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       .     ,              ,        .                      XIX          ( ),       .





 

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* * *




 


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,    .     .                     ,         ,         .                  :               -  18771878    ,               .



 




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       ,  ,         ,   - .    .       ,  ,    .

      .      ;    ,         ,     ,    1916 .              , -   (),          ,    (    ).   (     )       - ,              ,     .        ,     19201950-    ,       .     ,     ,     :      ,      .

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 ,     ,   ,    :      .      .     ,  ,          ,  ,    .        .     ,     ,   ,      . ,       ,  . ,   ,                          .

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 6      ,    : -,          .

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          .      -,        .

        . -,              ,    ,         :      , 18501917,    ,                . -,   , ,      ,     ,   ,    .

     ,  ,    ,       ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     ;      .    - ,       .

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     ,      (  , 18961976),                         . (    , ,  ,       .)      ,       ,        ,   1918-         ,   .     ,   (   ),   ,      .

      ,  114  ,       .




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            ,  .    1869      ,      16  ,      .      , ,   ,    ,    ,    ,     ,       ,   .       ,    ,       ,     [5 -               .].       ,            .         ,    ,  ,       ,        ,       . ,       ,          . , ,  ,   ,      .

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 -     ,    .      ,   ,          ,                .   ,              ,   ,     ,    .    , ,  ,     ,     ,  ,    .

   .  III,  I,               .               1830 ,        .   ,       ,        [7 -   ,   ,     .]. -     ,   ,     , ,   , ,   ,        ,     .    ,  ,   ,       -,      1816 .          ,   ,        1825 .       ,   724,   ,   . ,         .            ,  I,      .        ,            .

    ,        .          ,    ,          ,      (  ).  ,   ,    ,     ,         .      ,     .             ,     1530,     ,      ,    .         ,        [8 - WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways (George Unwin & Allen, 1964), p. 19.].

  ,        ,     .    ,      ,     ,   . ,   ,     ,     ,       ,         .   ,   , ,      ,         ,  ,    ,       ,      .      ,    ,      ,     ,    ,     ,        .   XIX     ,           1500  .

  ,           ,      ,   ,    [9 -    ,           ,    ,     .].         ,      ,        ,          .  ,      ,  .           , -,        ,      . ,       ,    . ,      .   ,              ,             .   ,       .      ,  ,  ,               , ,        ,   , ,     .

  ,   , ,         ,         .     .   ,  ,   ,       ,     ,                ,    [10 - TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 14.].       ,    ,       ,          ,           [11 -               ,         .           ,   ,      .       XIX.       (     ):         ,     .]. -  ,     ,     ,  ,            [12 - TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 15.].      , ,         ,    [13 -  , ,    ,            .],  ,          ,   :           ,   ,  ,    , ,      ,       , ,    [14 - WindtH. de. From Pekin to Calais by Land (1899;  ).].         ,   ,    .

      ,               ,     ,       .  ,   ,    :          ,        [15 - MarksS.G. Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 18501917 (Cornell University Press, 1991), p. 24.].    ,      ,       ,   [16 - TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway, p.8.],       XVIII   ( )     .      ,      ,    ;         .        ,  -          -       [17 -     -        -       ,   - ,    -     .                 ,          .].    ,       ,        -     ,    ,      .      ,   .     ,     ,     ,  ,         ,        .          ,          ,    ,     ,   , ,   [18 - TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 9.].   ,   ,            ; ,   ,         ,     .

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 , , ,     ,        .  XVIII        , -,    .    ,        ,   ,         ,     ,      .    ,    1960-  ,   ,     ,   , ,   ,   ,      -    15000            [21 - TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway, p. 7.].

, ,      ,   ,      ,   .           XVI,       .        .         ,       .  ,       ,          .

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       ,  ,    ,     XIX    ,      ,        .

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 ,           .    .     ,   XIX        .      ,    .  :             ,  30  50      ,          ,       .  ,         ,      ,   . ,            ,       .

        ,      ,    ,  ,      ,    ,         ,        .     .      [24 -               .],          ,             ,     [25 - TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 159.].         ,        ,        ,  ,      [26 -          , , ,     .].      .        XIX        ,      1861   .  ,       .      .           .

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  25 ,        ,   ,    ,          ,   . ,     ,        ,   ,    .       ,   ,   15    .   1830-     ,           ,   .  1833      ,                .       ,       ,  ,     1835 ,     ,    ,    ,  [28 - WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 21.].  ,    ,         [29 -       ,              ,    .     ,            ,      .                .  ,         .].

 ,           ,     ,        .

      ,       , ,            ,  ,     -       ,    .     ,          . ,            -  ,   ,          .     ,      , ,     ,    1500  ,   ,           ,             .        . ,   ,       ,        -   [30 -                    .                 ,  .].           :     ,               ;        [31 - Ibid., p. 26.].

 1820-               ,     .          1830         [32 -                 1830.,   1825.,     .             .],         .       ,  ,     ,     ,    ,     :   ,              [33 - HaywoodR.M. Russia Enters the Railway Age, 18421855 (Columbia University Press, 1998), p. 1.].

