 :  .       
 


        ,  ,    ,      .          ,     ,   ,  ꠖ  ,       ,     .   ,          ,   ,     .   ?       ?   ,  頖   ?            .





 

 :  .       








  

   

  

  . 

 . , . 

  . 

  . 








             .       (Beeline),       .

       ,    :  -    ,          -  .

           ziminbookprojects.ru.



 Steven Pinker, 2002

    , , .   -, 2018



  .      .                        ,         ,           .             5.  (. 49 ),            6  (. 146  ).


* * *


 , ,   










 ,        !     ,  ,  젖  ?    ,      , ,     , ,  ,    ,   堖 :       ?              ,       ?

   ,         .     .  ,         . ,          ,       :



   ,   ,          , ,      ,      .    ,   ,        .    ?      :   ,       .

     ,   ,     .   .     ,  . ,       ,   ,   ,   .

   ,         ,         .   ,        ,   , ,   蠖 ,      , ,   .


  ,    , ,         ,   .             .           (The Bell Curve),   ,      IQ        ,   [1 - Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, p. 311.].     (The Nurture Assumption)   ,  ,      ,   ,            ,      [2 - Harris, 1998a, p. 2.].       (A Natural History of Rape)     ,   ,              [3 - Thornhill & Palmer, 2000, p. 176;  ,     .].      ,     ,     ,    ,          . ,     ,  , ,     [4 - Hunt, 1999; Jensen, 1972; Kors & Silverglate, 1998; P. Rushton, "The new enemies of evolutionary science," Liberty, March 1998, pp. 3135; "Psychologist Hans Eysenck, Freudian critic, dead at 81," Associated Press, September 8, 1997.].

,     ,  -  ,   ,   ,  XXI ,      ,     ,  ,    .        , ,      ,      .  ,        , , , , , ,        .  ,     ,      ,     ,   ,   .

   ,          .    ,  ,       ,    - ,     .    ,   ,   ,      ,     ,      .   ,   ,      ,   - .     :       .           .   , , ,    ,    .                :   ,    ,         ,        .     ,  ,    ,  ࠖ  (    ),   ,  ,    ( ࠖ  )    ,     .

            ,   .   , ,   ,        ,    .                  .  ,                 ,    .  ,         , ,  ,      ,     ,  .       -,         ,         .

      ?          ,  :    ,  ,   ,   .   ,  -           . ,     ,    ,     ,     .

 , ,  젖   ,    ,    ,   ,      .   , ,  ,         .        ,    (      ) ,    ;  ,     ,     ..    :    ,    ,   , ,    ,      .      ,  ꠖ   .    ,         ,   .  ,           ,     ,    ,   ,      ,   .             (      ,   ),      ,      ,       .      ,    蠖    .

          ,          ,   .             ,      ,  .  蠖  / ,  / ,  /     ,             .         .  ,    ,           ,        .

                  .       ,               : ,     ,      ;   ,        ,    ;              ,   ,   ࠖ , - ,    .     ,    ,    ,     ,   ,    .   ,          .          ,   ,             .    頖       ,   .     ,     ,  ,       .    :   ,     ,  ,             .

  ,          ,      . ,      ,   ,        .      ,       ,    ,      . ,   ࠖ    ,   ,  ,    ,    ,      ,    ,     ,        .  ,      ,    ,    .  ,    ,      ,      .

       蠖    ,  ,    ,   ,     ,       .    ,    ,   ,  ,           ,   .        ,        .       ,        ,     .    ,      .      ,   , ?     ,   ,      - .    ,        ,     ,    .        ,      .         .       ,      .

          .    XX           蠖     ,            .       ,  , ,   .         ,        ,     .          .   -     ,   ,            ,       .

 ࠖ  ,   ,      ,   ,          .   ,            .  ,  ,          ,          .   ,  ,   , ,          ;  ,   ,           ,     ,   ,    ,  (  ) .


* * *

         ,      .  ,   ,  ,          ,     ,      .        ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .   ,   ,     :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .

    ,          ,      :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .

       ,         :     , ,  ,     -  ,        ,      ,      ,       ,  ,        ,     ,   ,               .

   ,           ,      ,      ,  ,   ,  ,  MIT,      .  ,   ,         ,      .              (MIT)      .              HD18381.

    Viking     Penguin Books       .                 .  ,      ,     .

    , ,   -     .             .

      ,     :  ,   ,     .




 I

 ,      



      .    ,     , , ,      ,          .     ,  ,         ,      .    ,     ,      .         .       ࠖ           .

         .    ,      ,    .   ,    ,   ,     .   ,    ,     ,        ,    .   ,      ,              .  ,     :    ,   젖   ,    젖  .          ,              .

       [5 - Macnamara, 1999; Passmore, 1970; Stevenson & Haberman, 1998; Ward, 1998.]. , -     ,        .            [6 -  1:21.]. ࠖ       [7 -  3:16.].  ,   ,   ,       [8 -       ,        .].     ,  ,  , ,  ,      ,   ,  .        - ,     .         ,      ,      ,  ,        .    ,    ,  ,  ,       .

-    ,     .  ,          ,    ,       .  ,       ,        ,       .   ,         ,     ,                , ,        .         ,         .

