 .  .  1.      
  


       -     - .        :          ?   -,    ,     .





 

 

 

 I

     








          .                .   XIX       ,     ,   ,     .[1 -  . .         XIXXX . ., 1979. . 8.]      .       .   XIX      ,                  ,    .   ,     ,  ,     ;     ,    .     ,   ,           .[2 - Huxley A. Brave new world, and Brave new world revisited. London, 1960. P. 145.]    ,   ,     .[3 -  . .      /  . .  . ., 1996. . 12.]

   XXI   .   ,     ,             -      ,    . . ,  ,     , , , ,         .[4 -  . .    . . 1. ., 2002. . 35.]

                -.       [5 - McNeill W. The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A. D. 1000. Oxford, 1983.] . - ,               ,        .        -   ,[6 - Goldstone J. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley, 1991.]             .                ,      ,    .    . [7 - Dunning Ch. Does Jack Goldstones Model of Early Modern State Crises Apply to Russia? /Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1997. Vol. 39. N. 3. P. 572592.]             ,      .   . . ,[8 - Turchin P., Nefedov S. Secular Cycles. Princeton and Oxford, 2009.]   -         .

 . -  .          ,[9 -  . .    .  . ., 2008.]     ,       : ,   .                     XVII .           ,       ,          .

             .

          .  ( . , ), . .  (  , ); .  (A amp;M   ), .  (- , ), . .  (-   ), . .  (   ), .  ( -), . .  (  , ), . .  (     , ), . .  ( ,        , ), . .  (  , ), .  (  ).            . .    ,           .




 I

  



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      ,      ,    .[11 -  .:  . .    .  . ., 2008. . 1060.]




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         ,       .[12 -  .:  . .   . , 2007. . 6  22.]                  .  ,      ,       .[13 -  . .    . , 1895. . 33.  .]       ,          ,           .  ,   ,   ,         ,    (  ).    ,   ,       :   ,    ,     .[14 -  . . 28, 2732.]         (. , . . , .   .).           ,       -.[15 -  .       /  . . . I. ., 1955.]  ,   ,         ,     .          ,  ,     ,           .








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 1934        ,         XIII   XIV ,      XV      XVI   XVII .            ;       , ,     .[16 - Abel W. Bev?lkerungsgang und Landwirtschaft im ausgehenden Mittelalter im Lichte der Preis und Lohnbewegung / Schmollers Jahrb?cher. 1934. 58; Idem. Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur / Mitteleuropa vom 13. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin, 1935.] .    ,       ;  ,        .

 .         .               . , .   , . , . , .   .    .[17 - Postan M. M. The Medieval Economy and Society: an Economic History of Britain, 11001500. Berkley, Los Angeles, 1972; Idem. Essays on Medieval Agriculture and General Problems of Medieval Economy. Cambridge, 1973; Mousnier R. Les XVIe et XVIIe siecles. Les progres de la civilisation eupopeenne et la diclin de lOrient (14921715). Paris, 1953; Slicher van Bath B. The Agrarian History of Western Europe F. D. 500  1850. L: 1963; Glass D. V., Eversley D. E. Population in History. London, 1965; Cippolla C. M. Before the Industrial Revolution. European Society and Economy, 10001700. London, 1976 (    1969.)]          ,  ,  . , . , . , . , . , .   , . .[18 - Goubert P. Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 ? 1730. Contribution a lhistoire sociale de la France au XVIIe si?cle. 2vols., Paris, 1960; Le Roy Ladurie E. Les paysans de Languedoc. P., 1966. T. 12; Meuvret J. Les Crises de subsistances et la demographie dAncien Regime / Population. 1946. 4. P. 643650; Duby G. LEconomie rurale et la vie des campagnes de lOccident medieval. 2vol. Paris, 1962; Meuvret J. Eiudies dhistoire economique. Paris, 1971; Chaunu P. La civilisation de lEurope classique. Paris, 1984.  :  .   . , 2005.]  1967         .   ,     XVXVIII .[19 - Braudel F. Civilisation matrielle, conomie et capitalisme, XVe  XVIIIe si?cle. T. 1. Paris, 1967.  :  .  ,     XVXVIII . . 1. ., 1986.]

