 WW2.    
 


History of the Second World War. You want to put together the past in order to manage the present and the future. This book is prepared for you. It all happened.    .       ,     .     .    .





 WW2

   



 



 ,2018



ISBN978-5-4493-1216-7

     Ridero


Inthe design ofthe cover ofthe book the symbols ofthe Allied victory are used the American B-29bomber and the Soviet T-34-85tank

      ⠖   -29  -34-85

The book is based on many sources, confirming the reliability ofeach other. Inthis text there are no discoveries and sensations, but for the first time acoherent and consistent presentation ofthe epoch is presented.

The author is not tied tothe interests ofpolitical parties, organizations, social strata, and therefore has the right todeclare his perfect impartiality.

Acommon vision ofhistory is what is important for establishing public consensus. Going outside the Federation, you can take aprinted book tobuild on the text, explain topartners, or friendly English-speaking opponents, how everything was infact.

Regrets and apologies for the automatic, though fairly high-quality, corrected translation.



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The Beginning





Formation ofthe Third Reich


The appearance ofthe Third Reich (empire), which he became for 13years and 13days, as some historians believe, is the merit ofthe only person Adolf Hitler (Hydler). The surname is identical tothe meaning forester, caretaker. The only half-sister, Paula, the artist, lived until 1960, Angels half sister (byfather), ahousewife until 1949, her son Leo Hitler, was captured during the Battle ofStalingrad and was offered for exchange for his son Stalin, Yakov. Brother Edmund dies at aminorage.

As achild, Hitler was battered byhis father, twice changed his school due topoor progress and bad behavior. The only teacher he relishes is the history teacher, who speaks the history ofancient Germany, inspiring the students with the idea ofthe superiority ofthe German people.

In1908, Hitler failed examinations at the Vienna Academy ofArts. He does not want toengage inany kind ofphysical labor inprinciple.

Relations with women inAdolphus there are no, according tosome testimonies because offear ofinfection with syphilis or because ofelementary hypertrophied shyness. The only school friend ofAdolf, August Kubichek (future musician ofthe Vienna Conservatory) inhis memoirs mentions the girl Stephanie,  aslender blond Valkyrie of17years. Hitler collects information about his beloved for four long years, experiences acertain lieutenant because ofher enthusiasm, writes countless poems, such as The Hymn ofthe Beloved, etc. However, despite the fact that A.G. there are certain chances (once, at the celebration ofthe flowers ofStephanie, with asmile throws the best flower inHitler), Adolf considers himself above some kind offlirting. The lack ofwords and actions, only timid, even fanatical views this is not exactly what the girls want.

The financial side oflife sags with time. The future leader ofthe Third Reich stays on the streets, digs ingarbage cans, insearch offood, begs

Since 1909, the sale ofpainted postcards with views ofVienna begins tobring Adolf agood income. Relations with women are getting better.

A.G. studies English and French inthe amount sufficient toview the films ofthese countries inthe original, is actively interested inarming the armies ofthe world and politics. He does not want toserve inthe Austrian army for the Czechs and Hungarians, but in1914, with the beginning ofthe Great War, he makes an application with arequest toserve inthe Bavarian (German) army. In1918, Hitler was poisoned bythe gas ofachemical shell exploding nearby the English. Half lost sight, he leads the blind comrades from the firing zone. It was at this time, according tohis testimony, along with the news ofthe surrender ofGermany, that he found arevelation about the revival ofthe Reich and miraculously healed. According tomythology, possibly having real roots, Hitler (1) receives asuggestion from adoctor, apowerful hypnotist, that he is the Messiah ofthe German people, and, therefore, must see through. Or, (2) Concludes an agreement with arepresentative ofthe dark forces that he will be given power for 13years and 13days (January 30, 1933 April 30, 1945) for the rise ofthe German nation.

InNovember 1923, the rate ofthe German mark is 4.2trillion for the American dollar. In1924, parallel toit, the unofficial monetary unit the so-called. rental mark secured byapledge ofimmovable property. The rate tothe ordinary mark is one toone trillion. Afew months later, alegitimate Reichsmark (RM) appears, equal toit at face value, and both these currencies remain incirculation inorder not toundermine public confidence. The cost ofone RM 2.5grams ofpure silver, which at the current rate is about 150rubles. The appearance ofthese denominations suspends hyperinflation (5000%, the issuance ofwages twice aday, people are starving).






1.Billion ofGerman marks in1923






2. Five trillion paipermarks ofthe same year 1923






3. Rental stamp






4. Reichsmark of1942issue






5. The emblem ofthe Italian (primordial) fascism






6. Emblem ofthe Spanish fascists






7. The emblem ofthe nationalist Iron Guard ofRomania






8. Symbol ofthe Polish Phalanx






9. The symbol ofthe Croatian Ustashi






10. Flag ofthe National Socialist Party ofHungary Crossed arrows



1. Billion ofGerman marks in1923. Till this time, Germany was called the Weimar Republic. Somehow it turned out that the division ofthe country could be contained, providing hyperinflation (the Rhineland was preparing tosecede). Prices doubled every three days, incirculation was the so-called paper stamp (Papiermark). Abeer mug cost four billion. In1924, inflation was stopped. Bythe mid-twenties, the republic had achieved certain economic and political successes, but since 1929anew, though not so strong, recession had followed. Inthe end, the Germans decided that the way out ofthe situation was inthe new leaders and the Third Reich.

2. Five trillion paper brands in1923.

3. Rental stamp. Provided with industrial potential, real estate, very popular. The rate is one toatrillion ofpipermaroks.

4. Completely solid indesign and execution ofthe Reichsmark of1942issue. Asevere aesthetics ofthe new state order is visible. The salary ofaGerman lieutenant (Obersturmfuhrer) is 220marks amonth. The purchasing power ofthe brand inthe main set ofproducts and services is about the same as that ofthe modern 7.5dollars. The course towards the American currency, strangely enough, remained stable, until 1945.

5. The emblem ofthe Italian (primordial) fascism is abundle offascias (Latin fasces- rods), birch or elm rods, rods tied with ared ribbon, with ahatchet inthem. This symbolism inRussia is not prohibited, it is used bysuch state entities as the Federal Penitentiary Service and the Federal Bailiff Service.