-             .   , 76%      , 79%  ,   ,    , 76%    ,     , 67% ,            .   15% ,    ࠖ         [9 - : Opinion Dynamics, August 30, 1999; : Princeton Survey Research Associates, April 15, 2000; : Opinion Dynamics, December 5, 1997; : Princeton Survey Research Associates, April 20, 2000;   : Gallup. Organization, April 1, 1998; : Opinion Dynamics, August 30, 1999. Available through the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut Public Opinion Online: www.ropercenter.uconn.edu. (http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/)].       ,           .     , ,             .   -          , ,      .

         ,        .       ,           .   :  ,     ,    ,   ,     .            .        ,     ,                  .

     , ,      ,      .      ,         ,           .     ,   ,     堖  ,    !     .              ,        ,      .    ,               (,      ),   ,        .

    ( I)        ,         ,    .       ,      ( II),  ,      ( III).   ,            , ,     ( IV)         , , ,     ( V).  ,  ,      ໠          ,    ( VI).




 1

 


 򻠖       tabula rasa (  ,   ).       (16321704),        .          :



,   ,  ,       .       ?       ,           ?        ?      :  [10 - Locke, 1690/1947, Book II, chap. 1, p. 26.][1 -  .   3- . . 1.    . .: , 1985.].


    ,   ,         ,     .  , ,       ,   ,    ,   ,       .        ,     .       -, ,       ,       .  ,      ,    ,   ,     .    ,      ,        ,       ,    ,  ,       .     ,   .             ,            ,           ,    .        ࠖ             .

               .     ,        .                :  , , ,        .      , ,  ,     (,  ,  , ,     ),      [11 - Hacking, 1999.].

         .       ,    ,  ,    ,     ,     .  ,   , ,       ,    .  ,      , ,  ,    .             .


* * *

      ,           . ,      ,      -  (17121778),             (The Conquest of Granada),   1670 :

		 ,   ꠖ  ,
		       ,
		     .

           ,  , ,  .     ,      ,   ,   ,  ,   ,  .  1755   :



 ()   ,                 ;      ,     ,               

     ,   ,       ,                -  , ,   ,      .  ,        , , ,       ,    ,              ,  ,    ,   堖   [12 - Rousseau, 1755/1994, pp. 6162.][2 -  .-.   .  / . . .: -, 1998.].


  ,     ,   (15881679),    :



 , ,      ,     ,     ,   ,        

      ,        ,    , ,  ,  ,      ,   ,    ,  , , ,  , ,   ,        ,    , , ,   [13 - Hobbes, 1651/1957, pp. 185186.][3 -  . ,  ,        //  . . 2- . . 2. .: , 1991.].


 ,       ,         .    젖  ,   ,     .

 ,      ,  .  蠖  ,     .   ,     ,    , ,       ,       ,   .        ; ,     ,     ,     .  , ,    , ,     ,  ,    .        .     (   ),  ,        ,            ,   蠖  ,   .    ,  堖    ,      ,      .

     ,  ,     .          . ,   ,  (),    ,      ,      (      , ,       ).          ,         .        ,           .

      -     ,     .    ,        .        (, , )    ,   ; ,         ,               ,    ,    .


* * *

  ,     ,  ,      (15961650):



      ,   ,       ,    ; ,     ,    ,     ,        ,        ;   ,          ,    ,      ,  ,   ,     ;           ,   ,     ..,       ,   . ,   ,  ,       ,           ,         ;      ,         ,            [14 - Descartes, 1641/1967, Meditation VI, p. 177.][4 -  .     // . 2- . . 2. .: , 1994.].


         ꠖ    (19001976):



        ,      ,   ,           ,     ,  :  ,       ,   ,  .    ,   ꠖ   ,  .        ,          .         ,             ,       

,   ,  .      ,  ,      [15 - Ryle, 1949, pp. 1317.].


  ,    ,     .  ,          .             .   ,          ,     .            .

  ,       .  ,  ,  ,     -,    .     ,   ,        ,          .  ,         ࠖ ,    ,      ,      ,    .         ,        ,          .

     (,  젖    ,  )   :  ,          ,    ,       ,   ,  , ,                 [16 - Descartes, 1637/2001, Part V, p. 10.][5 -  .   .  .: . . 2- . . 1. .: , 19891994.].     :



  ,         ,         ,       .         ,          ,   ,  ,    ,            [17 - Ryle, 1949, p. 20.].


,            .  , ,   ,  ; 蠖 ,       .           ,      蠖 ,   , ,     .        ,      .     , ,     .     ,      .  ,  젖   ,        ,        .

   ,       ,     ,     .   ,       ,    ,  -         ,      . ,                 ,       .             .    ,        ,   ,   - .         ,  , , :  ;     ;          ,     ,  ,   , , -     .      ,           , ,     ,   ,     ,  .

  ,      , ,    , ,   ,  ,         .   젖  , ,  ,      ,     .     :      ,   .      ,    .       ,      ,        ,     .       ,    ,   堖    [18 - Cohen, 1997.].  ,  ,        [19 - Rousseau, 1755/1986, p. 208.].     :      ;      ,      ,      [20 - Rousseau, 1762/1979, p. 92.][6 -  .-.  . .: , 1981.].       ,           ,   .      , , , , , ,     , , , , , , .

        ,   ࠖ     .    ,       .          ,     ,     .      ,       .           .     ,    ,      ;   ,        .


* * *

    .         .        ,      ,  :  !         ,    ,   : !      ?