        ,   ,        ,           ! .        (  )      ,     ,   ,   ,   ,             ,       .  ,     XVIII ,                ,       .                   

  -  ,  ,         1100  1350 ,    1450  1650,   ,           1750 .  ,       ,             ,               ,   ,            ,          .[20 -  . . . . 4244.]

 70  80-           ,   ,             :    , , , , , ,        ,    .               (carring capacity).       ,     .   , ,    ( ,   );        ,         ,     .        ,       .            ,   .  ,    .          XIV  XVII ,       -      -     .[21 - Grigg D. Population Growth and Agrarian Change. Cambridge, 1980.]

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           -   .[24 - Goldstone J. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley, 1991.]           , -     ,   ,        .       ,      .            .              ,     .                   .  ,       ,                  .[25 - Ibid. P. 67.]

         .         ,      ,     ,     .   ,   ,      () .[26 - Ibid. P. 2425, 459.]

 ,  .   ,      ,   ,             .[27 - Ibid. P. 30.] ,  , .      , ,       .[28 - Ibid. P. 3233.] ,            ,      (  ) ,  -       ,  ,           .[29 -  . .   ; Turchin P. Historical Dynamics. Why States Rise and Fall. Princeton and Oxford, 2003.]

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          ,    ,     .    .   , .   . [31 - Le Roy Ladurie E. Les paysans de Languedoc. P., 1966. P. 346370; Grigg D. Op. cit. . 2028, 39, 7678.]       .[32 -  .  . .    . 99  102.]

   (     )   :   ,   ;   ;   ;       ;     ;         ,              ;    ;      ;      ();   (   ) ;    ;    ;   ,   .

   :     ;  ;    ;          ;  ,   ;    ;   ;  ;  -;      ;  ;    ;   ;      ;     ,           ,    ;   ;    ;     ;        , ,     ;    ,     ;    ;       ;      ( );     ;  (  )   ;  ;       ;       ,        ;               ;   ,       .

     ,       ,             .   ,  . .[33 -  . . . . 218.]

    : ,   ;  ;       ,    ;  ;   ;     ;    ;  ;     ;  ;  ;     ;    ;        ;  ,      ,     ,          .

  ,      ,      . .      ,  .    ,   ,      .        ;     .[34 -  . .    . , 1895. . 107108.]

           ,    ,           .        ,       .   ,     ,   - .

 ,     -           .      XVII , .    ,        :   ,   ,    ,  ,    .       , .     , ,  ,     .[35 - Dunning Ch. Does Jack Goldstones Model of Early Modern State Crises Apply to Russia? /Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1997. Vol. 39. N 3. P. 582585.]

  -  -             (     ,     19051917 ).    ,               .[36 -  . . - ]

    -          . , . , . . , . , . . , . .      (      ).  ,    .       .   . . ,[37 - Turchin P., Nefedov. S. Secular Cycles. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009.]  . . , . .   . . [38 -  . .,  . ,  . .  .    . , , . , 2005.]    . . .  ,      Nature, . ,      , ,       ,     .[39 - Turchin P. Arise cliodynamics / Nature. 2008. V. 454. P. 3435.]

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    .   ,      ,   ,    .  , . ,      - ,          - (  ) .[43 - Dunning Ch. The Preconditions of Modern Russias First Civil War / Russian History. 1998. Vol. 25, 12. P. 123125.]

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  .    ,            ,        .    ,  . ,           .    (,   . .)   II.  ..,   ,      IV   ,                  .[50 - Roberts M. Essays P. 195.]

.            XVII .          .       ,         ,          .     (16111632), ,                 .      , ,   ,  1629      , regementsstycke.[51 - Roberts M. Gustavus Adolphus. A History of Sweden. Vol. 2. 16251632. London, N. Y., Toronto, 1958. P. 232;  .    . . 1. , 1904. . 142143.]      ; -               ,     .    ,  . .[52 - Roberts M. Essays P 195.]

         ;       .               .[53 - Roberts M. Gustavus Adolphus P. 231, 248.]

  regementsstycke             ,      .      ,  1623     1,6. -;         15  .               .      ,                20 .[54 - Roberts M. Gustavus Adolphus . 64, 210, 238241;  . .   . . III. , 1994. . 388, 396.]  16261630       50  ;  ,       .       .          ,      .       ,   1624             (landtagsgard)      ,             .[55 - Roberts M. Gustavus Adolphus P. 67.]                 80- ,      .[56 -  . .   . . I. , 1890. . 176, 196, 200.]       .  1630      ,   ,    ,       II.   XVII      ,               .