6. Emblem ofthe Spanish fascists, otherwise ofthe Franco, Falangist, the party Falange Espa?ola. Arrows and yokes are symbols ofthe unifiers ofSpain, the Catholic monarchs Isabella ofthe First Castilian and Ferdinand ofthe Second ofAragon. This form offascism exists even after the end ofWorld War II, until 1975 the time ofthe natural death ofdictator Franco Franco.

7. Lattice asymbol ofsuffering for freedom, the emblem ofthe nationalist Iron Guard ofRomania.

8. Symbol ofthe Polish Phalanx. The Poles are ardent nationalists, they do not recognize kinship with the Slavs, they are looking for their heroic forerunners inthe semi-mythical tribe ofthe Sarmatians or even the Germanic tribes. Be that as it may, at the beginning ofthe Second World War, one nationalism almost completely destroys another, and this circumstance undoubtedly helps the Allies towin.

9. The symbol ofthe Croatian Ustashi (Horst Usta?e TheInsurrection). The main idea ofthose who consider themselves descended is amono-national state, anti-Semitism, serbophobia, nationalism, territorial claims toSerbia. Under the Germans, the Ustash, along with some Bosnian Muslims, form the Waffen SS corps, numbering about 113,000, physically destroying 400,000Serbs, Jews and Gypsies.

The postwar policy ofYugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito Forgetting everything bad only leads tothe fact that inthe early 1990s, non-repentant Croatian nationalists go on relapse, and unleash abloody CivilWar.

10. Flag ofthe National Socialist Party ofHungary Crossed arrows. Infact, the Crossed Arrows and its sole leader, Ferenc Salashi rule parallel tothe government ofMiklos Horthy. It is Horthy who initiates the entry ofhis state into the Second World War. The main goal, at the very beginning ofthe expansion, is the return ofconsiderable territories, more than half ofthe country lost byHungary under the Versailles Treaty. Further, the non-fascist formally Hungary, whether or not, is forced toparticipate inall military operations ofHitlers Germany.

InOctober 1944, the Horthy government announced atruce with the USSR. Adetachment ofsaboteurs Otto Skorzeni kidnaps Hortys son. Under such pressure, the head ofstate transfers powers toFerenc Salashi, and moves away from business.

The Crossed Arrows party rules until March 1945.

The way topower was determined after Hitler was sent tothe army propaganda courses: his speeches were noticed byinfluential people. Fourteen years later, A.G. becomes simultaneously Reichspresident and Reichskanzlerom; These long names are shortened tothe word Fuhrer leader.

The first speeches ofHitler inthis post are reduced todefining the world as an unconditional value, however, one way or another, its achievement follows from the return oflands lost byGermany after the GreatWar.

Landmark ofthe German Fuhrer the movement ofblackshirts inItaly. Since 1919, this southern country is experiencing ared two-year. The workers organize election committees on the direct model ofthe Soviets inRed Russia, seize enterprises, and try tocontrol them more or less efficiently. The example ofthe USSR that is formed ingeneral, does not bring inspiration tothe Italian proletariat: this is acivil war, the physical annihilation ofclasses, mutual embitterment, power structures that seem tobe completely out ofcontrol, apparently tono one at all. The red two-year period is replaced bythe second anniversary ofblack. InOctober 1921the squadrist, avoluntary national security militia, inthe number ofabout 5,000people, organize amarch toRome. King ofItaly Victor Emmanuel meets with the head ofthe fascists Benito Mussolini, confirms him as prime minister.

The main idea ofthe Mussolini duce is acorporate state, the unification ofclasses on the basis ofacommon nationality and awareness ofthe exclusivity oftheir state. Introduced inparticular, the laws on the inadmissibility ofmixed marriages ofItalians with non-Europoid races. The dialectic offascism rejects peace, tranquility as some absolute value, recognizes war, and other perturbations are an indispensable means ofimproving mankind.

Ingeneral, Italian fascism is much milder than Hitlers National Socialism. Whatever it was, the corporate state gives its citizens stability, work, apiece ofbread and some enthusiasm. It successfully fights with, it would seem, anational brand, and the disaster ofItaly the mafia. However, the payment for such away ofuniting the masses, albeit with some delay participation inmany bloody battles ofthe Axis bloc inthe South and East.

The ideology offascism, toagreater or lesser degree, takes possession ofmany European states: Spain, France, Hungary, Austria, Romania, Croatia, Portugal, etc. InJapan, since 1938, infact, the plan ofGreat East Asia " free from European influence, but under the direct control ofthe Land ofthe Rising Sun zone; which includes, among many other things, the whole ofChina. Militarism is not quite fascism, since it is not tied toasingle charismatic dictator. This structure implies controlled tension insociety, the creation ofan image ofan insidious external enemy, overstated bythe military economy (albeit at the expense ofthe most important social programs), extensive external expansion.

The main idea ofHitler is the Peoples State, uniting all the Germans, regardless ofthe degree oftheir prosperity and titles, and also the notorious Tough Vertical ofPower. The national state does not at all provide for atrue democracy, however, the loophole ofopinions, acertain initiative ofcitizens are not punished so harshly and thoughtlessly as inthe Stalinist USSR. The value ofthe blood offull Germans was initially large enough. Those Germans who somehow disagree with the policy ofthe NSDAP are subjected toreprisals only after several, quite intelligible cautions.

Decisions bythe majority are not provided, decisions are made only byresponsible persons. Ofcourse, every leader will have astaff ofadvisers at his disposal, but he will be the only one todecide only he has the authority and the right togive orders. It is impossible todo without the parliament, but its role is togive advice. The chambers are working bodies, not voting tools.

Adolf Gitler.

The ideas ofuniversal unification are inherent inGermany, first ofall, since 1648, when the Westphalian world was concluded, which put an end tothe terrifying Thirty Years War. The German world is divided into three hundred autonomous states, within each ofwhich an unlimited dictatorship is now prescribed. Serfdom is being restored. Henceforth, the prince occupies the highest position inthe local church hierarchy. Any electivity (spiritual Synod, collegium ofhierarchs, flock) is absent inprinciple. The ruler creates only that which comes tohis mind.

