   


               .





. . 

   





1.. 


   / .  

            , , .         ,   ,  ,    .

    ,     :

1)    ;

2)  ,   , ;

3)    .

,  ,        .     ,    ,     .          .           .

           

y = f(x,t)

 t  ,

x    ,     y.      x  t   .

    ,    ,        ( ).       ,    .    .

      ,        .       .      ,        , ..   .

  ,   ,    ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  0  1.   n      2n ,   ,    .

,       ,      .   8   . ,  256  8- ,  .

         .      .

   ,          .      .         .




2.   .   


32-         232-1,       00000000  FFFFFFFF.          220-1,      00000  FFFFF.        ,    .     ,   2 ,      4 .      ,        .

          ,       1, 2  4 .

      .       ,           :

x = 10n  \x\,  n   .

         , ..,     ,      .

      ,           .

  

    ,          .        ,   ,  .

    ,       ,      .       ;     .

      ,  ,  ,     .     ,     , ;       ,   ,            .

       :

1) n  ,   . ,    ?n,           ;

2)  n   ? ni. ,    ? ni,       i- ,   ;

3)?   . ,     ?,      ,    .




3.   Pascal


    ,        .  Pascal     :

1) 26    26   :

2)_ ( );

3) 10 : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9;

4) :

+   / = <> < > <= >=:= @;

5):., () [] (..) { } (* *)..:;

6): ^ # $;

7) () : ABSOLUTE, ASSEMBLER, AND, ARRAY, ASM, BEGIN, CASE, CONST, CONSTRUCTOR, DESTRUCTOR, DIV, DO, DOWNTO, ELSE, END, EXPORT, EXTERNAL, FAR, FILE, FOR, FORWARD, FUNCTION, GOTO, IF, IMPLEMENTATION, IN, INDEX, INHERITED, INLINE, INTERFACE, INTERRUPT, LABEL, LIBRARY, MOD, NAME, NIL, NEAR, NOT, OBJECT, OF, OR, PACKED, PRIVATE, PROCEDURE,

PROGRAM, PUBLIC, RECORD, REPEAT, RESIDENT, SET,

SHL, SHR, STRING, THEN, TO, TYPE, UNIT, UNTIL, USES,

VAR, VIRTUAL, WHILE, WITH, XOR.

 ,      .

  Pascal  :        ,    .    Pascal    :

1)     ,    ,           ;

2) ,  ,   ,      , ;

3)            .

  Pascal      .        ,  .    , , ,    .

   ,   ,      ,    .

  Pascal    :






1)   ;

2)  ;

3) ;

4) * / div mod and;

5) +  or xor;

6)  = <> < > <= >=.




4.   


 

1.Function Abs(X);    .

2.Function ArcTan(X: Extended): Extended;   .

3.Function Exp(X: Real): Real;  .

4.Function Frac(X: Real): Real;    .

5.Function Int(X: Real): Real;    .

6.Function Ln(X: Real): Real;    (Ln  = 1)    .

7.Function Pi: Extended;   Pi,    3.1415926535.

8.Function Sin(X: Extended): Extended;   .

9.Function Sqr(X: Extended): Extended;   .

10.Function Sqrt(X: Extended): Extended;    .

    

1.Procedure Str(X [: Width [: Decimals]]; var S);   X   .

2.Function Chr(X: Byte): Char;        ASCII-.

3.Function High(X);      .

4.Function Low(X);      .

5.Function Ord(X): Longlnt;      .

6.Function Round(X: Extended): LongInt;      .

7.Function Trunc(X: Extended): LongInt;      .

8.Procedure Val(S; var V; var Code: Integer);      S    V.

      

1.Procedure Dec(var X [; N: LongInt]);    N   X.

2.Procedure Inc(var X [; N: LongInt]);    N   X.

3.Function Odd(X: LongInt): Boolean;  True,  X   ,  False    .

4.Function Pred(X);    .

5.Function Succ(X);    .




5.  Pascal


 

      :

If B then S1 else S2

 B    ( ),    ; S1, S2    ,   .

       B,    :  B  ,    S1   then,   S2 ;  B  ,    S2   else,   S1  .

 

    :

case S of

c1: insruction1;

c2: insruction2;



cn: insructionN;

else instruction

end;

 S    ,   ;

c1, c2,, on    ,     S; instructionl,, instructionN  ,    ,       S;

instruction  ,  ,    S        c1, o2, on.

