  :           XIX 
  


         .     ,             1884 .,         .  ,   , ,     -  .





 

  :           XIX 


       



Pax Britannica








  Pax Britannica:

. . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . 



:

  ,  . . 

(    . . )

  ,  .. 

(     )







           .         ( 930 .)      .         ,  ,  .      ,    :    ,     .      .

 XVII .,        ,              ,       -  .      (,    ,    .  ..)      ,    .

        .       .       .     :          .            ,  .

  XIX .      ,        .         1832 .      ,  , ,     ,          .        .  -          ,       .  1832 .        ,       .

  30       , ,    1832 .,     60-  -      ,  .      .  1867 .     ,      .

      1884 .        ,          .                .          ,   ,    .     , , ,        .          ,     (    )               .   1870-1880- .      ,        ,      .

      18671868 .,      ,  1886 .,              .

         .      (      .  ..),     ( ,     . . .),  ,            [1 - Great Britain. Hansards Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons, House of Lords). 3-d ser. Vol. 283296. L., 18831886 (  HPD); Great Britain. Parliamentary Papers. 18831886. L., 18841887; Great Britain. Public General Statutes. 48 &49 Viet. L., 18851886.].

      , ,   ,    [2 - The Radical Platform: Speeches by the Rigth Hon. J. Chamberlain. MP, Hull, Warrington, Glasgow, Autumn 1885. Edindurg, 1885; Goschen G. I. Essays and Adresses. L., 1905; Speeches of Lord Randolph Churchill, 18801888 / Ed. by L. J. Jennings. Vol. 2. L., 1889; Speeches of the marquis of Salisbury / Ed. by H. W. Lucy. L., 1885; Lord Salisbury on politics. A Selecter from his articles in the Quaterly Review, 18601883 / Ed. by P. Smith. Cambridge, 1972; Balfour A. J. Chapters of Autobiography / Ed. by E. Dugdale. L., 1930; Chamberlain /. A Political Memoir, 18801892. L., 1953; The Diaries of John Bright / Ed. by R. A. J. L. Walling: Cassell, 1930; The Diary of Gathorne Hardy, Later Lord Cranbrook, 18661892: political Selestions / Ed. by N. E. Johnson. Oxford, 1981; Fletcher J. S. Memoirs of a spectator. L., 1912; Gathorne-Hardy A. E. First Earl of Cranbrook: A Memoir with extracts from his diary and correstondence. Vol. 2. L., 1910; Gladstone H. After thirty years. L., 2003; Hirst F. W. Early Life & letters or Joph Morley. Vol. II. L., 1927; Morley J. Recollections. Vols. 12. L., 1924.].

       . ,  ,  -  ,           .  ,   ,  ,  ,      [3 - The Contemporary Review, 18831886; Nineteenth Century, 18831886; The Saturday Review, 18831886; The Fortnightly Review, 18831886.].       [4 - The Quarterly Review, 18831886.].              ,    ,    ,        [5 - The Times, 18831886.].   ,      ,   [6 - Freemans Journal, 18831886.].

          ?         .       . ,    ( XIX- XX .)       ,       .  ,   ,   . . , . . , . . , . . .              .            [7 -  . .  . ., 1893;  . .    XIX  ( .             ). .,1904;  . .      . . VVI. ., 19081910;  . .  . 15001917. ., 1918.].

  (. . , . . )   , ,   1884 .      .

 (. .   . . ) , , ,   1884 .     ,   ,       .

    . ,  , , [8 -  .       . , 1916;  .    . ., 1997.].   ,   1884 .    ,      ,            .

  1930-1950- .    .       ,          .        : . .      . .    [9 -  . .    . ., 1959;  . .   . ., 1959.].

  1980- .          .          .              ,  -    . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . [10 -  . .        80-  XIX . ., 1985;  . .       1867 . . , 1988;        18461886 :    . . . - . . ., 1991;  .     :     / . . . . . ., 2004;  . .        XIX   XX . , 1992;  . .       (50-. 80- . XIX .).  /., 1992;  . .     1880-   1900- :      . , 2002;  . .        30-  XIX . , 1997;  . .       . , 1998;  . .   .  .  . . 2007;  . .          XIX   XX . , 2009.].