 I          24,  -,      ,   ,   ,    ,     [34 -  ,   ,   ,   .].      .      ,   ,        ,   ,             .

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     ,     ,   .     ,         .     ,     ,        .       725000, ..   2000   ,        ,           ,      .

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      ,  -      .   ,             .           , -  ,     ,     - .        , ,         ,          ,                       .

 ,     ,       ,   ,   1841 ,       .     I      ,  ,        ,     ,    ,   :      ,   [     -]   ,      ,       [39 - WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 28.].

   ,   ,    (    1917    ), ,     ,  ,      .   ,    ,                 .  ,   ,          ,           ,    :       -.       ( ,           )  . ,   ,          .

         ,        ,          ,          34   (        100  ). I   ,     ,      ,         ,         ,            .    ,    ,               .  , ,   : ,          .   ,   ,     .    ,        50000 , , , 10%   ,        .  ,   ,          ,        ,     .

 ,     , , ,   ,    ,  ,     .     ,          .    - :         ,          ;         [40 - WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 33.].  ,        , ,   ,  ,  ,          . ,   ,     ,     [41 -            , ,  ,       ,   .  ,    ,  ,  ,     ,    : 1   1 .            . ,        .].

 I   , ,  ,               . ,                ,      ,                      .     , ,    ,    .          ,  ,   ,    ;       1877     20    ,    [42 -      ,   50          53,           .     ..  1851.    ,    17          7,8%.             .         ,       I - (1859).        1877.,   ,   1881.].

    ,          .          1829 ,  -  4  8,5  (1435 ), -  , ,          (1524 ).    ,  I,   ,           , ,             .        ,      .      ,        ,              .    ,  ,      ,    ,   .         ,  ,       , , ,   ,  - .         ,        ,   ,        .    ,        ,   ,             ,   ,   .  ,         ,      ,         -        .               1878 [43 - .    Engines of War: How Wars were Won and Lost on the Railways (Atlantic Books, 2010).].

          .         ,   ,  ,     - . ,  ,   ,                        .  ,          [44 -   XIX.        ,        .  ,         ,     ,       1809.],      ,   1843            [45 - WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 32.].

  .      ,    ,       .       ,          .      .       (    ),             .   I XVIII -           .              ,          100 .

,    ,     - .  ,     ,   ,  ,  -           . ,    ,     ,      ,        ,     ,       ,      .         [46 -       .],                         ,         -.     ,   162  ,   ,    ,           ,    .     1850-   , ,   ,     .

         .               ,   :     .  ,            ,   ,      ,     .        ,      ,  ,   ,   ,     .

   ,   ,   ,        ,      ,         ,   (  ,    ) .   ,        645   20 ,      .  1852                2000     ,   ,    .            ,      .         ,     ,    ,             .        .   1851 ,     ,  ,   , ,             ,    ,            .




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notes








1


                 .                 .        ,     1916.




2


        (1891)   .  ,     XIXXX.             .




3


  ,       ,         ,               (, ,       ,    ).




4


    ,      -    -  6638.




5


              .




6


      ,     ,         ,       . (. ,    , ..)




7


  ,   ,     .




8


WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways (George Unwin & Allen, 1964), p. 19.




9


   ,           ,    ,     .




10


TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 14.




11


              ,         .           ,   ,      .       XIX.       (     ):         ,     .




12


TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 15.




13


 , ,    ,            .




14


WindtH. de. From Pekin to Calais by Land (1899;  ).




15


MarksS.G. Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 18501917 (Cornell University Press, 1991), p. 24.




16


TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway, p.8.




17


    -        -       ,   - ,    -     .                 ,          .




18


TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 9.




19


     : , , ,    . (..)




20


     ,    .




21


TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway, p. 7.




22


     .   XIX.,          ,            .        I          .  ,                      ,  -      .




23


TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 138.




24


              .




25


TupperH. To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Secker & Warburg, 1965), p. 159.




26


         , , ,     .




27


WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 21.




28


WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 21.




29


      ,              ,    .     ,            ,      .                .  ,         .




30


                   .                 ,  .




31


Ibid., p. 26.




32


                1830.,   1825.,     .             .




33


HaywoodR.M. Russia Enters the Railway Age, 18421855 (Columbia University Press, 1998), p. 1.




34


 ,   ,   ,   .




35


     I,           .




36


      I               .           .




37


   I,    ,         ,     XIX.      .  -     1867.,            XIX.




38


 1842.     1848.  -           .   Drogi Zelaznej Warszawsko-Wiedenskiej,   18391842.  ,         4%   .




39


WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 28.




40


WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 33.




41


           , ,  ,       ,   .  ,    ,  ,  ,     ,    : 1   1 .            . ,        .




42


     ,   50          53,           .     ..  1851.    ,    17          7,8%.             .         ,       I - (1859).        1877.,   ,   1881.




43


.    Engines of War: How Wars were Won and Lost on the Railways (Atlantic Books, 2010).




44


  XIX.        ,        .  ,         ,     ,       1809.




45


WestwoodJ.N. A History of Russian Railways, p. 32.




46


      .