Inother countries ofEurope, the spiritual and earthly branches ofthe authorities are at least somewhat divided. Or else (England ofthe time ofHenry the Eighth, the Suprematist Act of1534, the King the Head ofthe Church), the monarchy itself moves, even if inavery complicated way, towards constitutionality, and the principles ofcollegial decision-making. The exception, alas, is Russia, whose religious figures, since the time ofthe violent Baptism of988, are getting used tocompassion tothe earthly authorities inevery possibleway.

The church structures ofGermany inthe second half ofthe 1930s become acontinuation ofthe state. Various terms ofimprisonment are received byabout 700protestants pastors who do not agree with this state ofaffairs. The head ofthe alternative, Christian Confessionary Church, Dr. Nemmler, is taken into custody bythe Gestapo in1937, and is released bythe Allied forces only in1945.

Scientific and art are also subjected touniversal unification. From now on, so little predictable currents ofthought insights, discoveries, are called tolead, as they say, specially trained people.

You can argue alot about the hidden springs ofagradually unfolding unthinkable action. One ofthem, usually not mentioned byhistorians, as something insignificant, is the massive use ofGerman troops, the population and leadership ofthe Reich, psychotropic substances. Tobacco smoking is not welcome, although inacombat situation this is perhaps the best way torelieve stress. Inthe course ofPills ofcheerfulness, pervitin (methamphetamine), the official component ofthe combat diet ofGerman soldiers. The narcotic, which generates asense ofomnipotence, impunity, apsychoactive drug, is apart offood products, for example tank chocolate and sweets. Massively applied since 1938. The Wehrmacht receives about 12million tablets amonth from Temmler and Knoll, with arecommended dose of2tablets per day. According tosome reports, bythe time ofthe invasion ofFrance, production has reached 833,000pills per day. Hitler does not smoke tobacco, but takes pervitin from his personal physician Theodore Morrell since 1936(actually, the beginning ofexpansion); since 1943 several doses perday.

This drug, inaddition, mobilizes forces, as if the body received asignal ofdanger although, infact, there can be no threat. But, subsequently, after such energy stimulation leading tonumerous injuries, nerve cells die hundreds ofthousands per day. It is interesting that the drug is recommended for mass consumption, like apanacea, even, for example, totreat female frigidity, and tofacilitate delivery. It can not be said that the German authorities specifically promote the spread ofpervitin; but they do not interfere with its spread atall.

In1930, Germany produces 200tons ofheroin, deploys also the production ofother, cheaper, synthetic drugs. Overseas territories have been lost, according tothe Versailles Treaty, however, many Latin American countries are willing tosupply raw materials. Initially, aspiring tosole authority over the consciousness ofits citizens, the National Socialist Party ofGermany (NSDAP) strongly opposes the use ofopiates. The concept is introduced: Your own body belongs, first ofall, tothe family and the nation, incontrast, it seems, really decadent thesis ofthe Weimar Republic: Your body belongs only toyou. However, synthetic drugs, now called energy stimulants, thanks, inaddition toeverything, toHitler, just drop out ofthe list ofbanned drugs.

In1929, Nuremberg created the National Socialist Union ofGerman Doctors, which, bythe end of1933, had 11,000participants (23% ofall German medical personnel). They, based on the data oftheir patients, create files ofheredity archives. The main idea the mentally retarded people do not have aright toexist which, for the sake ofhumanity and prosperity ofthe nation, should be broken off inone way or another. Already since 1933, representatives ofthis union occupy leading positions, informally dispose ofagradual reduction inthe standards for supplying food topatients ofcare and medical institutions up toalethal outcome.

Since October 9, 1935, almost legal, the T-4program starts (from the name ofthe street Tigartentstrasse, house 4, where the headquarters ofthis organization was located), designed toreduce the population ofGermany bythe formula 1000: 10: 5: 1. Out ofathousand people, ten are disabled five ofthem should be assisted, one physically eliminated. Planck rises: it now follows Todestroy all those who are unable towork productively, and not only deprived ofreason. Intotal, before September 1, 1941, 70,273ofits citizens were killed inGerman hospitals: at least 885million marks were saved for the Army and Government. At the same time, German doctors working inthe program receive monetary allowance more than anywhere else inthe Reich. For each processed dossier, that is, the death ofthe patient, afee of100Reichsmarks is paid plus the use ofthe food stamps ofthe deceased remaining inthe course ofthe month before the end ofthe month, the issuing ofbills for his relatives tohis relatives, within the specified time, and, gold crowns.

Also terminally sick children are destroyed, later adolescents under 17years old, diagnosed with Downs syndrome, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, all kinds ofmalformations, paralysis and so on. The value ofeach childs life is determined inaccordance with economic criteria. Parents are informed ofthe death ofchildren as aresult ofpneumonia, or other fictitious causes. The body is cremated anyway.

Inaddition, about 400,000people with an arbitrarily diagnosed diagnosis (most often schizophrenia), sometimes simply the political enemies ofthe Reich, from 1943to1945, are subjected toforced sterilization.

Thus, the hospitals ofthe Third Reich are exempt from former hospital patients. However, some hidden laws ofretaliation come into effect, medical institutions are quickly replenished bythe wounded, at the front, and as aresult ofincreasing air strikes.

Such apolicy ofthe NSDAP ceases toplease even some ofits influential functionaries. Inthe end, avery weighty message offerment inthe minds reaches Hitlers ears byHannah Reich, the personal pilot ofthe Fuhrer. ByAugust 1941, the T-4program inGermany is partially curtailed, its main structures, trained medical personnel, mobile gas chambers are moving tothe East. Here, killing people is done bythe introduction ofbarbiturates, more often byan elementary lowering ofthe diet tozero. Intotal, on the territory ofthe Soviet Union (including the Baltic States), as well as inPoland, German doctors kill amillion Ostarbeiters, and an unknown number ofGerman soldiers with severe injuries

In1934, 97% ofGermanys debts toGreat Britain and the United States (total 23.3billion marks) are written off. This act is prompted byasimilar decision and other countries inEurope. Switzerland agrees tosell Reich gold for the Reichsmark; later she does not disdain toaccept hundreds ofkilograms ofgold crowns from the concentration camps.