                .                    .   (17561835),      , ,  蠖     ,   젖    [21 - Quoted in Sowell, 1987, p. 63.].         ,       :       [22 - Originally in Red Flag (Beijing), June 1, 1958; quoted in Courtois et al., 1999.].       :         ,  .            .          [23 - J.Kalb, "The downtown gospel according to Reverend Billy." New York Times, February 27, 2000.].

     ,         (,   ,       ),          .  ,           The Boston Globe,    :



  ,  ,     ,        ,    .    ,    ,      ,    .             . ,    ,                   ,     -     - ,     ,      : , ,   [24 - D. R. Vickery, "And who speaks for our earth?" Boston Globe, December 1, 1997.].


 ,      .

         .  2001    ,          ,   ,   ,      (  ,    ,  ).     ,      ,       .          ,     ( )  .  ,      ,  ,   ( ,      )         堖 [25 - Green, 2001; R. Mishra, "What can stem cells really do?" Boston Globe, August 21, 2001.].    ,   ,      , ,     XXI       ,      :       ?

      ,         .     , ,  ,                   .




 2

 


    (18601943)       .      ,        (Growth and Structure of the English Language),    1905 .       ,    ,       :



      ,           :      ,    ,        

  ,    ,  ,    : I koha hiki ana aku ilaila ua hookipa ia mai la oia me ke aloha pumehana loa.         ,          .   - ,   ,    ,   ,     ?  ,    ,       ;        ,            ,   , ,          .   ,    ,       ;         [26 - Jespersen, 1938/1982, pp. 23.].


     ,  ,     ,    :  ,   .

    ,     : ,    ,           .     ,       . ,       ,   .   -           蠖          ,     ,     - .           . ,       ,   ,          ,           .           ,        .

, ,    ,     ,     .    ,      ,     -,    .   - ?   .        ,  .              ,   .

     ,   ,  ,   .        ;          XIX   XX [27 - Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Gould, 1981; Richards, 1987.].   ,             , , [7 -    .    . . .];  ,      ;   ,        ,    . , ,           .     , 堖   ;     ,    ,        .    ,      ,    .      ,        ,   , ,  , ,         .

      .            ,     ,         .    ,           .  ,     ,        ,        , ,   ,     .    (, ,  ,       ) ,  ,  ,      [28 - Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Gould, 1981; Rachels, 1990; Richards, 1987; Ridley, 2000.].  ,  ,    ,    ,     [29 - Degler, 1991; Gould, 1981; Kevles, 1985; Richards, 1987; Ridley, 2000.].     ,   ,  , 30   , ,           .             ,   .

   .      ,   ,            ,          .         ,                   .       ,         .           ,           .      ,                   .  ,         ,      ,             ,    .  ,   -        ,   .

      ,  ,  , ,       .         XX     :  ,     .      ,       ,    ,           .      ,        ,          .   ,             .

             .         ,         ,             .      ,       .             ,   [30 -             (1992.).       (2000.)    ,     ,  .        ,  ,     1999.].        ,      [31 - See Curti, 1980; Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Freeman, 1999; Richards, 1987; Shipman, 1994; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992.].  ,    ,    :



 , , : ,     ,         ,         .  ,   ,   ,          ,   .        ,               [32 - Degler, 1991, p. viii.].


          ,              .      XX  ,     ,   .       ,    ,        .   ,      ,    ;     .        .                . ,        ,    ,      ,     .     , ,   ,      .

    XX       .          ,    ?         ,  ?          ?     ?    [33 - White, 1996.].   ,     .     ,   ,       .        :  , ,  ,  ,  ,      .       .      ,     ,       ,        .                .


* * *

  ,     ,         .          -,   XIX         .   ࠖ    (18061873) , , ,       ,      .        ,        .  ,      ,      :



  ,     ,   ,                     ,   ,       ,           ,     ,  렖  ,                        [ ]        ,       ,      ,  ,  ,      [34 - Quoted in Fox, 1989, p. 68.][8 -  . . .     . :    , 1896.].


          -, ,  ,  ,     .        ,  ,   ,    .    ,   (  ),         -  .   ,     ,    ,   蠖   . ,     (,  , ,  ),    ,         .           . ,         (, ,    ..)  ,   .

         .      ,   ,  ,      1920-  1960- .     (18781958)        ,   XX :



     ,     ,   ,   ,   ,           ,   , , , ,    ,     ,     , , ,     [35 - Watson, 1924/1998.].


        ,      ,    .          : , ,   .    ,  ,     ,       .                    . (    :      ? " ,  .  ,   ".)

      ,          .      ,               ,        .      젖  ,   ,  , ,   ,     .           ,     .   ,  ,        ,      ,    .

           (18421910).     ,  ,        ,   .     ,      ,   .         ,     .          .      1923 :    ,       . ,    [36 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 139.].        .      1929  :



             .    ,             .       .        ,       [37 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, pp. 158159.].


 ,        ,           .         .    (19041990),     XX ,     (The Behavior of Organisms),        ,   젖     . ,    ,      -  .  ,     (The Misbehavior of Organisms),             ,         .    ,   ,      [38 - Breland & Breland, 1961.].        ,    .   1974   ,   ࠖ           ,     [39 - Skinner, 1974.].

     ,     .       ,               .     ,  ,           .         (Baby and Child Care),    1946        ,      .    , ,          ,    .             ,    ,     ,    [40 - Skinner, 1971.].     .