          ,  ,  ,      ,   ,   ,  ,  .                  .[57 -  . .      :   XVII  /  . 2004. 4. . 2252.] ,     ,    ,     .    ,       .      ,        .   ,  ,           ,     - .[58 - Downing B. The Military Revolution and Political Change. Princeton, 1992. P. 3.]   , -      ;        ,           .[59 - Roberts M. Essays . 213.]

  ,          ,  ,    .  ,          ,       .         ,    ,         ,      XVII .[60 - Roberts M. Essays P. 203205; Duffy M. (ed.) The Military Revolution and the State, 15001800. Exeter, 1980; Downing B. Op. cit. P. 3, 1011, 56, 7778.]

 ,    , -,         ,     ,  ,       ,        . -,           ,      .   ,  -                , ,   ,         .  ,               - .

   XX          -        . ,   . ,   XVII        ,             .            ,   .  ,     ,    ,     ,         .




1.3.    . 


  ,     : ,  , ,    ,    .        ,          .   ,   ,          .

         ,  .             - ,    .         , ,  , ,   ,  ,   .           .  ,       ,      .[61 - . :  . .     . , 2000. http:/virlib.eunnet.net books ironage] ,     . . ,  ,      .               .                .   ,     ,          .       -  ,       -  .    ,      .[62 -  .]

            - ,    20-  30-   .  ,      ,              .[63 - Graebner F. Methode der Ethnologie. Heidelberg, 1911.]   ,                     .    ,    -     .   , -        ,                .   ,     ,       .          ,    , ,   ..      ;    ,       .  ,     ,       ,        ,       .

 ,           ,  ,           .

  ,  ,  ,       . , , ,   ,          ,         :            .            ,    .       ;       ,         .

 , -         ,       .                    ,        , ,  ,       .            , , ,   ..

       ,                        .  ,   ,    - ,       .

          ;     ,        ,            ,     .[64 - .:  . .    . . 1976. . 3  36.]      ,               .[65 - ., :  . .,  . .             /  = Oriens. 2004. 3. . 155157.] ,   ,       ;       . . .[66 -  . .      . , 2005.]

           -  .[67 - McNeill W The Rise of the West: a History of the Human Community. New York, 1963.  : -   .   .   , 2003.]  ,  . -     - ,   . :       II.  ..,     IV. .. ..,       ,  ,     .     . -         ,                  .    ,    ,[68 - McNeill W. The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A. D. 1000. Oxford, 1983.  : - .    . ,      XIXX  /  . ,     . . . ., 2008.] . -     ,    XVIXVII      . , .      .  ,  ,     . -      .  ,   -  XVII   XVIII  . -        . .[69 - Ibid. P. 102, 143.]      . -    ,    ,                 ,      .




1.4.  


     ,   () ,         (         . .   . . [70 -  . .      . ., 2006;  . .,  . .     /           . 2006. 4. . 7  18;  . .,  . .  :    /   . 2000. 56. . 8  49.]).        . ,          ,  - ,       .[71 - Black C. E. The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History. N. Y., 1966. . 7.] .      ;         XVIXVIII .      - ,                  .[72 - Ibid. P. 69.] .      ,  ,     XVIXVII     - ,    ,            .   . ,              ,       .[73 - . :  . . . . . 199.]

,    ,       .    XV        ,  . ,         ,     ,     ,      .           셻[74 - Black C. E. The Dynamics of Modernization P. 71.]  , .         :     ,    ,         .[75 - Ibid. P. 6.]                , , , . .   . .  ,               .[76 -  . .    . ., 1993. . 47;  . .   I   I.    XVIII . ., 1999. . 41.]  , ,             ;         .           XVIIIXIX        . . .[77 -  . .      (XVIII    .). ., 2007  .]             .[78 -  . .   III      XVIII  /         . II. , 2007. . 3239;  . .      I     /  .  . , 2007. . 187194.]

  XVIII       ; .       .     .   䅠   ,  ,      ,        .     .    ,              .[79 -  .  . ., 1999. . 13.]

