 .        
- 


  -       :     .    ,         -.

    ,     .

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    .





- 

 .        



   



   Ha Joon Chang c/o Mulcahy Associates Ltd. Andrew Nurnberg Associates International Ltd. c/o Andrew Nurnberg Literary Agency



  .                     



 Ha-Joon Chang 2007

    ,    , .  ,  , 2018


* * *




.   

   





    


   

28 2061 | 

    The Economist

Tres Estrelas        



 ,    25   ,    Tres Estrelas (      )        .   2063    ,      ,        ,         .  ,    Tres Estrelas ,              .         ࠖ  Petrobras   Alconas,    ,           .

Tres Estrelas        .    1968     ,        .    ,       .      ,          Samsung[1 - Samsung    .          Tres Estrelas.     The Economist 2061     Samsung The Economist As good as it gets? (  ?) 13 2005:    -     -  ,   Samsung       ,       ?  ,          ,     ,       1960  Nokia.],      .   2030   ,        ,   .   ,     ,  .      17.  ,            ,   .    ,        .

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     ,   .      ,   1961,     ,  ,     40        ,          ?    ,   , .

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    Samsung,     ,   ,     1938     ,   ,          ,   1910. 1970-        젖         1950-[3 - http://www.samsung.com/AboutSAMSUNG/SAMSUNGGroup/TimelineHistory/timeline01.htm (http://www.samsung.com/AboutSAMSUNG/SAMSUNGGroup/TimelineHistory/timeline01.htm).].  Samsung    ,  1974 50%-  Korea Semiconductor,     .  , 1977      .  1983            蠖   ,    .

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 ,     ,      (  XVIII   ),      ( 1860- )[4 -  . Maddison (2003), The World Economy: Historical Statistics (OECD, Paris),  1c (),  2c (),  5c ().].  ,      ,  ,      ,      III,     .

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    -   젖     ,         .         :     (19101945),     ,       (1948),  .  ,         ,  ,   , ,      ,          .      ,   ,    ,       .   ,   ,      ,     , ,     ,           .   ,               , ,    ,     .    ,      ,         蠖  ,    .

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 1973        .        ,         (, ,     ).   ,    , ,        .        젖      1972 1979 (  ).     1000⠖           .    : 1972 1979      (  )[5 -      1972   319  (  ),  1979     1647 .     1972   1,6  ,  1979-젖 15,1 .  : Lee (1999),  1 ()   7 () .].

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 ,            .         .  ,  ,      ,             .  ,   , ,       ,         .   1970-        .          M&Ms     Tang      .       ,    -,   .         -,     (,      ),     ࠖ      ,   ,   ,      .        , ,     ,     ,     -   (       ).    ,   ,               .       .         .   ,      ,        , ,      , ,   vanilla  .         ,     ;   ,   .

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  .        ,    ,        ,      70-.   -     ,             .      ,       ,         .          .           (  ,         ),            .       堖  .     ,         ,        2002,           (      ,       ).

  1979,      ,        .           ,     [7 -   19791980.      ,  . . .].

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      :         ,     .   1980-     [8 -   ( ,  , -; . reverse engineering)      ,           . . .].    ,      IBM,       .       砫  ,       Nike   Louis Vuitton. ,        ,  .    ,    Nike,   Nice,      Nike  -  .       .    ,   ;     ,   .       .       : ,  , -,              ,       .     -- ,     ,       ,  ,     -   .          .     ,     ,       .           .          ,   .

     1980-,             .     ,     .         .  1996     (    )  ,     . , ,      1997.

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    :   ,     .      ( ),   ,  ,        .        .

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     ,      (19601980)      [12 -           : A. Amsden (1989), Asias Next Giant (Oxford University Press, New York); H.-J. Chang (2007), The East Asian Development Experience The Miracle, the Crisis, and the Future (Zed Press, London).].     .       ,       ,   ,        (, -         ),   堫  ,      .    ,        .        (   POSCO),      ,         .      .          ,          .  -    ,    , ,    (  )   .