 젖    ,      .              [41 - Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Gallistel, 1990; Pinker & Mehler, 1988.].               ,    ,    [42 - Gallistel, 2000.]. (,      ,     = 3,           ,          .           ,     .)        ,  ,       (, , )       [43 - Preuss, 1995; Preuss, 2001.].               ,         -[44 - Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994.].               .         ,   [45 - Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Haidt, In press.].        , ,   [46 - Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997.].  ,      , , , , , , , , , , ,       .

     XX       (Parallel Distributed Processing),           ,        ,  [47 - McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, 1986; Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP Research Group, 1986.].    ,    ,   ,    .     ,         ,    .   :



 ,              ,       ,  ,      ,    - , , ,            ,        

           .     ,    ,   ,     [48 - Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986, p. 143.].


,  蠖   ,     ,   ,    .        ,   XX    .


* * *



  , ,   ,

,      (    ).

 !

  

        ,   , , .   렖     , , ,        軠   100  .     堖         (18581942).

 ,      ,       ,  ,      (16851753).    , , ,  ,           .  ,  ,    ,        XIX .      ,      .

        .      ,  ,      ,    ,      ,          .     ,     .             ,       . ,    ,        ,      .  :  ,    ,     ,    ,      ,   [49 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 148.].

      ;     .    ,     ,  ,       .     ,       ,  .                  . ,           .                ,     .           ,      .  ,    -    ;   ,        -      ,       .   , ,            ,  ,      [50 - Boas, 1911.     .].

  ,     ,     , ,    ,  ,    .          ,     ,         .           ,  ,  ,     ,     .     ,         [51 - Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Freeman, 1999.].    ,         .

   .        ,        .  ,            ,      . ,  ,       ,    ,       ,     . ,          [52 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 84.].    ,  ,          [53 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.].

    ,        ,  ,      -  . ,  ,  ,      ,         :      ,       .    .   ,        .     ,    [54 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 96.].

  蠖         ࠖ       (18581917),      :



 ,       ,   ,     ,     ,      ,           ,      ,        ,        .        ,   , ,  [55 - Durkheim, 1895/1962, pp. 103106.].


    ,       :          ,       [56 - Durkheim, 1895/1962, p. 110.].

 ,        ,       .                .           ,      .     ,    , ,   ..     ,  ,       . (  ,            .)           .    ,   :



   ;   .         .

  (1927)[57 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 161.]



      ,      .

 ̸ (1932)[58 - Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 26.]



   , ,    ,  .

 -- (1935)[59 - Ortega y Gassett, 1935/2001.]



            ,        ,     ,  ,    ,      ,       ,    ,    .

  (1973)[60 - Montagu, 1973a, p. 9.        ,   , 1991, . 209.]

,          .     ,  - ,          . ,   ࠖ   ,  ,        ( tabula rasa,  ),      (  ).           :



      -             .

  (1934)[61 - Benedict, 1934/1959, p. 278.]



  ,     ,    -     .

  (1935)[62 - Mead, 1935/1963, p. 280.]

     :



  ,     ,   ,    , ,  ,   ..

  (1949)[63 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 209.]

  :



    ,     .

  (1928)[64 - Mead, 1928.]



 ,  ,  ,    ,      ,  . , ,   ,   ,     ,     .

  (1973)[65 - Geertz, 1973, p. 50.]

     :



ꠖ  ,    ,   ,   ,   .

  (1973)[66 - Geertz, 1973, p. 44.]

    ,       :



    ,       , ,     ,         ,    ,    ,   .

  (1990)[67 - Shweder, 1990.]

          .   (   ) :      ,          [68 - Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 22.].   ,      ,    :



     ,  ,      ,       ,         ,           ,               ,     (sui generis);     [69 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 208.].


 ,         ,        .    ,  ,   ,      .

      ,     .          ,     ,      .     ,         ,    .       ,            XX .


* * *

      ,      .       .       :   ,  ,  ,       .     ,     , ,   ,       ,       .   (  ),  ,  1950-            ,         ,       .  1950 , ,         ,   :      .      ,      ,   ,    [70 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 204.].   ,       ,      35   .   ,    ,         [71 - Degler, 1991; 1990; Shipman, 1994.].

 ,  ,                .      ,    ,  .       ,      ,       .          :



  (   ),      ,   ,           .

  (1928)[72 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 188.]



      ,     蠖  ,         ,                          .

  (1922)[73 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, pp. 103104.]



         :             -         ,  ,    .

  (1961)[74 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, 210.]

    ,     ,      , ,                   .                ,      .  , ,       ,       ,        ,          [75 - Cowie, 1999; Elman et al., 1996, pp. 390391.].


* * *

  XX            ,        . ,       ,    ,      .     :      ""?  ,   ,        ,    ,   ,   ,         , ,             .   廠     (   )   - .    :



    ,             - ,     .  ,    ,     ,   ,              [76 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 330.].


,    ,     (18231913),     .    , ,               .    ,        - :                .

,       , ,     ,  .         .  :      -       , ,       []                     [77 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.].   ,    ,    , ,    sui generis (   )        ,    ,            [78 - Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 100.].

         .     ,      ,  ,        .   1931  ,   ,    , :  ,      ,   ,   ,    ,      ,       [79 - Charles Singer, A short history of biology; quoted in Dawkins, 1998, p. 90.].     ,             ,    .