        ,       ,         .  ,   ,             ,   .

      ,                         .  ,   ,    - ,      .

 ,      ,                   .                .              1950-     .    ,           ,        .          ,             XX    .

    ,      XX ,     .[80 - Laue h. von. Why Lenin? Why Stalin? A Reappraisal of Russian Revolution. 19001930. Philadelphia and New York, 1964; Laue Th. von. The World Revolution of Westernization. The Twentieth century in Global Perspective. N. Y, 1987.]                   .    ,        XIXXX ;    ,         ,       XVIII . ,  ,           , ,    , ,      .[81 - Laue Th. von. The World Revolution . 37.]           .              ,   ,       .   ,     ,            .                .          ,     ,    ,    ,  ,   ,    .   ,    ,    ,              ,            ,     ,       .           ,    .[82 - Laue h. von. Why Lenin P. 89, 33.]

           ;      ()            .         .   ,  . ,                ,                  .[83 - . :  . .      /   . 2001. 7. . 6363.]  ,             ,     ,     .                     ,   .  ,                      , , ,   .

    ,      ,   ,    .        ,   ,  ,    ;        ,      (  )         . ,   . -,    XIX ,  , ,  ,         .[84 - - . . . . 942950.]                  ,        ,  ,   ,      .  ,   XIX        ,   ,      .[85 -  .]              .

         ,            .[86 -  ,  , ., :  . .    :    XX      . ., 1998;  .  : --  / . ., 1997. . 5575;  . .   :  . ., 2000;  .     . ., 1996;  . .    : .     . ., 1998;      . ., 1994; McDaniel T. Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran. Princeton, 1989.]   ,       ,    ,     .    ,  ,  ,   ,   .         ,          ,    .




1.5.    


  ,   ,              , ,   .              .      ,  ,            .[87 -  . .   . ., 2007. . 61.]    ,        ,          ,       .

   , ,    ,    - .          : ,        ,        ,           ,    ,           ,  ,       ,         ,     .     ,   ,     ,      .          ,   ,           .   ,       ,           .

    ,        ,  ,      .   ( )     :  ,    (    )   .   ,   ,        ,               -.  ,     ,           ;           .

 ,               ,       ,   ,  ,            -,         ,     .

,    ,        . -.       [88 - McNeill W. The Pursuit of Power P. 143146.] . -     XV    ,      .            .  [89 -  . .    .  . ., 2008.]    ,      .[90 -  . .     . :, 2001.      14.03.2001. 556 323;  . .     . :, 2001.      14.03.2001. 556 325. . :  . . -  -  . , 2005.]

 ,          .         - ,        ,         .      ,     ,         .             ,     ,  ,       .     ,      , -.         ,      ,  ,    ,  .   ,     ,   ,     (   )      .




1.6.   


     ,     ,    ,    .[91 - Childe V. G. Man Makes Himself. L., 1941.]     X   ..   ,  ,              .          ,     .  ,     .   ,        0,04./


,         1./


   ,              .          :  -   0,1  2./


,     0,1  1,5  10./


.

    :             0,2./


,         ,        9./


.

   ,  - ,   .  ,  ,     ,    .      , ,    ,        ;   ,             -  .      ,       ,     ,        .       ; ,  ,        .         ,   ,  ,    ,        .[93 -  . .  . ., 1975. . 8  10;  . .   . ., 1968. . 116119;  . . -    /  . ., 1980. . 116, 125;  . .     . ., 1979. . 198217;   .    . ., 1986. . 356]    ,           .

  ,            .[94 -  .    . ., 1986. . 70;  . . . . . 8  11;  . .  -    /  . ., 1980. . 39.]   ,  ,                           .[95 - . .   :    /    . ., 1968. . 283.]

,              .           0,05  0.07  10./


,    150200 .[96 -  . .  . ., 1989. . 47.]        ,       ,       ,       ,   .         ,     ,   ,  .[97 -  . . 69;  . . . . . 20.]

        ,   . .    , . .   . . -.[98 - Ammerman A. J., Cavalli-Sforza L. L. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. Princeton, 1984.]   ,      ,    ,                ,   .         ,  ,            .[99 - Ibid.]