The Civil War inSpain


After the fall of1931, the monarchy, the new Republican government ofSpain abolished aristocratic titles, greatly reduced the armed forces, and selected surplus land from the landlords (over 200hectares). Already not popular with the majority ofthe population, an overly politicized and biased church, is separated from the state.

All these reforms are carried out inadequately and cause strong opposition from asignificant part ofsociety. The rebellion begins on July 17, 1936inSpanish Morocco. July 18, he throws himself in, infact, Spain. On the side ofthe putschists 80% ofthe highest officers, mostly ground forces. Since July 27, the rebels are beginning toreceive military and technical assistance from Germany and Spain the bombers SM-81, Yu-52, the CV3 / 33tanket, as well as numerous volunteers. Only on October 16the Republicans announce the establishment oftheir own, regular Peoples Army, which includes Soviet military specialists and international brigades ofanti-fascists. Inmid-October, the first shipment ofI-15fighters, ANT-40bombers and (300) T-26tanks (with Soviet crews) arrives inSpain. Part ofthe military cargo goes bysea, at risk ofbeing captured or destroyed (at the bottom there are three ships), part byrailroad through France. On the streets bombed bythe Legion ofthe Air Force Condor inMadrid, two weeks are fierce battles, after the rebel-francists retreat. However, the government ofFranco is recognized byGermany, Italy, Portugal, anumber ofLatin American states. InFebruary 1937, there was asecond battle for Madrid. The Francoists (Spaniards and Italians) are on the approaches tothe capital, they are stopped byscattered parts ofthe Republicans and the Soviet armored brigade T-26ofGeneral Dmitry (Pablo) Pavlov.






1.I-15






2.I-16






3. Bf. (Me) 109, Series B (Bruno)






4. Heinkel51



1. I-15(Chato Pug-nosed), ahalf-plane (the lower wing has amuch smaller area) Polikarpova, four 7, 62mm. machine gun, the speed of370km. h, the flight range is 750km. On its basis, I-153was created, adeep modernization ofthe I-15, Seagull. Introduced retractable landing gear, appeared armored bump, the steel forms are more streamlined. Armament: four 7.62mm. machine gun, 8unguided missiles with 82mm. shells, up to200kg. bombs. The speed is 410430km. h.The range offlight is 740km. Put into operation by1939(after the war inSpain), quite successfully participated inthe conflict at Halkin Gol. Inthe Finnish war proved tobe mediocre. Inthe hot summer of1941it became finally clear that the development ofthe idea ofbiplanes, inaddition tothe short fuselage, ofthe wobbling fatties Polikarpovs big mistake. From 1939to1941, 3,427aircraft were produced.

2. I-16(nickname inthe USSR Ishak, Yastrebok, Spanish army, Franco Rata agile rapacious Rat, Republicans Mosca Fly, inChina Yanzi The Swallow). The first fighter is alow-grade aircraft inthe USSR. Armament four 7.62mm. the ShKAS machine gun (the Shpitalniy and Komaritsky system, for the first time inthe world, the rate offire is 1,800rounds per minute) or two 20mm. guns and two 7.62mm. machine gun. The speed at altitude is 450km. h.The range offlight is 520km. This is the maximum performance ofan airplane with asingle-row, star-shaped engine. The lantern ofthe cockpit can be closed completely, however, due tofrequent seizures, the pilots keep it open (as can be seen inalmost all the photographs). By1942inclusive (83aircraft inthe last year) produced 10300copies (not counting afew dozen, manufactured inSpain and China). Together with the Seagull brutal I-16was the backbone ofSoviet fighter aviation tothe beginning ofthe Great Patriotic War. Led byan experienced pilot, he was not an easy prey, he tried toavoid maneuvering with him the aces ofthe Luftwaffe, saying that, they say; You should not drive arat into acorner. However, the time I-16passed.

3. Bf. (Me) 109, Series B (Bruno), afighter, was supplied tothe Francoists inthe second half ofthe Civil War. At that time had three 7.92mm. machine gun. Bythe beginning ofthe Second World War Me-109got four machine guns, or, inthe other series, two machine guns plus 30mm. acannon with 60shells. As an attack aircraft, he carried one 250kg. the bomb. Speed before modernization, during the war inSpain only 470km. h, but by1939, after replacing the engine (which became an unpleasant surprise, primarily for the British Air Force) 570km. h.Inthe mid-forties, its speed reached 620km. h.The range ofthe flight is 480km. Intotal, from 1937to1945, 34,000Messerschmitts were produced.

4. Heinkel 51, the fighter ofthe Frankish first half ofthe war. Virtually had no chance against I-15. Armament two machine guns 7,92mm., Speed 310km. h, flight range 550km.

The rebels are changing the direction ofthe main attack and are crashing tothe north ofSpain the Basque Country. April 26German pilots destroy the city ofGuernica. Strengthens his dictatorship Franco his party Spanish Phalanx gets rid ofinternal opposition. At this time, the official Spanish government, which wants toachieve stability, completely purposely replaces anumber ofministers. Asingle strong leader does not appear. The Republican army exhausts forces infruitless frontal attacks ofinsignificant objects.

Organized according tothe Stalinist patterns ofthe security service ofthe Republic, is being dealt with byprominent figures ofthe Marxist Party ofSpain (Spanish POUM), is developing mass blind terror. Many Spanish Communists, as well as arrivals from all over the world interbrigadovtsy begin toget disappointed intheir work, their morale is rapidly falling. The last successes Republicans achieve at the beginning ofthe offensive at the city ofBrunet; (just west ofthe center ofSpain), then they become entangled incontradictory orders, lose 25thousand people against 10thousand from the enemy, and together with them the original unity. On August 18, the republican units leave the front. 60,000people are captured.

Italian submarines arrange ahunt for ships that supply goods still fighting inother theaters ofmilitary operations, Republicans. Inearly September, there is asea battle; The Frankish flagship gets seriously damaged and departs from the convoy. Encouraged bythis, insignificant inessence, success, the Republicans decide tohold adecisive offensive on land (Zaragoza, northeast ofSpain). And again, their 80,000-strong group drains itself inunsuccessful attacks ofsecondary settlements, and then produces personnel personnel permutations that are also unnecessary toanyone. Inearly October, anew attempt is made totake Zaragoza. The main hope now is for 50Soviet high-speed BT-5tanks. Nationalists open floodgates ofirrigation canals. Tanks bypass the appeared lakes, get bogged down inthe mud, or far away from the accompanying infantry. The battle ends on October 17. Republicans lose 30,000people killed and wounded, more than 30tanks, francists 20,000people.