 ,            .           . , . , . , . [11 - Murdoch /. A History of constitutional reform in Great Britain and Ireland with a full account of the three measures of 1832,1867 and 1884. L., 1885; Seymour Ch. Electoral Reform in England and Wales. The Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise, 18321885. New Haven, 1915; Jones A. The politics of reform 1884. Cambridge, 1972; Hayes W. A. The Background and Passage of the Third Reform Act. L., 1982.].              .   ,          1883 .      .    ,         ,             .             .   ,   ,     ,  -      ,              .  ,    :                   [12 - Seymour Ch. Electoral Reform in England and Wales. The Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise, 18321885. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1915; Pease A. E. Elections and Recollections. L., 1932; Hanham H. /. Elections and party management. Politics in the time of Disraeli and Gladstone. L., 1959; BlewettN. The franchise in the United Kingdom 18851918// Past & Present. A Journal of Historical Studies. Dec. 1965. 32; Hanham H. J. The reformed electoral system in Great Britain, 18321914. L., 1968; Clarke P. E. The Electoral Sociology of modern Britain 11 History. Febr. 1972. Vol. 57. 189; PellingH. Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain. L., 1979;]?

  -    ,      ,    .      ,       :  (. ),  (. , . ),  (. ),  (. , . ),  (. ),  (. ),  (. , .  . , . ),  (. )[13 - Jackson P. The Last of the Whigs: apolitical biography of Lord Hartington, Later Eighth Duke of Devonshire (18331908). L., Toronto, 1994; Pocklington G. R. The Story of W. H. Smith and Son. L., 1937; Chilstone V. W. H. Smith. L., 1965; Raymond E. T. The Life of Lord Rosebery. N. Y., 1923; Elliot A. R. D. The Life of G. J. Goshen, First Viscount Goshen, 18311907. Vol. 2. L., 1911; Spinner T. J. George Joachim Goshen. The Transformation of a Victorian Liberal. Cambridge, 1973; Thorold A. L. The Life of Henry Labouchere. N. Y., 1913; Whibley Ch. Lord John Manners and his friends. Vol. II. Edinburgh, 1925; Judd D. Radical Joe: aLife of Joseph Chamberlain. L., 1977; Jay R. Joseph Chamberlain, a political study. Oxford, N. Y, 1981; Marsh P. T. Joseph Chamber-lain: entrepreneur in politics. New Hawen, 1994; Cameron E. A. A far cry to London: Joseph Chamberlain in Inverness, September, 1885 // The Innes Review. 2006. Vol. 57  1; Cecil Gw. The Life of Robert Marquis of Salisbury. Vol. 34. L, 19311932;].  ,        . .       . , . , . , . , ., . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .    [14 - MacDonald E. A. Mr. Gladsone: A Popular Biography. Edinburgh, L., 1891; Gunsau-lus F. W. William Ewart Gladstone a Biographical Study. L., 1893; Hobkins J. C. Life and Work of Mr. Gladstone. Toronto, 1895; Kelsey D. M. Life and Public Services of William E. Gladstone. Halifax, 1898; Handford T. W. William Ewart Gladstone: Life and Public Services. Chicago, 1898; Deacon R. The Private Life of Gladstone. L., 1965; Collieu E. G. Gladstone. L., 1968; Feuchtwanger E. J. Gladstone. L., 1975; Crosby T. L. The Two Mr. Gladstones: A study in Psychology and History. New Hawen and L., 1977; Jenkins T. A. Gladstone, whiggery and liberal party 18741886. Oxford, 1988; Bebbing-ton D. W. William Ewart Gladstone: faith and politics in Victorian Britain. Michigan, 1993.; Jenkins R. Gladstone: A Biography. N. Y.: Random House, 1997; Matthew H. C. G. Gladstone: 18091898. Oxford, 1997; Bebbington D. W. Gladstone centenary essays. Liverpool, 2000; Partridge M. Gladstone. L., 2003; Bebbington D. W. The mind of Gladstone: religion, Homer, and politics. Oxford, 2004; Cook R. B. The Grand Old Man or The Life And Public Services of The Right Honorable William Ewart Gladstone Four Times Prime Minister of England. L.,2004.]. ,            .