 ,    ,  ,  ,   .            .  VII.  ..              ,   (, , ),   (, ),    ,      .     -  ,    (),  ,  ,     .   VI   ..             .  , ,    , , ,         .  -        ,  ,   ,     ,         .    ,   ,         .  ,  ,              .             ,        .[100 -  . i ii i. , 1999.]

    -     ,          ,  .  ,  ,         ,     .        :            .     .    -     .         ,        .            .  IV   ..            ,       .[101 -   .         . . 1. ., 1983. . 90.]        ,  ,  II   ..   .         ,                   ,     .  IV   ..                .[102 -  .   .   . ., 2006. . 136.]

         .       V   ..,     ( )     ,   ,       .  IV   ..                   .   ,  ,            .  ,  ,         .

            ,     .   ,   ,    .         II   ..      ,    .                            .        ,    ,     . , ,    ,  ,  III.  ..    94%       ,    ,     ,  34%;             .[103 -  . .             /   , 2007. http:/www. archeologia.ru Library Book 1e3d3a8bc220 page1]

           .      . ,         ,       ,   ( )         .[104 - Carneiro R L A Theory of the Oridgin of the State / Science. 1970. Vol. 21. 169. P. 733738.   .:  . .    /  ,     , 2006.  55  71]   ,   ,     .   IV   ..        , ,  ,    III    .        .      .   III   ..    , ,       22 .      .       ,    ,   ,         IX  .. .    ,      ;     ,            .

           .   ,        . ,      ,                   .[105 - Murdock G. P. Atlas of World Culture Pittsburgh, 1981]     . .   . . .[106 -  . .       /       , 1991  136191;  . .    /  ,     , 2006  184  210]   ,                     .        :     (,  ),  ,     .[107 -  . . . . . 139155, 174;  . . . . 195196, 201.]  ,           ,            ,    .




1.7.      


  ,              .  IV   ..          1015  ,    ,    .         ,       .[108 -    . , 2000. . 1726 ( . )]

   ,    ,   , ,    ,           ,                    .[109 - .  . .       /   , 2000, 4, . 34;  . .  . , 1989. . 204]            ,               .      rughio  ; lino  ; kulo  , ; sel  ; dholo  , sur  ; klau  ; medu  ; agno  ; sekur  ; septm     .[110 -  . .  ii  , ,  ii, , 2001]

                     .          .     ,             .    ,     V   ..       ,       .     ,      120130          150175.    ,    ,    ,      .        ,         .    ,             ,  ,        .               ,      .[111 -  . .    ., 1977 . 1922;  .,  ..,  .    /    1992 2. . 3642;  .    .388389, 397; Mallory J In Search of the Indo-European L, 1989]

    ,           .                  .     -     67   ,[112 -  . .   ., 1982 . 167]       5      25   ,[113 -  . .        ., 1976 . 21] ,        1,3./


.        0,71,9./


;  . .      1,61,9./


.  ,          ,    5  10  ,         ,   ,  .     ,     ;    V   ..         .  -       ,          ,   .[115 -  . . . . 398;  .,  . .,  . . . . 41]

   IV          .               ,        .           : ,   ,                  .[116 -  . . . . 403;  . .      . 1966 . 8587;  .. . .]    ,    ,         . ,           ,      ,     ,   . ,       ,                   ;          .[117 -  . .          , , 1991, . 30, 81, 91]

    ,           .   ,       ,       ,            ,    .   ,    ,    .[118 -  . .     IIIII   ../  , ., 1985, . 187188;  . .      /  , ., 1985. . 170  171]  III        ,   ,  ,  -.        ,     .       ,      ,    .[119 -  ..  . . 191.]






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 ,       ,              .  ,    ,    ,        .             ,           ,  ,  ,       .   ,          ,         ,  ,      .[121 -   . . . 410423;       , -,  /     , ., 1987 . 38;  . .   /     , ., 1987 . 65;  .,  .      -     (   ) http:/www. vzmakh ru / parabellum / n14_s1. shtml]

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 ,         ;   ,   .     ,              :            .                 ,  . . ,         ,       .[124 -  . .    . 176.] .  ,     ,        ,         .[125 - Childe V. G. The Diffusion of Wheeled Vehicles / Ethnographisch-arch?ologische Forschungen. 1954. Bd. II. P. 7  17.]          :     ,    :        ,     .  ,     ,     ,       ,     .[126 -  ..    :          /   . 1999. 1. . 171.]