 3

 


   1755   ,   ,            ,   .        .           , ,      , ,   .      :  ,    ,     ,      .

 , ,              ,          :  ,      [80 - Wilson, 1998.          1992.].       ,          (   )       .  ,    ,         ,       (,   ),      .

         .  1628    ,      ,      .  1828   ¸ ,        ,   ,   .   ,     ,             .  ,        ,       .

                  XX .  ,      -      ,            .   ,                    ,    .       렖    ࠖ       ⠖   ,     .

  ,      : ,   XX    .     ,   ,   ,   ,   ,       ,    .         :  ,  蠖   ,     ;          ; ,   ,   ,       .

     .         , ,   蠖      .     ,     ,       .   ,            ,      .        ,      .


* * *

     頖    , [81 - Anderson, 1995; Crevier, 1993; Gardner, 1985; Pinker, 1997.].       ,        .       ,    .          XX ,            ,         .

    ,   1950-.             .         ,   ,     .   ,             .

 :            ,    .         ,    , -,   ,   .     ,     .       --        .   -, ,    ,  -   . ,      . ,    ,  ,       .           .       ,  ,         .    .    ,     ?    ,            .   ,        ,   .         ,  .           ,      ,       .

         , , ,   蠖  , ,   .     ,                  ?         ,    :        ,    .       ,     ,        .        ,     .   蠖     (  ),               ,    .       ,        ,   ,      .

       .     ,   ໠ ,         ,    .  ,      ,     ,      .      ,        .        ,  ,       ,  ,       .

    ,     , ,   ,      (    ).   ,      蠖        .    ,     (,     ),   ,   , , -  ,        .         蠖    [82 - Fodor, 1994; Haugeland, 1981; Newell, 1980; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2.].

,     ,        ,         ,    .          . , , , ,  , ,            ,   , , , , , , , , ,    . ,           ,        .          ,     ,  .      ,   ,    ,       ,     .

     ,      ,      ,       .  1950-        ,      ,     .      , ,         ,       .  , ,       ,   ,        ,  ,  ,      .            .  ,     ,       -,    .      ,      ,               .

          . ,  ,  -      ,       -     ,    . ,    ,                 .  1997    IBM Deep Blue       , ,     ,      ,     ,       .  Newsweek     ,  ⠖  .

    ,       ,     ,    .      ,    ,   .  ,          ,       ,     .     .        [83 - Brutus.1, by Selmer Bringsjord. S. Bringsjord, "Chess is too easy," Technology Review, March/April 1998, pp. 2328.],      [84 - EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence), by David Cope. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head." New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.],     [85 - Aaron, by Harold Cohen. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head". New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.]      [86 - Goldenberg, Mazursky, & Solomon, 1999.].

   ,       ,    -          ,       .    ,  , ,       ,     .               .

 :      ,       .         ,        ,   ,  ,        .      ,      , ,   ,      :    .         ,   -     ,     ,  ,     ,          ,      .        ,  ,          ,   .  ,    ,  ,    .

              (16461716).    :    ,       ,   :   [87 - Leibniz, 1768/1996, bk. II, chap. i, p. 111.].   젖     , -     . -       ,     . -    ,      . -          ,      .

           ,  ,  , ,   . ,   ,  ꠖ  [ ],             ,       ,            ,      ,            [88 - Leibniz, 1768/1996, preface, p. 68.]. ,    (   ),      ,              .    , ,     ,       ; -     .   , ,           .    ,   ,     ,  ,  ,  - ,   ,          . ,        ,   -,  ,       .

   ,      /;           ,      .     頖   ,  ,        (    ),    , ,           ,    [89 - Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1988b; Fodor, 1981.].    堖 ,  , ,     ,            [90 - Elman et al., 1996; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986.].       ,     ,     ,     ,  .  ,      -,     ,      . (      MIT,         ,  - ,      ,     .)[91 - Dennett, 1986.]

         ,     ,   :         .  ,      ,       .    ,    (Rethinking Innateness),         :           ,    tabula     rasa[92 - Elman et al., 1996, p. 82.].  :



   ,    (  )    ;     -              .    ,      [  ] .           ,      [93 - Elman et al., 1996, pp. 99100.].


   ,   ,   :         (     )  .         .

 :           .             .       ,          ,        .        ,  ,   ,  ,  .      ,     , ,    ,     ,       ..,  .    National Geographic ,            ,     .    , ,  - ,     , ,    ?

        ,         .     [94 - Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1993; Chomsky, 2000; Pinker, 1994.]. ꠖ      .  頖   ,         .      ,     . ,  ,     ,    ;     .         , :     ,         ,     .   -  :             . -          ,        .

 -    ,  ,      .         ,   ,          .    ,     ,       ,      .       .  ,     ,         .         , :  ,   ,   ,   򻠖  ..,  .      ,       ,       -   .            ࠖ    .          ,    [95 - See also Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2; Pinker, 1999, chaps. 1, 10.].

      ,     ,       ,       :           .           .    6000  ,           ,  ,   .   ,          .       ,                     ,        .  ,     ,    ,      , ,        .

 ,     ⠖      ,     . ,        ( ),  㠖   ( ).  , ,    ( ),   , , 㠖   ( ).     ,      , ,            ,      .   ,     ,    (,  )   (,   )   .         ,  젖  ,            .         .            128  ,  95%      :    ,   ,    , [96 - Baker, 2001.].     堖 ,      ,    ࠖ   ,            .           -,        [97 - Baker, 2001.].