    ,        ,    ,      .

  ,      ,       .      ,   ,           .




 I

        (1868?1884 .)





1.1.      


 1832 .     .     . -,      ,      . -,   56  ,       .   111   .   ,        ,     .    144     : 62     63 .   ,  , ,   ,    .  18     .  ,   22   , 14         [15 - . :  . . . .].

 1867 .     .      ,  10    ,         . ,      ,   .      ,   ,    ,   .          15  12  .  ,  1868 .    .        [16 -     .] (58  ).

  , 46       .  ,   ,   , ,     .       .  ,  1867 .   :  1 057 000  960 000 .  ,        , ,  ,      [17 -  . .,  . .      . ., 1958. . 2223; Ingle S. The British party system: an introduction. L., 2008. P. 33.].

          ,       .         ,              (       ),        .        ,   ,  ,    ,      -  [18 - Seymour C. Op. cit. P. 293; Hansard Parliamentary Debates (  HPD). 3-d series. Vol. 286. C. 1552.].

,     94 000 ,      .    3 426        .       ,        [19 - HPD, 3-d series. Vol. 286. . 1552.].    ,    21 500 ,    ,     ?    [20 - Seymour Ch. Op. cit. P. 462.].

  ,  25 %          .           .  ,    . . ,      ,      ,            [21 -  . . . . . 20; . :  . .   . 37.].

 ,  1867 .      -     (. . )  .       1883 . 1,6    20     [22 -  . . . . . 89.].        ,               .

         :        ,      . ,    43 .  ,               [23 -  . . . . 9.].

           ,     .      ,     .     ,      ,      . ,      , , - ,    ,    , -   .      ,  23 .  - ,   37        [24 - Blewett N. The Franchise in the United Kingdom 18851918// Past and present. 1965. 35. P. 44.]!

      ,   .      80-  XIX       .    80        ,   30  [25 -  . . . . . 21.].   1881 .,      13,5  ,        960  [26 - The Times. 1884. Jan. 3.].

           . ,         ,    45  ( : 1832 . 143 )    20,    25.                   .           ,   ,          [27 - Dunbabin J. P. D. Parliamentary Elections in Great Britain, 18681900: A Psephological Note // The English Historical Review. 1966. 81. P. 90.].

  . . ,       10 823  63 909 ,       ;          8 369  42 402 ,    -    .   1864 . 11    15  ,     18 ,  2,1    , , , ,      16 .        ,    ,  1867 .               ,         [28 - . :  . .   . 37.].

    : 1877 .   11, 5  ,      785,343 .      ,       .        ,   1885 .    .       ,    [29 - Hanham H. J. Op. cit. . 24.].

 ,          ,       ,   .               .        ,      [30 -  . . 29.].

        ,      .  1884 .           ,     ,        100  [31 -  . . . . . 90.].

       .



   [32 - The Economist. 1884. Jan. 12. . 35.]






         .   13,5 %      ,      7 %.      : 12 %     ,      4 %.         .        :  3,9 %    6,3 %  [33 - Ibid.].

        ,     . ,  ,        , , ,   ,  [34 - The Economist. 1884. Jan. 12. P. 36.].     :   (, , ),   ,      (, ),    (, ),    (, ),   ,        (        )[35 - Hanham . J. Op. cit. . 15.].



 2

      [36 - The Economist. 1884. Jan. 12. . 36.]






 3

      [37 - Ibid.]






    ,  72       500 000      ,  38  ,    9 279 .  ,       7 000 ,       122 000 .   ,       ,    17   ,  . ,   ,   360 ,  ,    ,      1 800 000 ,        13 000 000       [38 - Ibid.].

 ,          .       1867 .       ,      ,   ,   .




1.2.         18701880 .


         .        ,            .    ,            .         - ,            .     1870- .          ,    [39 - Hayes W. Op. cit. P. 17.].

       ,     (,   1865 .     .  ..)           .       :      ,        .        ,        [40 - Morning star. 1868. Aug. 3.].  ,       ,               .  ,      ,          .

  18671868 .                ,                 1867 .[41 - See Cole G. D. H. and Filson A. W. British working class movements. Pp. 583589.]   1868 .    .         ,          [42 - Harrison R. Before the socialism. Pp. 137209.].        ,            .                  . ,    ,     ,      ,  .