   

    for,       ,          for. ,      for,             .      .

   

While B do S;

 B   ,    (    )$;

S      . ,       ,    .     ,     .       ,     .        False,  ,      ,  .

   

repeat S until B;

 B   ,    (    );

S       .      . ,     repeat  until,     ,       True.   ,   ,  ,         .




6.  


          .      .

     ,           ,  .

       ,         ,            .     .

  Pascal        .          .                  . ,   ,  ,      .        :

1)-;

2)-;

3)-;

4)-  -, ..   ;

5) -.

         .

       

  ,     ,         .    TURBO PASCAL      ,  ,    ,  . (         .)

             ,   .   ,     , :

type

Proc = Procedure;

  ,  ,             .  ,       ,       .




7.    Pascal


  Pascal

      , ,     ,     .      Procedure,          :

Procedure <> [(<  >)];

        .         .

      .        .     :   .       .            (,    ),    .          ,     End,   ,    ,   .

       .        ,    . ,      ,      .

 ,     .     .    ,       ,      ,   .

  Pascal

    ,      .       .     Function,  ,    ,    ,     .     :

Function <> [(<  >)]: <  >;

  Turbo Pascal 7.0  Borland        .   Object Pascal,      Borland Delphi,     ,   .

     ,     .          ,       .     ,  .    ,         .

    .        - ,    .         .   ,       ,  .

      ,      .    ,   ,   ,      .      .          ,  ,  ,  .

          ,    .




8.    . 


     , ..     .         ,      ,     ,       .

 ,      forward,   .  -           .     ,       ,     ,      .  forward               .        ,        .  ,   .

         .       .

       ,     ,     .            ,               .

    ,        , ,      .    ,       :         $,  ,    ,  .

:

1) {$E+}    ;

2) {$F+}        ;

3) {$N+}    ;

4) {$R+}      .

     , :

{$I  }        




9. 


        .  ,     ,         ,   ,      ,       .

   : ,    .   :

1.        -.

2. ,      const     ,   -.

3. ,      var     ,   -.

-

 - ,         ,   ,               . ,    -,      .    -   ,          -  ,     .

    ,       -.     ,       ,  255.

-

    -  . -    ,         .

-

-   ,          .          -,        .

 

         .     .    ,      ,       .    , ,   ,          .              ,      .

     ,             .  ,      ,        ,         .          .

 ,     ,   ,      ,      .




10.  


-

 -    ,              . ,    -,      .    -   ,        .

-

 -        .   -  .  -           .

-

- ,          .    -   ,   -    .

 

     -,            .  ,     var,  ,   ,     const,    .

 

         .     .       .

      :

1) ;

2) ;

3)   inline;

4)   (interrupt).

  

       ,      ,        .        ,         -  .

        ,        ,    .  ,         far,      ,           inline  interrupt.




11.   Pascal.       


     .        ,   string,  ,      , ..  ,   .      ,       255, ..     255 .

        .       ,   ,     .           ,       ,     .

      

1.Function Copy(S: String; Index, Count: Integer): String;

  . S    String. Index  Count    .   ,  Count ,    Index.  Index ,   S,    .

2.Procedure Delete(var S: String; Index, Count: Integer);

    Count   S,    Index. S    String. Index  Count    .  Index ,   S,   .

3.Procedure Insert(Source: String; var S: String; Index: Integer);    ,    . Source    String. S    String  . Index    . Insert  Source  S,    S.

4.Function Length(S: String): Integer;

  ,     S.  :     -,       .

5.Function Pos(Substr: String; S: String): Integer;    . Pos  Substr  S

   ,      Substr  S.  Substr  , Pos  .




12.


        ,    .    ,     .     ,         .       ,    Pascal,    .

    Pascal      RECORD,      .      END.

,    ,    ,            :

type Row = Record

FIO: String[20];

TEL: String[7];

end;

var str: Row;

       , :

var str: Record

FIO: String[20];

TEL: String[7];

end;

         ,            .        .      ,           .    .      ,         ,    .

     ,     with.     ,   ,    ,       .

          .   Pascal   ,      .       case P of,         .  ,   ,   ,     .     ,      ,   ,    .       end.         .       .




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   .

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