1.BT-5






2. Waddress CV3 / 33(Carro veloce CV-33Ansaldo)






3.T-26






4. ANT-25



1. Wheel-caterpillar BT-5. Armament: 45mm. gun, 115shells, paired with acannon 7.62machine gun. Booking: the forehead, the side ofthe body 13mm., The forehead, the side ofthe tower 13mm. The speed along the highway is 52km. hon caterpillars, 72km. hon wheels. Crew of3people. Weight 11tons. Power reserve on the highway on tracks 150km, wheels 200km.; while the rubber rim wears out after 150km. mileage. The specific power is 35hp. (higher than that ofmodern tanks). Ground pressure 0, 65kg. see with clad caterpillars, 5.65kg. see on wheels. The number ofvehicles produced from 1933to1934 1880. Most ofthe tanks lost inthe first months ofthe war. Since 1942, the machines have basically been transferred tothe rear, as training, acertain number ofBT-5has survived until 1945, participating, among other things, indefeating the Kwantung Army.

2. Waddress CV3 / 33(Carro veloce CV-33), otherwise, bythe name ofthe company Ansaldo. Armament: two 6.5mm. machine gun. Booking: the forehead ofthe case is 15mm., The board is 9mm, the forehead ofthe felling is 15mm, the board is felling 9mm. Crew 2people. Weight 3,5tons. The speed along the highway is 42km. h.The power reserve is 150km. Specific power 12hp There are 1400copies produced.

3. T-26. Photo ofthe consequences ofthe late (1941) tank battle for Dubno-Lutsk-Brody. The first serial classic Soviet tank, which took part inmany battles, was put into operation after many problems with non-working engines and assembly ofhulls (including unarmored steel). Difficulties were removed after manufacturers were allowed tointroduce changes into the original scheme related tothe peculiarity ofdomestic technology, changes. Armament: the first series 37-mm gun, 7, 62mm. amachine gun intwo towers, then, inasingle-tower version of45mm. gun, two 7, 62machine guns. Booking bulletproof: the forehead, the side ofthe body 15mm., The forehead, the side ofthe tower 15mm. The crew is three people. Weight 8tons. Speed along the highway is 30km. h, the power reserve is 120km. Ireceived the approving comments ofthe veterans ofthe Great Patriotic War for our time agood tank, without it we would have tobe very difficult. Prototype English (two towers) six-ton Vickers. Despite some difference inthe reservation, he could hit his opponent, the German T-3is almost as confident as he is his. But, the practical training ofaSoviet tankman on atank-boat is 6.5hours (sometimes 300meters, straight, and back tothe hangar), German 50120hours (practically, the armored car resource is burnt).

From 1931to1941, 11218T-26(half ofthe Soviet tank fleet at the beginning ofthe war) were assembled.

4. ANT-25. The aircraft, created inthe USSR specifically for the establishment ofworld records (1933). The maximum flight duration is 75hours, the range is 12411km., The speed is 240km. h.Crew ofthree people. The military version is DB-1(ANT-36), the cruising speed is 200km. h, bomb load 1000kg., combat radius of2000km. Inthis form, 24cars were built, the air was rarely raised, and finally they were used as targets at the airfield.

June 18, 1937ANT-25with acrew from V. Chkalov, G. Baidukov, A. Belyakov takes off from the airfield Shchelkov (30km from the capital) and makes aflight on the route Moscow-North Pole-United States ofAmerica. The landing takes place at Pearson Airfield, Vancouver, Washington (north-west ofthe USA), with ahuge crowd ofpeople. Later, the aircraft indisassembled form, on the ship gets back tothe USSR, byour time finds shelter inthe museum ofNizhny Novgorod. His double, who also flew toAmerica, already under the control ofthe crew ofM. Gromov, now resides inthe museum ofChkalovsk (Schelkovo).

Due tohis charisma V. Chkalov establishes awarm, trusting relationship with the Americans.

Returned back, became aworld-class pilot, on the ship Normandy, bycoincidence, with the legend ofthe screen Marlene Dietrich, aGerman and American actress. Chkalov gives her bouquets offlowers, provides signs ofattention, etc., up tothe point where asteady rumor ofanovel arises.

One thing is clear: such things as soft power, records simply for the sake ofrecords are often much more important for the security ofthe country than piles ofexpensive weapons and loud statements that we will all beat you, or: Our friends only the Army and Navy. The ANT-25voyage contributed alot tothe creation ofafavorable atmosphere for solving the issue oflarge-scale Lend-Lease deliveries inthe critical year 1941 without which, perhaps, the USSR would have lost thewar.

After this, the Nationalists deploy an offensive inthe North ofSpain (the province ofAsturias). Francists 40000people, 100units ofarmored vehicles, 250aircraft, 250guns, Republicans 40000fighters, several self-made tanks, 20aircraft, 80guns. Nationalists apply their technique and human resources skillfully, without unnecessary losses, and achieve success. Their losses 10000killed, against 30000irrevocable human losses ofthe enemy. But most importantly the Republicans do not work the economy. The Communist leveling is negatively perceived byboth farmers and highly skilled workers, not tomention the nominal owners ofenterprises. Peasants do not care who levies from them an increased rent for land landlords or bearers ofbright ideals. Working committees eat government loans, hold rallies on any occasion, do not produce weapons for the army, preferring tohim any useful, quickly sold goods. The salary ofamilitia fighter is 10pesetas (plus food). In1937, food prices rose sharply, albeit unevenly indifferent regions ofthe country. Kilogram ofbeef inMadrid costs 5, 75pesetas, adozen eggs 3.75, but also for these prices set bythe republican government, it is almost impossible togetit.

Totop it off, the disappointed USSR and France recall their best military specialists. Inthe ranks ofRepublicans reign defeatism.

Inthe spring of1938, amajor offensive ofthe Francoists inthe north-east ofthe country takes place. Italian air squadrons bomb Barcelona, the provisional capital ofthe Republic, capture part ofthe autonomous Catalonia, then turn tothe south and cut the territory ofthe Republicans inhalf. InJune, the nationalists are trying todevelop success inthe south, inValencia, but run into awell-prepared line ofdefense, and bear significant losses.

