         .   . ʠ       ,       頖     .

,           .  ,              . -       .   ࠖ   ()   .

 1981  Osborne Computers     .       1795 .     International Business Machines (IBM, --)     .   .

 IBM       IBM 5150(Personal Computer PC)    BIOS (Basic input/output system).             IBM PC.          IBM PC ,     . ,  PC    ⠖  ,   .






     -   .       20032010  3G,      .



         (William Henry Gates III): Ѡ      .    ,        40⠖          . ,       .     18 , ࠖ Digital Equipment Corporation  PDP-8.     -,  ,    .     (      ),  120.       ,     . PDP-8  ,  -      ,      .           Digital Equipment Corporation.  ,   ,   ,  .

 IBM PC              .     136 PC  Time     1981.        (1982)   : ʠ 1981     ⠖ ,         .

 1983  Compaq Computer    IBM- ,    Apple  Lisa      .    ,               .    Apple  Macintosh,         .   Macintosh    ,  Lisa,    堖 2,5 .

         ,    .        ,        .      90-       .

 1990  Windows 3.0  IBM      .  1993   (Marc Andreessen),     (Illinois State University),      NCSA Mosaic    Microsoft Windows   .    Windows for Workgroups  3.1.     ,      .     ,     ,    .






ʠ2000             .    ,     ,   .                . ʠ,  2014          .



Windows for Workgroups      .        Windows 95.       TCP/IP,  Dial-Up Networking      . Ѡ     ,         ,     .

       ,    -.            ,   .       .      ,  2,5G       GSM GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)   .        GSM (   Groupe Special Mobile,  Global System for Mobile Communications)   .

          ()         .         ,  , ,  , ,     .     ,        .

          1970-  (1G)    (2G) 1991.   3G (Third generation) 2000-  , ,  4G 2010     100/.

   3G 4G     .           2020,  ,     .  4G     12000 ,   2G,        .

 2015        5G.    ,  ,    -. ʠ   ,    ,    ,     .          .

 - -      ,        .    (1964)  - (Herbert Marshall McLuhan)      .        .

 1993   (Carl Malamud)      The Internet Multicasting Service (a -)  1   Internet Talk Radio ( -).    ftp-       .

    蠖 - - (Web pages Web Broadcasting)     . ʠ   -           , ,     .

 1995   Classmates.com    .     ,           .  20032004      Facebook, LinkedIn MySpace.        ,      .






  2G 4G           .



  ,   ,              ,    .        .   ,   -     ,  ,   XXI    ,   ,   .

  ,        .         .                  . Ѡ       ,       .

       ,   -         ,    .

 2000 86%     ,    25%     .  2007          6%. ʠ2000        .  2015 60%  -   蠖  .

         3G 4G         . Ѡ            ,   ,          .

ʠ          .        .       ,   - ,          . Ѡ2010     ,          .

 2003    6,3 ,    500 .  2010           12,5,      6,8 .

ʠ 2013         2,5.  2016    7,3,    3,5 .      2,5,     .      (National Science Foundation) 2020      .

 2014    250 (250x1018) ⠖ ..       ⠖ 25      75     .      46%       ,     .    -     (Jakob Nielsen).

Ѡ       .      ⠫໠      .    Global Cloud Index (20132018)  Cisco     ,     ,      . ʠ2018           7,6  ,  50%       .

       OneWeb (WorldVu) ,  ,      2019        .   OneWeb  Airbus Group, Bharti Enterprises, Hughes Network Systems, EchoStar Corp., Intelsat, Qualcomm Incorporated, The Coca-Cola Company, Totalplay, Grupo Salinas Company, Virgin Group .

        .       (Lawrence Berkeley National laboratory)      20002006 ,   2%    (30. .).         10%.

     30%  ,  -   5,32.  1995       -,        ,  2014    .     -  2016       ..  .

  XXI         .  2000        ,     94%     .     19862007  295 (), 2009      500.  2011         1,8 ().  ,         .

 2020,     35  ().      .  2013     22%, 2020    35% ,    .

       ,     Smartdust ( ), Planetary Skin ( ), Central Nervous System for the Earth (   ) ..  -  (NASA Interplanetary Internet (IPN), Cisco Internet Routing inSpace .  2017           ()    .






   . Ѡ2008           . Ѡ2010     -   .



 2009  IPN     ().  2010      , 2012  IPN   ,      .

    , ,       .       頖        ࠖ  (, Artificial intelligence, AI).              . ,  -  .

-.  1999   Internet ofThings (-, IoT).       Auto-ID       (Kevin Ashton)     Procter&Gamble.       ,          .               .

             黠  , ,  .        ,       ,  .          ⠖       .      ,    .

   :      (Howard Rheingold, 2002)      :    ,   ,     ,    .              ,            .    ,     .       ,       . ,    ,  .

     (, , ,   .)    .        .      14  ,  .

      33,5     460 ,   ,  .        ,         .        .

 2002            .  2011   (Martin Hilbert)   (Priscilla Lopes)        blu-ray.   21 39   19862007. ,          砖 2,6 1986 295 2007.        1986   33% 0,007% 2007.






  - (IoT)   2020  IDS (2014).



        .    Pew Research Center Pew,          . Ѡ2004  Google     .   2010   15  .  2015    Facebook       Instant Articles.         -.

          .  2007    94%     .            .

 .  2008     (Clifford Lynch),  Coalition for Networked Information (CNI),   Big data ( ).              .

           ( ). ʠ   ,     .   , log-,  , ,   .     堖         (Data inmotion).

      .        , ,  ,    ,  ,  SMS,    .      ,   ,  ,   .

        ,     ,  ,  ,    .           ,   .    ,  ,  ,    .    Facebook   2017          ,       .

  ,               ,           .      ,    ,  堖      .

Ѡ     ,   . ʠ2015  90%         .  IBM, 2015   2,5  .      , , ,     ,   .             .

 2009  Arbor Networks Merit Network    (University ofMichigan)   -.      256 .

 2004 -      .  2007 15   50%  . ʠ2009 60%     . ʠ, Google  6%   ,    ,   YouTube        2000.   52%  -  -,     42%.

 2007   젖  HTTP-  42%, 25% 40%  -  -.     -    P2P-.

      .     -  ,    .       , ,     -   .

      .                         .

       . ,          ,         .        ,     -, , ,               .

ʠ2015          47%     ()   1,2 .       24%,  蠖 11%.       3,2% ,     ,   , , ,   .        .

     2011      . ,  2030           .

       ,    軠    .

  ,          .         .     堫   ,         .






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