           . , -      ,  .        ,    ,  ,       ,  ,    .     ,    ,               ,       ,     ,     ,   .

          .  ,    , ,     ,  ,    [98 - Shweder, 1994; see Ekman & Davidson, 1994, and Lazarus, 1991, .]. (-  ,      ![99 - See Lazarus, 1991,   .]). ,   ,         ,     ,    song. Song   ,       ,       .    ,  ,      ,    .  song ( ,      ) metagu  ,    ,  song: ,     .

     ,      , ,  ,    song      ,     ,  :             [100 - Mallon & Stich, 2000.].     ,     , , .     ,      ,   ,   ,   .    ,       ,  ,   , .      蠖 ,              " " (    ),        [101 - Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Lazarus, 1991.]. ,    ,            ,       .    ,   ,       ,       ,    .     ,       , ,          .

  ,      ,  -              ,   . ,  ,  song ,   ,            , , ,      ,  .      ,             .   ,    , ,  ,           .

 ,       .  ,          ,    ,     ,  ,     .   - ,         .                , ,      ,       ,  ,  ,   ,    .       ,  :   ,      ,  ,   蠖   ,  蠖    .      ,     ,    .    :  ,   .

 : 젖  ,     . ,     ,     .    , ,  ,           [102 - Ekman & Davidson, 1994.].            ,        ,    .

          .        ,     ,       , ,       , ,   .    ,  젖   -  ,      .      ,       .          ,   ,    ,  ,         .        (    ),    ,   , , ,    .    ,        [103 - Fodor, 1983; Gardner, 1983; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1997.];    ,        ,        [104 - Elman et al., 1996; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992.].     ,        .          蠖    .

     ,    ,      堖   -  .    :   ,  ,   ,          : ,    .   ,   ,       ,     : ,   ,   ,    ,    [105 - Anderson, 1995; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998.].               ,     ,     .   ,         ,      -         ,   ,       .      ,        .              .

   ,  젖      ,  ,         .    ,       ,        ,     ,        .   ,    ;      ,        .       ,    ,  ,   .    ,        .      ,   ,         .


* * *

     頖  ,   ,   ,       [106 - Calvin, 1996a; Calvin, 1996b; Calvin & Ojemann, 2001; Crick, 1994; Damasio, 1994; Gazzaniga, 2000a; Gazzaniga, 2000b; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998; Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessell, 2000.].           (The Astonishing Hypothesis),   ,      ,   ,        [107 - Crick, 1994.]. ,      ,   ,    :     ,    .               ,      ?



 :    ,  ,        (   !)    ,    , ,         ,    - ,  ,   , -   ,    ,    ,   - ,   ,      ,    ,    ,  ,   ,  ,    蠖     ,      ,    ,         -   ,   . , ,     ,    . , ,  !   , -    -  ![108 -  .  . .: -, 2007.]


     ,    1880         ,        ,        .   .  ,        ,   ,     ,      ,              ,   .

       ,   ,  . ,   ,    ,  ,    .     ,    :      ,  ,    ,  ,         . (   ,  ,           .)       ,       ,          ,           .         (,     )   ,   ; , ,        ,   .       蠖   ,    ,         .       ,     ,      ,     .    ,    .           , ,     .

 ,  , ,  , ,      .         ,       :      ,    , , , , ߻.    ,  ߻        .

      .   ,   XIX ,   -.              ,            .          .        , ,    . ,       ,     .        :  ,     ,   .  ,       ,  ,   .  ,         .          (,   )       ,  [109 - Damasio, 1994.].

     ,   ,       ,       :     ,     [110 - Damasio, 1994; Dennett, 1991; Gazzaniga, 1998.].    ,    ߻,   .     ,    ,   ,          . (          .           ,  ,          .)     ,                   .         ;       ,      ߻.

       ߻       ,  , ,     ,   ,     ߻          ,        .   ,     ,    ,      . ,     !   (    ,    ),       .     (    ),     ,    :   -,     ,    -,              ,     ,     .   ,     ,         ,   (    ),     (),  堖  ( ). ,     ,      ,   : ,  .    ,       [111 - Gazzaniga, 1992; Gazzaniga, 1998.].

 ,         ,          ,   ,     ,      .  젖 ߻,  ,   ,    .    ,               : ,      ,      ; ,     ,    ; ,        ,        .     ,    ,       .

        ,    .             ,       [112 - Anderson et al., 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lykken, 1995.].   - ,          ,   ,       stria terminalis ( ).           ,           ,    ,    ,    [113 - Monaghan & Glickman, 1992.].

        .   XIX     ,        ,   ,   .  ,        ,        .     ,    ࠖ , ,    ,               [114 - Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001.  .  V.].  ,           ,  ,     [115 - Thompson et al., 2001.].

           ,   .      , ,       ,  ,     .         ,      ,    .        ,            ,         [116 - Thompson et al., 2001.].     ,     蠖             [117 - Witelson, Kigar, & Harvey, 1999.].      ,      ,      [118 - LeVay, 1993.].      ,    ,  ,      ,      [119 - Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Raine et al., 2000.].   ,  ,   ,      ,   ,      ,   ,           .