       , ,    .       ,           .              .         .  , -  .                [43 -  . . . . . 124.].

      ,          ,      ,         ,   .  ,     ,       .       .                          ,    [44 - . : Howell G. Minute book. L., 1869.].

         1868 .,     .            . ,  1871 .      .   -     ,          (  ,              )   ,              .

  .         : , 29  1871 .,    ,   ,         ,       -.    ,      (,        ,   ),       .       ,                    ,       ,    [45 -  .,  . . . 23. ., 1964. . 751.].   ,                    .

 1867  1871 .          . ,             .       1869 .      ,         . ,          ,      ,           .                [46 - Hayes W. Op. cit. . 19.].      .

 1870- .      .    ,       .        ,        .       .        [47 - ,              .]    .     . ,        [48 - Hanham H. J. The Reformed Electoral System P. 12.].

             ,    , ,    ,      .

           ,     .         ,    1870- .       .     30-           .                  .        60- ,            .

        ,   ,      ,       .   ,    ,     .      ,   1872 .  ,      ,    .      ,  -        .  , ,   .            .       ,              .          .          ,             .            -  [49 -  . .       . , 1989. . 112.].

      . ,   ,              .     ,        ,   .              ,   ,    ,      [50 - Saturday review. 1872. Sept. 14. Vol. 34. P. 329.].    ,    ,    ,           ,          ,     ( ,  )      .

             -      .              .               (     ) ,    .        ,          ,       [51 -  . .     . 112.].

      70-              .           ,   ,   ,    .           - .      ,       .   1860- .    ,    ,  ,    .         ,         .

  ,        ,  , , , , ,   [52 - See Gooch G. . Life of Lord Courtney. P. 109110.].      1867 .,        .            ,      . .   .  ,                   [53 - Gwynn S. and Tuckwel G. M. Sir Charles Dilke. P. 135152.].

         ,             ,  , ,    ,      .

           ,   .             1870 .,   .  (-   . . .).         .     ,            .              (         )  ,  ,        .

   ,     ,         .      ,     ;      ,      .       ,    .           ,   38        .

     .             .           .   ,      ,    .

      .    ,    ,                ,           . -            ,    ,  :      .           ,       ,      ,   .   ,   ,    ,    1870 .      .






Punch. 1883. Oct. 20.



       27-   .       ,       ,    .  , ,         ,         .          ,     ,        .     .     . . ,          [54 -  . .   . 44.].

       . ,  ,    ,       ,          .           ,  ,  !  ,    ,   . ,      ,       .

              .     -      .  1873 .    -     ,     ,    .       (   .  ..)     .       -  .

            1870- .       .      ,      ,   .    (    1876 .),       ,                .      :  ,                .          ,      .    ,    -      .     ,      ,         [55 - Chamberlian J. The Liberal Party and its Leaders // Fortnightly Review. 1873. Vol. XIV. P.294.].  ,            ,     .      , ,   ,            .     :  ,  ,     .

           ,          ,      ,           ,      ,       ,      .

       ,     .   ,     ,  ,          .    ,       ,             -.         ,      .                     .    .      ,     -,      [56 - Hayes W. Op. cit. . 23.].

     .     1871 .,   ,             .       ,           ,       1872 .   :  (  .  ..) , ,     ,      .    ,      ,    ,  [57 - Ibid.].

     .    ,        .  1872 .       .      ,            12 .     ,    ,   ,     [58 - Beehive. 1872. Aug. 24.].          . ,    39    52 -    ,  .

    .      .       .              .        .    ,           [59 - Ibid.]




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notes








1


Great Britain. Hansards Parliamentary Debates (House of Commons, House of Lords). 3-d ser. Vol. 283296. L., 18831886 (  HPD); Great Britain. Parliamentary Papers. 18831886. L., 18841887; Great Britain. Public General Statutes. 48 &49 Viet. L., 18851886.