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 1841              ,                 .     ,    ,        :     :  -   ,   ,      ,       [13 -  :  ,             ,            ,   ,      ,          ,             . Friedrich List (1841), The National System of Political Economy (. .  1841   , 1885) (Longmans, Green, and Company, London), pp. 295296.            : H.-J. Chang (2002), Kicking Away the Ladder Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (Anthem Press, London).].        ,        ,              .    ,   ,   ,         ,    [14 -      .    ,  ,   ,     ,        ,    . . .].    ,       ,      .     ,        ,                 .

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  1958, ,    , ,  Toyota,   ࠖ Toyopet.

Toyota          (Toyoda Automatic Loom)      1933.  1939   General Motors Ford,  1949     .     -   ,      ,   50   ,     , ,        .

    Toyopet   Toyota Lexus            The Lexus and the Olive Tree (Lexus   ).     ,       ,   1992.      Lexus   .      [15 -  ()  ,   - Toyota Motor Corporation. 1959  .]           ,      .       :  ,    ,   Lexus,   ,     ,     .   ,             ,       ,    [16 - T.Friedman (2000), The Lexus and the Olive Tree (Anchor Books, New York), p. 31.].

 ,            ,      ,      Lexus.    ,         :    ,     ,     ,    ,   (     ),  ,       ,  ,     [17 - Friedman (2000), p. 105.].   ,         .   ໠    ,   .     :  ,            , ,  .   :        [18 - Friedman (2000), p. 105.].

  ,        1960-     ,   Lexus    .  Toyota        -      .       .           ,      ,    1960-:        ,  [19 -  1961         402 ,    ,    (377 ),  (378 )   (396 ).     C. Kindleberger (1965), Economic Development (McGraw-Hill, New York).].        - ,    [20 -  ,  -     1964   . The Undiplomat, Time, 4 April, 1969.].  ,      ,       Lexus,        ,    ,       .




  


  Toyota  ,    ,       , -  .  ,  ,          .

,        [21 - J. Sachs & A. Warner (1995), Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995, no. 1 M. Wolf (2004),Why Globalisation Works (Yale University Press, New Haven and London)     ,  ,      .   J. Bhagwati (1985), Protectionism (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts)  J. Bhagwati (1998), A Stream of Windows Unsettling Reflections on Trade, Immigration, and Democracy (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts)   , , ,   .].         XVIII (   ).   XIX           ,             .    ,         1870,  :



     ;

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   .  ,       .           :     .  1930           ࠖ   [22 -  ࠖ           . . .].         ,       .        1932,  ,   ,       .      ,            .

         ,      .      (     )        .            (       ).

 ,           1980- (  ).   1970-              ,        [23 -         ,       ,   ,    .                  .          :    ,  -          (. ).            (  1940-   1960-).].

  - ,          ,      .       1982             .    蠖    1989.

         -       .                    .        .     ,       .   㠖      () 1995.          ,     ,          .        ,  ,    ,  ,   .    ,   ,     ,               (18701913).  ,    ,  ,                    [XXI] ࠖ          [24 - R. Ruggiero (1998), Whither the Trade System Next? in J. Bhagwati & M. Hirsch (eds.), The Uruguay Round and Beyond Essays in Honour of Arthur Dunkel (The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor), p. 131.].

     . ,        ,     .  , ,    ,    ,   ,   ,      .  ,    .




  


30 1997            .             ,         1994,  152          . ,   ,  ,    .

        1842,   .           XIX. -             .            . ,      ,         .  -   1841   ,      ,      ,  .            ,              .

 -:        ,      .  ,    ,         1870 1913 (  )      ,    .  ,         .      :       ,       ,                 (35%)[25 -        ,   1810           .         20      .         . ,      45  (18631908)  .  (   )  1824     ,      1855 .      1836  1857 ,     1838  1861 .        ,      1853 ,             1876 .         1880- ,    1911 .          ,        1923 ,    1929-. .: H.-J. Chang (2002), Kicking Away the Ladder evelopment Strategy in Historical Perspective (Anthem Press, London), pp. 5354.].