At the end ofNovember, Franco agrees that German companies will own 75% ofthe extractive industry capital inSpain and 100% inthe colonies; after which Germany resumes large-scale military supplies. The republic also purchases equipment inthe USSR on preferential terms, but France, after the Munich agreement, no longer wants toenter into aconflict with the Nazis, and stops military cargo on its border.

The Franco Armed Forces 340,000men, 300tanks, 500aircraft, are against the demoralized, badly armed 200,000-strong army ofthe Republic inCatalonia. Republicans do not accept the fight, they already have no bright ideals and interbrigades, along with 280thousand civilian refugees they go toFrance.

After this, the nationalists without resistance occupy the remaining quarter ofSpain. And, on April 1, dictator Franco declares the end ofthe civilwar.

Irrevocable losses ofthe parties: francists (nationalists) 130000people, Republicans 320000.

Inaddition, Spain loses 510tons ofgold reserves, settling inthe USSR (declaring tothe Spaniards much later that it was spent on them).

On the side ofthe Republicans fought about 2,000volunteers pilots, tankmen, sailors and military advisers. Inbattles and from various incidents, 189people died, 56received the title ofHero ofthe Soviet Union. General Pavlov (Pablo) experienced cleansing, defined the task ofcreating an exclusively caterpillar tank with apowerful large-caliber (simply long-barreled) gun, but later, as the commander ofthe Western Front, swept between the broken armies and divisions, in1941, was shot. Generals produced 22pilots, 7ofthem inthe coming years were repressed. Unfortunately, their idea ofreplacing the unstable many cadets I-15(and also the I-16and the Seagull) with anew class fighter, was perceived as alarmism, and the proper response from the supreme leadership was not found immediately. Inaddition, the practical The experience ofthe confrontation ofthe Spanish pilots with German aircraft, as always inthis system, is strictly classified, and there is no influence on the course ofcombat training inthe Soviet Air Force.

Mikhail Svetlov (Sheinkman) in1926wrote the poems Grenada, put tomusic bycomposers of20countries, which became ahymn tothe interbrigades, since 1956 acult Soviet, or rather folk song. The song is good, but, perhaps, inits minor mood, it programmed the fall ofthe Spanish Republic. The idea that the death ofone fighter does not mean anything, the detachment ofthis loss simply will not notice, does not attach, if you think about it, apositive. Won not the states for which the little man should give everything, but those who are ready tosacrifice much for their citizen.

At the same time, the fascist march, the unofficial German hymn Horst Wessel (Banners upwards), clearly possessing some spiritual power, shows that, they say, then their troops notice the loss offighters, and they are invisibly marching inthe ranks ofthe surviving storm troopers. The Republican cry No pasarn! They will not pass is also, definitely, passive. Nationalists replace him with their less known, but more active: "?Pasaremos! We will pass. Inthe end, four days before the end ofthe war, dictator Francisco Franco proclaims something that is very difficult toobject: Hemos pasado We have passed.

As part ofthe interbrigade fought, was, among other things, George Orwell (Arthur Blair). Inhis famous works 1984 and Animal Farm, he, not without bitterness, shows the degeneration ofrevolutionary principles, atotalitarian system based on universal fear, enslavement and denunciation.

Francis lives until 1975, after which the post ofthe head ofthe country is occupied byKing Juan Carlos. The country passes toparliamentarism and constitutional monarchy.

InMarch 1938there was an anschluss, otherwise, annexation, annexation ofAustria. Previously, the state apparatus ofthis country is full ofofficials receiving asecond salary from Germany and pursuing the corresponding policy; At the decisive moment they give the command not toresist the invasion. As aresult ofthe blindfold war, without losses, the Reich receives an additional 17%, territories and 6.7million people, as well as 1.4billion marks incurrency and gold reserves. Austria becomes an administrative unit, called Ostmark.

After the Munich Collusion with one ofthe centers ofpower inEurope, Great Britain and Germany, Sudetes with all defensive structures, populated by90% ethnic Germans, and then all ofCzechoslovakia are transferred. Poland does not want tomiss Soviet aircraft tohelp the Czech Republic. Resistance is rendered only byone garrison, with the commander ofwhich the higher authorities did not manage tocontact intime: twenty-four German soldiers were killed and wounded during aforty-minute battle. Inaddition to3.5million ethnic Germans, Germany receives Skoda factories and six hundred fully ready-to-use, fairly good 38tanks at that time (25mm armor, 37mm cannon, suspension close tothe Christie system). England returns tothe occupied country (hence, already Germany), taken out before that for storage ofgold reserves 1.4billion marks. Slovakia becomes an independent state after it transfers southern territories toGermanys ally, Hungary, 87% inhabited bythe Hungarians. At the height ofthe Sudeten crisis, Poland enters its troops inthe Teshinsky region, which belongs toCzechoslovakia, where 80,000Poles and 120,000Czechs live.






1.Czech tank 38(t)






2. Japanese fighter Ki-27






3.BT-7






4. Ha-Guo, Type95






5. ANT-40(SB)






6. TB-3(ANT-6)






7. Nikita Fedorovich Karatsupa



1. Quite agood Czech tank 38(t). The pigeon people ofCzechoslovakia never let them go against the Wehrmacht. Intotal, the enterprises ofSkoda produced 1400ofthem. The crew is 34people, the forehead ofthe body is 25mm high, the bottom is 12mm., The hull is 15mm., The forehead ofthe tower is 25mm., The side ofthe tower is 15mm. Weight 10tons. Gun 37mm, ammunition 72shells, two machine guns, speed along the highway 48km. h, cross-country 15km. h, apower reserve of230kilometers.

2. Japanese fighter Ki-27(inthe USSR it was designated as I-97). Armament: two 7.7mm. amachine gun with 500cartridges per barrel. The speed ofthe earth is 395km. h, at an altitude of444km. h.The range offlight is 627km. From 1938to1942produced 3,400units.