2


The Radical Platform: Speeches by the Rigth Hon. J. Chamberlain. MP, Hull, Warrington, Glasgow, Autumn 1885. Edindurg, 1885; Goschen G. I. Essays and Adresses. L., 1905; Speeches of Lord Randolph Churchill, 18801888 / Ed. by L. J. Jennings. Vol. 2. L., 1889; Speeches of the marquis of Salisbury / Ed. by H. W. Lucy. L., 1885; Lord Salisbury on politics. A Selecter from his articles in the Quaterly Review, 18601883 / Ed. by P. Smith. Cambridge, 1972; Balfour A. J. Chapters of Autobiography / Ed. by E. Dugdale. L., 1930; Chamberlain /. A Political Memoir, 18801892. L., 1953; The Diaries of John Bright / Ed. by R. A. J. L. Walling: Cassell, 1930; The Diary of Gathorne Hardy, Later Lord Cranbrook, 18661892: political Selestions / Ed. by N. E. Johnson. Oxford, 1981; Fletcher J. S. Memoirs of a spectator. L., 1912; Gathorne-Hardy A. E. First Earl of Cranbrook: A Memoir with extracts from his diary and correstondence. Vol. 2. L., 1910; Gladstone H. After thirty years. L., 2003; Hirst F. W. Early Life & letters or Joph Morley. Vol. II. L., 1927; Morley J. Recollections. Vols. 12. L., 1924.




3


The Contemporary Review, 18831886; Nineteenth Century, 18831886; The Saturday Review, 18831886; The Fortnightly Review, 18831886.




4


The Quarterly Review, 18831886.




5


The Times, 18831886.




6


Freemans Journal, 18831886.




7


 . .  . ., 1893;  . .    XIX  ( .             ). .,1904;  . .      . . VVI. ., 19081910;  . .  . 15001917. ., 1918.




8


 .       . , 1916;  .    . ., 1997.




9


 . .    . ., 1959;  . .   . ., 1959.




10


 . .        80-  XIX . ., 1985;  . .       1867 . . , 1988;        18461886 :    . . . - . . ., 1991;  .     :     / . . . . . ., 2004;  . .        XIX   XX . , 1992;  . .       (50-. 80- . XIX .).  /., 1992;  . .     1880-   1900- :      . , 2002;  . .        30-  XIX . , 1997;  . .       . , 1998;  . .   .  .  . . 2007;  . .          XIX   XX . , 2009.




11


Murdoch /. A History of constitutional reform in Great Britain and Ireland with a full account of the three measures of 1832,1867 and 1884. L., 1885; Seymour Ch. Electoral Reform in England and Wales. The Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise, 18321885. New Haven, 1915; Jones A. The politics of reform 1884. Cambridge, 1972; Hayes W. A. The Background and Passage of the Third Reform Act. L., 1982.




12


Seymour Ch. Electoral Reform in England and Wales. The Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise, 18321885. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1915; Pease A. E. Elections and Recollections. L., 1932; Hanham H. /. Elections and party management. Politics in the time of Disraeli and Gladstone. L., 1959; BlewettN. The franchise in the United Kingdom 18851918// Past & Present. A Journal of Historical Studies. Dec. 1965. 32; Hanham H. J. The reformed electoral system in Great Britain, 18321914. L., 1968; Clarke P. E. The Electoral Sociology of modern Britain 11 History. Febr. 1972. Vol. 57. 189; PellingH. Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain. L., 1979;




13


Jackson P. The Last of the Whigs: apolitical biography of Lord Hartington, Later Eighth Duke of Devonshire (18331908). L., Toronto, 1994; Pocklington G. R. The Story of W. H. Smith and Son. L., 1937; Chilstone V. W. H. Smith. L., 1965; Raymond E. T. The Life of Lord Rosebery. N. Y., 1923; Elliot A. R. D. The Life of G. J. Goshen, First Viscount Goshen, 18311907. Vol. 2. L., 1911; Spinner T. J. George Joachim Goshen. The Transformation of a Victorian Liberal. Cambridge, 1973; Thorold A. L. The Life of Henry Labouchere. N. Y., 1913; Whibley Ch. Lord John Manners and his friends. Vol. II. Edinburgh, 1925; Judd D. Radical Joe: aLife of Joseph Chamberlain. L., 1977; Jay R. Joseph Chamberlain, a political study. Oxford, N. Y, 1981; Marsh P. T. Joseph Chamber-lain: entrepreneur in politics. New Hawen, 1994; Cameron E. A. A far cry to London: Joseph Chamberlain in Inverness, September, 1885 // The Innes Review. 2006. Vol. 57  1; Cecil Gw. The Life of Robert Marquis of Salisbury. Vol. 34. L, 19311932;