 ,      .    ,              ,     .       ,            .           .[127 -  ..   ? ., 1994. . 190;  . .   . 61.]       ,       .     ,   , ,     ,      ,           .[128 -  . .       (XVII.  . ). ., 2001. . 67, 87.]

    ,          ,      - ;           ,    XXIXVIII   ..[129 -  . .           / STRATUM. 1999. 5. . 265275;  . .    . 19.]          ,   -,     .  ,         ,   ,       ,       .[130 -  . .    . 10.]

  III   ..      ,         :        .[131 -  . .      . II. /  . 1997. 2. . 84.]      ,          ,    .[132 - Mayrhofer M. Die Indo-Arier im alten Vorderasien. Wiesbaden, 1966;  . .     . 171.]              ,   .[133 -  . .    . 86, 91;  . .        http :/ www.sgu.ru faculties / historical / sc. publication / reg_ist / iran / default. php]       :      ,  ,      ,         .[134 -  . .  . .   /     . ., 1987. . 13  131;  . .   /     . ., 1987. . 135.]   II   ..       ;   ,  ,           .[135 -  . ,  . .   /   . . I. , 1985. 462471.]             ,    .        ,      ;       .[136 -  . .   /     . ., 1987. . 107, 112.;  . .   /   . . I. , 1985. . 499512;  . .       /      - . ., 1989. . 2627;  . .   /   . . I. , 1985. . 437445;  . .   . ., 1978. . 171.]




1.8.   


           ,     .            ,  .

 ,       ,      (   )   II   ..                ,      .[137 -  . . . . . 115;  . . . ., 1966. . 13.]      ,         .        ,      :         .   ,        ,     ,            .[138 -      - . ., 1989. . 5.]             ,      ;  ,               ,         .[139 - .    . .,1972. . 216.]  ,       ,        ,  .[140 -  . .        /    . . 70;  . .     /   . 69]

       .[141 -    Ѕ . 5]                ,  . . .        .[142 -  . . . . . 31] ,  VIII   ..              ,         .    , ,      .[143 -  . ., 1982. . 118  119]

    ,          ,    XIX         1,9./


.    ,           .   . . ,  ,     ,           ,      XX .[145 -  . .   . ., 1975. . 265]      ,     .        :         ,        67 ,       67  C       ,       ,      ,      腻  ,       ,   ,      .[146 -  . .     (  ) . 2., 1973. . 29, 70;  .    ,       . . 1.   ., 1950. . 236]        ;    ,       ,     .[147 -  .  . . . 149]         ;[148 -  . . . 79]       ,         .[149 -  .  /   , 1988  104]  . .      II   .. (-, -,  III)       ;      34 .[150 -  . .     /  . , ,  ., 1989. . 87  89]    ,   -,     38     36   .[151 -  . . . . 102]

         ,    .     ,      .        7  11 ;         ;      .[152 -  . .     XVII   XX . -, 1971. . 79]     ,  ;     ,          . . ,             .[153 -  . .       /      . ., 1991. . 304]

          ;      .[154 -  . . . . . 250]          ,  . . ,   ,      , -     .[155 -  . .       . ., 1903. . 133]             .     ,     ;     ,    , .     ,      .[156 -  . . . . . 207, 255]    ,     ,          ,          ,           .[157 -  . . . . 40]     ,    ,     ,  ,        ,     ,    .[158 - , .  . ., 1994, . 494]       ,       ,     .[159 -  . . . 202; ,  . . . 494]

           ,    ,   ,   , , .              .    , , ,   .[160 -  . .  ,     . . 2.   ., 1934. . 283]   ,      ,       ;         ,     .[161 - , . . . . 491] -      ,   ,    ,        .[162 - -,  .      /      . . 1.   , 1939. . 191]    , ,     ,    . ,       ,           ,       .[163 -  . . . . 40]     12  13-        .[164 -  . . . . . 572;  . . . . . 152]

   ,     .[165 - .,   .  . . . 104;  . . . . . 511;    . . . 169] -         ,                ( ).[166 -  .  . . . 269]




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