          XIX   ,             ,  [26 - ,     In Praise of Empires -                 . .: D. Lal (2004), In Praise of Empires Globalisation and Order (Palgrave Macmillan, New York and Basingstoke).].      ,        . ,    .     [27 -    : . .     . .: : Corpus, 2013]           ,     ,  ,         , ,      ,     [28 - .: N. Ferguson (2003), Empire How Britain Made the Modern World (Allen Lane, London).].   ,        ,   .   1870 1913      (  )  0,4%  ,     堖 0,6%[29 -          .   13  (, , , , , , , , , , ,   -),     ,         .       (19131950)   (19501999)   1,1% (  0,2  0,9%)  6,4% (  0,4  6,0%).         (18201950)   0,6%.  19601970- ,       ,         2%.    ,    ,   .     1%  ,    . H.-J. Chang (2005), Why Developing Countries Need Tariffs How WTO NAMA Negotiations Could Deny Developing Countries Right to a Future (Oxfam, Oxford, and South Centre, Geneva); http://www.southcentre.org/publications/SouthPerspectiveSeries/WhyDevCountriesNeedTariffsNew.pdf (http://www.southcentre.org/publications/SouthPerspectiveSeries/WhyDevCountriesNeedTariffsNew.pdf)), 5  7.].       1,3%,   1,8%[30 - Maddison (2003), The World Economy: Historical Statistics (OECD, Paris),  8b.].   ,   ,                      ,     [31 -        17% (, 18701899)  47% (, 19001913). .:  4, M. Clemens & J. Williamson (2002), Closed Jaguar, Open Dragon: Comparing Tariffs in Latin America and Asia before World War II, NBER Working Paper, no. 9401 (National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts).    1820  1870 ,       ,          ( ࠖ 0,03%  ).           1870  1913   1,8%,      ,          3,1%,     19601970- .         Maddison (2003),  8b.].            ,        ,      (      ). , ,   ,   XIX,       ,        .  18601870-       ,      .      . Ѡ1880-           ,           ,          軠  ,   [32 - ,    1875  1913            35  20%,  蠖  46  13%,  蠖  810  18%,  蠖  1012  20%. .: H.-J. Chang (2002), p. 17,  2.1.]. ,    ,       蠖      1932    .      ,     .     ,        , ,   ,      -,  ,       .

 ,     XIXXX       .        ,              .     ,    ,   .    ,      -     -.




  ?


            .       ,     ,   ,  ,        1980-,         .

           . ,         1950- 1970- .           ,    :   (   ),  ,    ,     ..     ,    .  19601970-        3,2%  ,        2,1%[33 - Chang (2005), p. 63,  9  10.].

       .          .  ,    ,   ⠫  , -    ,     .       ,    ( ,     ),      ⠖    ,       .     ,       .  ࠫ ,     1964 ,             ,      [34 - Sachs and Warner (1995), p. 17.     :            ,                   .  ,         ,     ,          .  ,     ,          .       (    )              ().  1964       IV       (),         .           ,     . ,      ,     .].  ,     (19971999),   , ,    .   ,     40 ,      ,     [35 -      Veja, 15  1996 ,    G. Palma (2003), The Latin American Economies During the Second Half of the Twentieth Century from the Age of ISI to the Age of The End of History  H.-J. Chang (ed.), Rethinking Development Economics (Anthem Press, London), p. 149,  15  16.].

       ,           .   19601970- ,           ,     3,0%[36 - Chang (2002), p. 132,  4.2.].        ,        [37 - A. Singh (1990), The State of Industry in the Third World in the 1980s: Analytical and Policy Issues, Working Paper, no. 137, April 1990, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, Notre Dame University.].     ,        ⠫ ,        11,5%,         XIX.  ,          .

Ѡ1980- ,      ,       19601970-  (1,7%).      ,        ( 3,22,1%)   ,            ,  .          ,       .     2000   30% ( 1980-堖 12%),              [38 -   1980  2000        1997  ( 12)  2002  ( 1): World Development Report (Oxford University Press, New York).].

       ,      ,  .  19601970-       3,1%  䠖  ,       .    ,       - .  1980- ,      ,           .      1980-   ,     1990-        (1,7%   3,1%).   2000 2005    ;        0,6%  [39 - M. Weisbrot, D. Baker and D. Rosnick (2005), The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress, September 2005, Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), Washington, DC;   : http://www.cepr.net/publications/development_2005_09.pdf (http://www.cepr.net/publications/development_2005_09.pdf).].