14


MacDonald E. A. Mr. Gladsone: A Popular Biography. Edinburgh, L., 1891; Gunsau-lus F. W. William Ewart Gladstone a Biographical Study. L., 1893; Hobkins J. C. Life and Work of Mr. Gladstone. Toronto, 1895; Kelsey D. M. Life and Public Services of William E. Gladstone. Halifax, 1898; Handford T. W. William Ewart Gladstone: Life and Public Services. Chicago, 1898; Deacon R. The Private Life of Gladstone. L., 1965; Collieu E. G. Gladstone. L., 1968; Feuchtwanger E. J. Gladstone. L., 1975; Crosby T. L. The Two Mr. Gladstones: A study in Psychology and History. New Hawen and L., 1977; Jenkins T. A. Gladstone, whiggery and liberal party 18741886. Oxford, 1988; Bebbing-ton D. W. William Ewart Gladstone: faith and politics in Victorian Britain. Michigan, 1993.; Jenkins R. Gladstone: A Biography. N. Y.: Random House, 1997; Matthew H. C. G. Gladstone: 18091898. Oxford, 1997; Bebbington D. W. Gladstone centenary essays. Liverpool, 2000; Partridge M. Gladstone. L., 2003; Bebbington D. W. The mind of Gladstone: religion, Homer, and politics. Oxford, 2004; Cook R. B. The Grand Old Man or The Life And Public Services of The Right Honorable William Ewart Gladstone Four Times Prime Minister of England. L.,2004.




15


. :  . . . .




16


    .




17


 . .,  . .      . ., 1958. . 2223; Ingle S. The British party system: an introduction. L., 2008. P. 33.




18


Seymour C. Op. cit. P. 293; Hansard Parliamentary Debates (  HPD). 3-d series. Vol. 286. C. 1552.




19


HPD, 3-d series. Vol. 286. . 1552.




20


Seymour Ch. Op. cit. P. 462.




21


 . . . . . 20; . :  . .   . 37.




22


 . . . . . 89.




23


 . . . . 9.




24


Blewett N. The Franchise in the United Kingdom 18851918// Past and present. 1965. 35. P. 44.




25


 . . . . . 21.




26


The Times. 1884. Jan. 3.




27


Dunbabin J. P. D. Parliamentary Elections in Great Britain, 18681900: A Psephological Note // The English Historical Review. 1966. 81. P. 90.




28


. :  . .   . 37.




29


Hanham H. J. Op. cit. . 24.




30


 . . 29.




31


 . . . . . 90.




32


The Economist. 1884. Jan. 12. . 35.




33


Ibid.




34


The Economist. 1884. Jan. 12. P. 36.




35


Hanham . J. Op. cit. . 15.




36


The Economist. 1884. Jan. 12. . 36.




37


Ibid.




38


Ibid.




39


Hayes W. Op. cit. P. 17.




40


Morning star. 1868. Aug. 3.




41


See Cole G. D. H. and Filson A. W. British working class movements. Pp. 583589.




42


Harrison R. Before the socialism. Pp. 137209.




43


 . . . . . 124.




44


. : Howell G. Minute book. L., 1869.




45


 .,  . . . 23. ., 1964. . 751.




46


Hayes W. Op. cit. . 19.




47


,              .




48


Hanham H. J. The Reformed Electoral System P. 12.




49


 . .       . , 1989. . 112.




50


Saturday review. 1872. Sept. 14. Vol. 34. P. 329.




51


 . .     . 112.




52


See Gooch G. . Life of Lord Courtney. P. 109110.




53


Gwynn S. and Tuckwel G. M. Sir Charles Dilke. P. 135152.




54


 . .   . 44.




55


Chamberlian J. The Liberal Party and its Leaders // Fortnightly Review. 1873. Vol. XIV. P.294.




56


Hayes W. Op. cit. . 23.




57


Ibid.




58


Beehive. 1872. Aug. 24.




59


Ibid.