3. BT-7. Armament: 45mm. gun, 172shells, one or two machine guns 7.62(paired with agun and aft). Booking: forehead housing 22mm., Board 15mm. (plus an outer layer of4mm.), the forehead, the side ofthe tower 15mm. The speed is 72km. hon wheels, 52km. hon the tracks. Power reserve, 460km. and 375km. respectively, Crew 3people. Weight 14tons. Specific power 28hp, ground pressure 0,85kg. see (caterpillars). When driving on wheels, the front pair ofrollers becomes controllable, the rear pair driving. Crawler the steering wheel is removed, the drive from the transmission is sent tothe stars, the control goes tothe levers. The destruction ofrubber bands after about 100km. mileage. The tank performed well inKhalkin-Gol, mediocrely inthe Winter War, differing inthe worst side ofthe T-26byits high fuel consumption, the noisiness, the complexity ofthe double drive. Inthe Great Patriotic War with varying success was used until 1942, after almost universally transferred toeducational units. The last participation ofBT-7inmilitary operations the defeat ofthe Kwantung Army, 1945. From 1935to1940, 5330vehicles were produced.

4. Ha-Guo, Type 95. Japanese light tank. Armament: 37mm. gun, 75shells, two 6.5mm. machine gun. Booking: the forehead, the side ofthe body 12mm., The forehead, the side ofthe tower 12mm. speed on the highway 45km. h, cross-country 25km. h.Cruising range, respectively: 250and 210km. Crew of3people. Weight 7.5tons. Specific power 16hp, ground pressure 0,66kg. See Manufactured 2300machines.

5. ANT-40(SB). High-speed (medium) front-line bomber, development ofdesign bureau ofAN Tupolev. Armament: four 7, 62mm. machine gun ShKAS, 600kg. bombs. Speed: maximum 450km. h, cruising 375km. h.The range is 2300km. The crew is three people. Due toafairly successful design, it was manufactured under license inpre-war Czechoslovakia: after annexation, all aircraft were placed at the disposal ofthe Reich and its satellites. Operated since 1936inSpain, the Republican troops, where it was called Katyusha and (at the disposal ofthe francists) Sofia, also inthe Khalkin-Gol, inthe Winter, Great PatrioticWar.

Most ofthe Security Council was destroyed inthe first weeks ofthe Great Patriotic War; Inaddition, the lack ofarmor protection for the crew and vital units, and the lack oftraining ofthe flight crew, were reflected. Further, the ANT-40was used as night bombers, totransport saboteurs tothe rear ofthe enemy, as well as various kinds ofcargo; ammunition, food, mail, etc. 6656units were produced.

6. TB-3(ANT-6). Soviet heavy bomber. Armament: from 4to87.62mm. Degtyarevs machine guns, the bomb load normal 2000kg ofbombs, the maximum 5000kg. The speed ofthe land is 200km. h, at an altitude of180km. h.The chassis are not retracted. The flight range is 3100kilometers. The crew of68people. Successfully applied inthe battles on Khalkin Gol, for their intended purpose, day and night, with the Soviet air force inthe air, also for the evacuation ofthe wounded (1520people aboard), the delivery ofgoods. Inthe Winter War proved tobe mediocre. It made up 25% ofthe Bomb Air Force byJune 22, 1941, was based deep inthe rear, so it almost did not suffer from Luftwaffe attacks. When daytime bombing targets carried heavy losses, but as anight bomber proved tobe the best side. The Red Army was used up tothe Battle ofthe Kursk Bulge. From 1932to1938, 818vehicles were produced, completely ANT-6was decommissioned in1946.

7. One ofthe characteristic persons ofthe Stalin era border guard Nikita Fedorovich Karatsupa, Hero ofthe Soviet Union. Birth the village ofAlekseevka, Zaporozhye region, Ukraine. Detained 338violators ofthe state border. Personally, he destroyed 129spies and saboteurs who did not lay down their arms. Inessence, this right man is amaniac killer ofhundreds ofunarmed Russian peasants who fled the Soviet regime and the GULAG abroad, possibly trying toexplain the essence oftheir situation tothe military detainee, but not receiving any response other than smirking or bullets.




Armed conflict between Japan and the USSR inHalkinGol


Inthe Japanese version, with Russian transcription, it sounds like Nomon-khan jiken The incident with Nomon Khan, bythe name ofone ofthe local heights. Some historians consider fights at the river Halkin-Gol the Second Russian-Japanesewar.

Since the twenties oflast century Mongolia is aprotectorate ofthe USSR and, nominally asocialist country. Attacks on it are already considered amatter ofthe Soviet Union. Therefore, when inMay 1939militaristic Japan, unhappy with the demarcation ofthe border with the Mongolian Peoples Republic, attacks Mongolian outposts near Lake Khasan, according tothe Protocol on Mutual Assistance ofMarch 12, 1936, the Red Army interferes.

Ground-based battles along the river Halkin Gol, considered bythe Japanese as the right border with their puppet state on the territory ofChina (above Korea and more than three times), are conducted with varying success. The main events unfold inthe air. Since May 22, for two days the Soviet fighter regiment is losing 22I-15s, the Japanese one. On an urgent basis, the pilots who showed up inSpain, as well as the newest I-16and Chaika fighters, are called tothe place ofthe conflict. From June 22toJune 28, the Japanese Air Force lost 90aircraft, the Soviet Air Force lost 38aircraft.

Since July 2, the Japanese ground group is moving into alarge-scale offensive near Mount Bayan-Tsagan. Inthe battles participate up to400tanks and 300aircraft from both sides at atime. Soviet troops quickly commanded byG. Zhukov. He manages torectify the situation, although L. Beria sends the 1st rank commissioner L. Mehlis (aserial killer ofthe higher officers ofthe Red Army) tocheck the commander ofthe group oftroops. The army commanders psyche is stronger.

The Japanese side is losing 9,000killed, almost all tanks and most ofthe artillery.

At the end ofJuly, the intensity ofmilitary operations on the ground is declining. Again, fighting is inthe air. Japan loses 67aircraft, the USSR 20. This is aprelude toadecisive blow bySoviet and Mongolian troops on August 20. The forces ofthe parties: the USSR-Mongolia 30thousand people, 500tanks, 580aircraft. Japan 20thousand fighters, 120tanks, 450aircraft. The army ofthe country ofthe Rising Sun is surrounded, crushed and destroyed. The day ofthe truce, on September 15, is crowned with an impressive air battle 207Soviet aircraft against 120Japanese. Finally, de jure, the conflict ends inMay 1942; the parties find acompromise on the basis ofsome geographic map found inthe archives.