               .         ,       .   ,            -    .       , ,   ,    -   ,  , 堖      -  .          ,     ,  .   ,         ,       .

 -    ,    ,    .    ,      ,     ,     ,     .      ,        ,    .   ,      ,    ,          .       ,       ,   ,         .


* * *

     젖  ,   ,     [120 - Bouchard, 1994; Hamer & Copeland, 1998; Lykken, 1995; Plomin, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001; Ridley, 2000.].   ,   ,     ,   ,     .   ,     . ,    ,  ,        ,    10   ,   .    堖   ,         ,   -.     ,    .  堖     ,  ,      ;    ,   ;      ,    .           .          ,    ,  ,      .

        ,       .    ,       :     ,    ?  : ,      -.       ,         ,  ,  [9 -  ,   (. double bind) ,   ,   ,       ,     . . .]     (   ,  ,    );   -       .      :       ,          ,         ,              (  ,     ).                        . , ,   ,  ,   , ,  ,  , - ,       ,     ,    ,    ,     ,   ,           [121 - Hyman, 1999; Plomin, 1994.].

         ,       ,         ,      .

      ,   ,   .       ,  ,  ,      .  ,   ,     ,   (    )    ,    .    ,    ,    ,   ,    , , -, -  .          ,    .         ,     ,    , , ,     .          ,             ,  . ,         ,      .       ,     ,     ,              [122 - Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard, 1998; Damasio, 2000; Lykken et al., 1992; Plomin, 1994; Thompson et al., 2001; Tramo et al., 1995; Wright, 1995.].

          ,        蠖       100%    .     ,  ,       ;  ,   ,  ;    ,      ,   ,  .           ,               ,    .      ,    :  ,   ,      ,       ,  ,     ,       ,    . ,     ,  ,       .        .       ,  :     ,    ,       .        ,    ,   IQ   [123 - Segal, 2000.].   ,   , , ,          ,     ,    .

  堖  ,     ,       -   .      ,      .      FOXP2      [124 - Lai et al., 2001; Pinker, 2001b.]. ,      , LIM-kinasel,  ,    .       :   ,    ,      ,   ,       [125 - Frangiskakis et al., 1996.].     IGF2R                IQ  2%      [126 - Chorney et al., 1998.].     ,  ,     D4DR,        頖 ,    ,         [127 - Benjamin et al., 1996.].        ,       17- , ,  ,    젖   ,      ,   -     [128 - Lesch et al., 1996.].

    蠖     ,     ,      .       ,   ,      ,      ,     .      ( ,     )        ,          .

 2001       ,             ,  ,    .     ,      , ,           ,      ,  ,   ,     ,     ,        ,   ,   .

  , ,       ,       .     .      .       , ,      ,     ,      .   ,               .  ,  ,  ,         .

  ,      ,   ,          .        .   ,    ,    -  ,       ,        ,      . ,  ,    .   ,          ,    ,       (Stardust Memories)     ,        :    ,             ,    젖     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/stiven-pinker/chistyy-list-priroda-cheloveka-kto-i-pochemu-otkazyvaetsya-p/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


 .   3- . . 1.    . .: , 1985.




2


 .-.   .  / . . .: -, 1998.




3


 . ,  ,        //  . . 2- . . 2. .: , 1991.




4


 .     // . 2- . . 2. .: , 1994.




5


 .   .  .: . . 2- . . 1. .: , 19891994.




6


 .-.  . .: , 1981.




7


   .    . . .




8


 . . .     . :    , 1896.




9


 ,   (. double bind) ,   ,   ,       ,     . . .










1


Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, p. 311.




2


Harris, 1998a, p. 2.




3


Thornhill & Palmer, 2000, p. 176;  ,     .




4


Hunt, 1999; Jensen, 1972; Kors & Silverglate, 1998; P. Rushton, "The new enemies of evolutionary science," Liberty, March 1998, pp. 3135; "Psychologist Hans Eysenck, Freudian critic, dead at 81," Associated Press, September 8, 1997.




5


Macnamara, 1999; Passmore, 1970; Stevenson & Haberman, 1998; Ward, 1998.




6


 1:21.




7


 3:16.




8


      ,        .




9


: Opinion Dynamics, August 30, 1999; : Princeton Survey Research Associates, April 15, 2000; : Opinion Dynamics, December 5, 1997; : Princeton Survey Research Associates, April 20, 2000;   : Gallup. Organization, April 1, 1998; : Opinion Dynamics, August 30, 1999. Available through the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut Public Opinion Online: www.ropercenter.uconn.edu. (http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/)




10


Locke, 1690/1947, Book II, chap. 1, p. 26.




11


Hacking, 1999.




12


Rousseau, 1755/1994, pp. 6162.




13


Hobbes, 1651/1957, pp. 185186.




14


Descartes, 1641/1967, Meditation VI, p. 177.




15


Ryle, 1949, pp. 1317.




16


Descartes, 1637/2001, Part V, p. 10.




17


Ryle, 1949, p. 20.




18


Cohen, 1997.




19


Rousseau, 1755/1986, p. 208.




20


Rousseau, 1762/1979, p. 92.




21


Quoted in Sowell, 1987, p. 63.




22


Originally in Red Flag (Beijing), June 1, 1958; quoted in Courtois et al., 1999.




23


J.Kalb, "The downtown gospel according to Reverend Billy." New York Times, February 27, 2000.