  ,             19601970-  ( 12%  ).  1980-        .       ,              .

      1980-   .   (      , ,   )     .   ,      ,         젖       .          ,   ,  ,        [40 -   ,        .      ,       ,   ,  ,   ,     ,   ,        .       ,    ,         2025  ,       .    .: A. Cornia (2003), Globalisation and the Distribution of Income between and within Countries  H.-J. Chang (ed.), Rethinking Development Economics (Anthem Press, London)  B. Milanovic (2005), Worlds Apart Measuring International and Global Inequality (Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford).].

 ,     .  ,    , 1980-      ,   .  ,         蠖   ,   .      ,       .

           .  ,       ,              ,   ,   ,      .          ,      -           .      ,             ,  .      ,     ,            .     ,    ,      ,   .           ,    .

 ,          ,       ,   85%   ,      .

㠖  ,   .  ,         .         (  -,  ),         . 1997               .      .         ,                  ,     1980-.        .  ,          .         ,   ,       ,     .     XIX,     XX,        .  1990-         30%. ,       ,    .               ,      -     .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/ha-dzhun-chang/zlye-samarityane-mif-o-svobodnoy-torgovle-i-sekretnaya-isto/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Samsung    .          Tres Estrelas.     The Economist 2061     Samsung The Economist As good as it gets? (  ?) 13 2005:    -     -  ,   Samsung       ,       ?  ,          ,     ,       1960  Nokia.




2


      H.-C. Lee (1999), Hankook Gyongje Tongsa [   ] (Bup-Moon Sa, Seoul) [  ],  1. ,     C. Kindleberger (1965), Economic Development (McGraw-Hill, New York),  11.




3


http://www.samsung.com/AboutSAMSUNG/SAMSUNGGroup/TimelineHistory/timeline01.htm (http://www.samsung.com/AboutSAMSUNG/SAMSUNGGroup/TimelineHistory/timeline01.htm).




4


 . Maddison (2003), The World Economy: Historical Statistics (OECD, Paris),  1c (),  2c (),  5c ().




5


     1972   319  (  ),  1979     1647 .     1972   1,6  ,  1979-젖 15,1 .  : Lee (1999),  1 ()   7 () .




6


      (1804), . .. . .




7


  19791980.      ,  . . .




8


  ( ,  , -; . reverse engineering)      ,           . . .




9


 2004         13 980 .          14 350 ,   蠖 14 810 .      : World Bank (2006), World Development Report 2006 Equity and Development (Oxford University Press, New York),  1.




10


      1960   53 ,   2003  77 .           51,6 ,   蠖 80,5 .      1960   78  1000 ,   2003  5  1000 .           76,   蠖 4.    1960    H.-J. Chang (2006), The East Asian Development Experience the Miracle, the Crisis, and the Future (Zed Press, London),  4.8 ( )  4.9 ( ).    2003    UNDP (2005) Human Development Report 2005 (  , -),  1 ( )  10 ( ).




11


  . . .




12


          : A. Amsden (1989), Asias Next Giant (Oxford University Press, New York); H.-J. Chang (2007), The East Asian Development Experience The Miracle, the Crisis, and the Future (Zed Press, London).




13


 :  ,             ,            ,   ,      ,          ,             . Friedrich List (1841), The National System of Political Economy (. .  1841   , 1885) (Longmans, Green, and Company, London), pp. 295296.            : H.-J. Chang (2002), Kicking Away the Ladder Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (Anthem Press, London).




14


     .    ,  ,   ,     ,        ,    . . .




15


 ()  ,   - Toyota Motor Corporation. 1959  .




16


T.Friedman (2000), The Lexus and the Olive Tree (Anchor Books, New York), p. 31.




17


Friedman (2000), p. 105.




18


Friedman (2000), p. 105.




19


 1961         402 ,    ,    (377 ),  (378 )   (396 ).     C. Kindleberger (1965), Economic Development (McGraw-Hill, New York).




20


 ,  -     1964   . The Undiplomat, Time, 4 April, 1969.




21


J. Sachs & A. Warner (1995), Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995, no. 1 M. Wolf (2004),Why Globalisation Works (Yale University Press, New Haven and London)     ,  ,      .   J. Bhagwati (1985), Protectionism (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts)  J. Bhagwati (1998), A Stream of Windows Unsettling Reflections on Trade, Immigration, and Democracy (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts)   , , ,   .