Losses ofthe parties: the USSR irretrievable losses of10thousand people, 250tanks, 210aircraft. Japan and the Union ofManchukuo, according tothe averaged data 36thousand people, 300tanks, 400aircraft.




The Soviet-Finnish War of19391940


Ideas ofGreat Finland, uniting the peoples ofthe Finnish-Ugric group; Finns, Karelians, Estonians, from the Gulf ofBothnia tothe Ural Mountains, are spreading with the separation ofFinland proper from Russia in1918. The Government ofSuomi sends apetition tothe warring Germany; conclude aBrest peace with the condition ofjoining Finland (an ally ofthe Austro-German Empire), East Karelia.

Inthe course oftheir own civil war, on April 29, 1918, the White Finns capture Vyborg, arrange the genocide ofall people who do not speak Finnish (retired military, schoolboys inRussian uniforms, even Poles). Three thousand peopledie.

On May 15, 1918, the Finnish government declared war on Soviet Russia. Its troops occupy, inparticular, the Russian, from the 16th century, Pechenga, rename the name ofthis village inPetsamo. Later, large deposits ofnickel ore will be explored here, since 1935their industrial development byAnglo-American corporations will begin.

The Finnish military partially block Petrograd, contributing tothe first great famine inthis city (according toaveraged data, one hundred thousand people become victims ofit, as well as red terror). At the rate ofMannerheim, aplan for national uprisings is being developed, Finnish instructors are being allocated tocreate centers ofinsurgency. However, the plans ofthe Field Marshal toconquer East Karelia, the Kola Peninsula, the offensive against Petrograd, Germany does not support. After the Vyborg tragedy, any joint operations tooverthrow the Bolshevik government along with the Finns, the White Army refuses toconduct either.

ByMay 1920, parts ofthe Red Army were eliminating the puppet North-Karelian state. InOctober ofthe same year, Finland and the USSR signed the Tartous Peace Treaty, according towhich Russia was losing part ofits territories. However, in1921Helsinki unleashed the second Soviet-Finnish war, byforces offorest partisans committing acts ofsabotage and killing ofsupporters ofSoviet power. The fighting ends inMarch 1922, adocument is signed toensure the inviolability ofthe Soviet-Finnish border. About 30,000people dissatisfied with the new order go toFinland and, up tothe end ofthe 1920s, armed groups formed from them, make raids on Soviet territory.

Whatever it was, the mood inFinland does not seem friendly tothe Soviet government. His proposal the removal ofthe border from Leningrad at the expense ofFinland, inexchange for twice the size ofthe areas ofEast Karelia. Rent ofthe island ofHanko tocreate aSoviet military base. Disarmament and demolition ofthe Mannerheim Line on the Karelian Isthmus. Finland rejects these conditions.

Military operations begin after the delivery ofan ultimatum, on November 30, 1939, from shelling (ships ofthe Baltic Fleet) and the bombing ofHelsinki. The Soviet Union is excluded from the League ofNations. European countries supply Suomi with weapons, including free ofcharge (350aircraft, 500guns) and volunteers. For two months the columns ofSoviet troops advancing along the forest roads are being cut byFinnish skiers, surrounded and destroyed. This is no longer the Halkin Gol. InFebruary, having saturated the troops with heavy artillery and tanks, having increased the norms offood allowance, the USSR is making progress inthe breakthrough ofthe Mannerheim Line; On March 13, Soviet troops enter Vyborg. The world lies. Irrevocable, severe losses ofthe USSR 130000people, 650tanks, 640aircraft; Finns 26000people, with 450000refugees, 62aircraft. From the Finnish captivity, 4,354people return, and are being filtered bythe NKGB GUGB. 450ofthem are released, the rest receive from 5to8years ofcamps.

This military operation could have aspecial meaning if the USSR kept Petsamo (Pechenga) with the reserves ofnickel ore, much needed byGermanys military industry. However, the international community, including, above all, the UK, is strongly opposed. The area Petsamo returns tothe Finns, and they organize alarge-scale supply ofnickel tothe Axis countries.

Pechenga will join the Russian Federation only in1944.

Among the advantages inthe combat training oftroops, after such aharsh school, is the abolition ofthe institution ofpolitical commissars, the experience ofbreaking through long-term fortifications, the winter war as awhole, and the return toproduction ofasubmachine gun (PAP).

Cons, inaddition tothe hardest losses the German government understands that, inprinciple, is able toachieve all-round success inthe war against the colossus on clay feet.






1.The Dot ofthe MannerheimLine






2. HowitzerB-4



1. Dot line Mannerheim second generation, millionaire (name ofthe amount inthe Finnish stamps expended for the erection). The thickness ofreinforced concrete walls is 2m, the length ofthe structure is 30m. Conventional armament is two 76mm. guns, antitank 37mm. guns, machine guns. Addition ditch, mines, barbed wire, concrete bungs. Intotal, the second generation ofBTs is built7.

2. Howitzer B-4, caliber of203millimeters. The main hero ofthe Finnish war. The nickname Karelian Sculptor, for the fact that this instrument turns Finnish dots into akind ofavant-garde statues. The parameters ofFinnish DOTs are million: the length is about 40meters, the thickness ofthe walls ofreinforced concrete is 2meters. The result ofaction B-4 if not the penetration ofthe walls, then the psychological impact on the defenders ofthe DOTs. Many ofthem, after along bombardment ofthe B-4went crazy.




The entry ofthe Baltic countries into theUSSR


InOctober 1940, the Soviet Union invites Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, under amutual assistance agreement, todeploy amilitary contingent of25,000troops on their territory todefend themselves against Hitlerite Germany. It is already clear that the Red Army is inclined toachieve its goals, regardless ofany losses. Two weeks later, the governments ofthese countries are accused ofcollusion with Germany (which is partly true), repressions against foreigners (Poles, etc.) and are shifting. Inthe summer of1940, following the results ofnationwide voting, the republics are formed bycommunist governments and adopt declarations ofentry into the Soviet Union; which are immediately approved bythe Supreme Soviet ofthe USSR.




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