24


D. R. Vickery, "And who speaks for our earth?" Boston Globe, December 1, 1997.




25


Green, 2001; R. Mishra, "What can stem cells really do?" Boston Globe, August 21, 2001.




26


Jespersen, 1938/1982, pp. 23.




27


Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Gould, 1981; Richards, 1987.




28


Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Gould, 1981; Rachels, 1990; Richards, 1987; Ridley, 2000.




29


Degler, 1991; Gould, 1981; Kevles, 1985; Richards, 1987; Ridley, 2000.




30


            (1992.).       (2000.)    ,     ,  .        ,  ,     1999.




31


See Curti, 1980; Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Freeman, 1999; Richards, 1987; Shipman, 1994; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992.




32


Degler, 1991, p. viii.




33


White, 1996.




34


Quoted in Fox, 1989, p. 68.




35


Watson, 1924/1998.




36


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 139.




37


Quoted in Degler, 1991, pp. 158159.




38


Breland & Breland, 1961.




39


Skinner, 1974.




40


Skinner, 1971.




41


Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Gallistel, 1990; Pinker & Mehler, 1988.




42


Gallistel, 2000.




43


Preuss, 1995; Preuss, 2001.




44


Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994.




45


Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Haidt, In press.




46


Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997.




47


McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, 1986; Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP Research Group, 1986.




48


Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986, p. 143.




49


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 148.




50


Boas, 1911.     .




51


Degler, 1991; Fox, 1989; Freeman, 1999.




52


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 84.




53


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.




54


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 96.




55


Durkheim, 1895/1962, pp. 103106.




56


Durkheim, 1895/1962, p. 110.




57


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 161.




58


Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 26.




59


Ortega y Gassett, 1935/2001.




60


Montagu, 1973a, p. 9.        ,   , 1991, . 209.




61


Benedict, 1934/1959, p. 278.




62


Mead, 1935/1963, p. 280.




63


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 209.




64


Mead, 1928.




65


Geertz, 1973, p. 50.




66


Geertz, 1973, p. 44.




67


Shweder, 1990.




68


Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 22.




69


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 208.




70


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 204.




71


Degler, 1991; 1990; Shipman, 1994.




72


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 188.




73


Quoted in Degler, 1991, pp. 103104.




74


Quoted in Degler, 1991, 210.




75


Cowie, 1999; Elman et al., 1996, pp. 390391.




76


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 330.




77


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.




78


Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 100.




79


Charles Singer, A short history of biology; quoted in Dawkins, 1998, p. 90.




80


Wilson, 1998.          1992.




81


Anderson, 1995; Crevier, 1993; Gardner, 1985; Pinker, 1997.




82


Fodor, 1994; Haugeland, 1981; Newell, 1980; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2.




83


Brutus.1, by Selmer Bringsjord. S. Bringsjord, "Chess is too easy," Technology Review, March/April 1998, pp. 2328.




84


EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence), by David Cope. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head." New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.




85


Aaron, by Harold Cohen. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head". New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.




86


Goldenberg, Mazursky, & Solomon, 1999.




87


Leibniz, 1768/1996, bk. II, chap. i, p. 111.




88


Leibniz, 1768/1996, preface, p. 68.




89


Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1988b; Fodor, 1981.




90


Elman et al., 1996; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986.




91


Dennett, 1986.




92


Elman et al., 1996, p. 82.




93


Elman et al., 1996, pp. 99100.




94


Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1993; Chomsky, 2000; Pinker, 1994.




95


See also Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2; Pinker, 1999, chaps. 1, 10.




96


Baker, 2001.




97


Baker, 2001.




98


Shweder, 1994; see Ekman & Davidson, 1994, and Lazarus, 1991, .




99


See Lazarus, 1991,   .




100


Mallon & Stich, 2000.




101


Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Lazarus, 1991.




102


Ekman & Davidson, 1994.




103


Fodor, 1983; Gardner, 1983; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1997.




104


Elman et al., 1996; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992.




105


Anderson, 1995; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998.




106


Calvin, 1996a; Calvin, 1996b; Calvin & Ojemann, 2001; Crick, 1994; Damasio, 1994; Gazzaniga, 2000a; Gazzaniga, 2000b; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998; Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessell, 2000.




107


Crick, 1994.




108


 .  . .: -, 2007.




109


Damasio, 1994.




110


Damasio, 1994; Dennett, 1991; Gazzaniga, 1998.




111


Gazzaniga, 1992; Gazzaniga, 1998.




112


Anderson et al., 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lykken, 1995.




113


Monaghan & Glickman, 1992.




114


Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001.  .  V.




115


Thompson et al., 2001.




116


Thompson et al., 2001.




117


Witelson, Kigar, & Harvey, 1999.




118


LeVay, 1993.




119


Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Raine et al., 2000.




120


Bouchard, 1994; Hamer & Copeland, 1998; Lykken, 1995; Plomin, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001; Ridley, 2000.




121


Hyman, 1999; Plomin, 1994.




122


Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard, 1998; Damasio, 2000; Lykken et al., 1992; Plomin, 1994; Thompson et al., 2001; Tramo et al., 1995; Wright, 1995.




123


Segal, 2000.




124


Lai et al., 2001; Pinker, 2001b.




125


Frangiskakis et al., 1996.




126


Chorney et al., 1998.




127


Benjamin et al., 1996.




128


Lesch et al., 1996.