22


 ࠖ           . . .




23


        ,       ,   ,    .                  .          :    ,  -          (. ).            (  1940-   1960-).




24


R. Ruggiero (1998), Whither the Trade System Next? in J. Bhagwati & M. Hirsch (eds.), The Uruguay Round and Beyond Essays in Honour of Arthur Dunkel (The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor), p. 131.




25


       ,   1810           .         20      .         . ,      45  (18631908)  .  (   )  1824     ,      1855 .      1836  1857 ,     1838  1861 .        ,      1853 ,             1876 .         1880- ,    1911 .          ,        1923 ,    1929-. .: H.-J. Chang (2002), Kicking Away the Ladder evelopment Strategy in Historical Perspective (Anthem Press, London), pp. 5354.




26


,     In Praise of Empires -                 . .: D. Lal (2004), In Praise of Empires Globalisation and Order (Palgrave Macmillan, New York and Basingstoke).




27


   : . .     . .: : Corpus, 2013




28


.: N. Ferguson (2003), Empire How Britain Made the Modern World (Allen Lane, London).




29


         .   13  (, , , , , , , , , , ,   -),     ,         .       (19131950)   (19501999)   1,1% (  0,2  0,9%)  6,4% (  0,4  6,0%).         (18201950)   0,6%.  19601970- ,       ,         2%.    ,    ,   .     1%  ,    . H.-J. Chang (2005), Why Developing Countries Need Tariffs How WTO NAMA Negotiations Could Deny Developing Countries Right to a Future (Oxfam, Oxford, and South Centre, Geneva); http://www.southcentre.org/publications/SouthPerspectiveSeries/WhyDevCountriesNeedTariffsNew.pdf (http://www.southcentre.org/publications/SouthPerspectiveSeries/WhyDevCountriesNeedTariffsNew.pdf)), 5  7.




30


Maddison (2003), The World Economy: Historical Statistics (OECD, Paris),  8b.




31


       17% (, 18701899)  47% (, 19001913). .:  4, M. Clemens & J. Williamson (2002), Closed Jaguar, Open Dragon: Comparing Tariffs in Latin America and Asia before World War II, NBER Working Paper, no. 9401 (National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts).    1820  1870 ,       ,          ( ࠖ 0,03%  ).           1870  1913   1,8%,      ,          3,1%,     19601970- .         Maddison (2003),  8b.




32


,    1875  1913            35  20%,  蠖  46  13%,  蠖  810  18%,  蠖  1012  20%. .: H.-J. Chang (2002), p. 17,  2.1.




33


Chang (2005), p. 63,  9  10.




34


Sachs and Warner (1995), p. 17.     :            ,                   .  ,         ,     ,          .  ,     ,          .       (    )              ().  1964       IV       (),         .           ,     . ,      ,     .




35


     Veja, 15  1996 ,    G. Palma (2003), The Latin American Economies During the Second Half of the Twentieth Century from the Age of ISI to the Age of The End of History  H.-J. Chang (ed.), Rethinking Development Economics (Anthem Press, London), p. 149,  15  16.




36


Chang (2002), p. 132,  4.2.




37


A. Singh (1990), The State of Industry in the Third World in the 1980s: Analytical and Policy Issues, Working Paper, no. 137, April 1990, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, Notre Dame University.




38


  1980  2000        1997  ( 12)  2002  ( 1): World Development Report (Oxford University Press, New York).




39


M. Weisbrot, D. Baker and D. Rosnick (2005), The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress, September 2005, Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), Washington, DC;   : http://www.cepr.net/publications/development_2005_09.pdf (http://www.cepr.net/publications/development_2005_09.pdf).




40


  ,        .      ,       ,   ,  ,   ,     ,   ,        .       ,    ,         2025  ,       .    .: A. Cornia (2003), Globalisation and the Distribution of Income between and within Countries  H.-J. Chang (ed.), Rethinking Development Economics (Anthem Press, London)  B. Milanovic (2005), Worlds Apart Measuring International and Global Inequality (Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford).


