   .      R
  


            . -,       ,   ,      .  -,              , , ,  ,    -.         .                          .











            . -,       ,   ,      .  -,              , , ,  ,    -,    .      ,  -                 ,        .

            .      R.                          .    ,           .   Excel         .      Excel  EViews (    )          ,       .        -     .

                   ,    R. ,     ,      R,       ,      R       .        ,     .




 









o  ,   ,  2003    .

 2005              .   ,   ,     ,    ,     ,      .          ,              .  2011              ,     .  . .    .      Excel  EViews.

 2009  2015  . .    .            .      ,     ,       .     ,    ,        .      Excel  EViews,     ,       .

 2017             :    .   Excel    ,           .      Excel  EViews,     .       (   ,      )  -     . ,      .      R     , ,          ,        .




 1.     R



  1993    R        ,       ,       ,      .  ,  ,   .

-,   R      ,             .

-,        ,  R  ,       ()     ,           . ,     . ,    2018     () CRAN (The Comprehensive R Archive Network     R)  12940      .

-,   R  ,     .               .  2010   R             InfoWorld          .

     R         .               ()  CRAN.         https://cran.r-project.org/ (https://cran.r-project.org/),     Linux, Mac OS X  Windows    : Download R for Linux (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/), Download R for (Mac) OS X (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/)  Download R for Windows (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/)  . . 1.








. 1

,     Linux    R     ,      .    ,  ,  Linux,   Mac OS X   R       , , Download R for Linux (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/)  Download R for (Mac) OS X (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/),      ,     https://cran.r-project.org/ (https://cran.r-project.org/). ,      ,         .

  ,  Windows   R    :     Download R for Windows (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/),     base (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/) , ,    Download R 3.5.1 for Windows (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/R-3.5.1-win.exe) (62 megabytes, 32/64 bit),       (  ,    ,    R 3.5.1).

     R       Installation and other instructions (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/README.R-3.4.3) (   ), ,      ,    . ,    Windows     R,               Next    .

  32-  R,  ,     ,     32-   Windows,      64-. ,  32-     64-,       ,       ,  32-  R   .          4       64- .        4          32-.

   , 32  64-  Windows    , : -,      Windows+E,     ,           (   Windows),    (    Windows); -,            ,     (. 1),       : 64-    64.

 R       RGui (Graphic User Interface    ),       .         ,  .      -.

    RGui   R    , ,    ,       ,   .               RStudio,    ,      R.        RStudio  ,        .   RStudio           Windows, Linux, Mac OS X.

RStudio         R,    2010 . RStudio    : 1. RStudio Desktop,          ; 2. RStudio Server,        RStudio,    Linux-. RStudio       https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/ (https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/).

         R     RStudio,    .            RStudio,        ,    .     RStudio       ,    .

  RStudio   (. 2),    : 1.         ,        ; 2.        ,  ,   ; 3.        ; 4.         ,       Help,      ,   ,     .               ,       ().












. 2

   RStudio ,       ,    ,   >, ,               .     R   <-,         =. ,    ,    .

          ,    #,       . ,         ,  .            ,     #,       .

 R       ()   ,    .  , R  ,      ,      ,    .               .   R ,                . ,     ,        ,   ,          .    ,       R,     ,      ,         .

   R       ,       . R      ,  , ,  ,   ,    ,  ,  ,          .

     ,    ,    .    :

1.   ,     ,     :

> .< c(1,5,7)

# c     .  concatenation  , 

#       

#   R  -,        :

# .= (1,5,7)

> .

[1] 1 5 7

> # R    .   :

> is.vector(.)

#   R  -,        :

# .(.)

[1] TRUE

#  TRUE -  , .. , .  

2.   seq,          ,     ,        :

> .<-seq(0,4,2)

#   R  -,        :

# .<- (0,4,2)

> .

[1] 0 2 4

3.     ,   ,     ,    ,   ,     .           =1:

> .<-0.5:6

> .

[1] 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

> #        :

> .<-as.character(.)

# -: .<-.(.)

#         :

> is.character(.)

# -: .(.)

[1] TRUE

#          :

> .<-as.numeric(.)

# ,        :

> is.numeric(.)

[1] TRUE

> .

[1] 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

         ,        .            :

> ..< c('1','2', '3')

> ..

[1] "1" "2" "3"

> class(.)

[1] "character"

> ..< c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)

#   R  -,        :

# ..< c(, , , , )

> ..

[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

> #      :

> class(.)

[1] "logical"

       ,   help("&").    ,  ,   help      .

     R      class() :

> class(.)

#  

[1] "numeric"

> class(..)

#  

[1] "character"

> class(..)

#  

[1] "logical"

    ,    ( )   :

> ..[2]

[1] "2"

     ,        ( )  :

> .

[1] 0 2 4

> .[-1]

[1] 2 4

     ,      ( ) ,          :

> .[1]<-0

> .

[1] 0 2 4

 R       ("numeric")    ("character").      ("numeric")    ,       .        (logical),  (factor)    (integer)  . ,   (integer)        (integer).   "numeric"  integer    :

> .<-0.5:6

> .

#          

[1] 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

> class(.)

[1] "numeric"

> .<-as.integer(.)

# -     :

# .<-.(.)

# .  "numeric"   "integer"

> class(.)

[1] "integer"

> .

[1] 0 1 2 3 4 5

#           

     ,         .       matrix:

,     1,2 15    (nrow=3)    :

> 1 < matrix(1:15, nrow=3)

#       1:15=1,2  15

#        nrow

#   x (    =1:15)    

#         ("recycling")

#   R  -,        :

# 1 < (1:15,  =3)

# 1:15   1, 2  15

> 1

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]

[1,] 1 4 7 10 13

[2,] 2 5 8 11 14

[3,] 3 6 9 12 15

  ,     (ncol=3)    :

> 2 < matrix(1:15, ncol=3)

#     ncol

> 2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 6 11

[2,] 2 7 12

[3,] 3 8 13

[4,] 4 9 14

[5,] 5 10 15

    ,    (    )   :

> 2[3,2]

[1] 8

     (      ,     ,              ),      :

> 2[-8]

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

     ,      (    )          :

> 2[3,2]< NaN

> 2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 6 11

[2,] 2 7 12

[3,] 3 NaN 13

[4,] 4 9 14

[5,] 5 10 15

NaN -  Not-a-Number- . NaN   :  0  0,  0  ,    ,  0  ,      ,     ,   ,          NaN     .  R    Inf. ,    Inf  Inf  NaN:

> Inf/Inf

[1] NaN

 NAN   2       :

> 2[is.na(2)]<-0

# -: 2[. nan (2)]<-0

> 2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 6 11

[2,] 2 7 12

[3,] 3 0 13

[4,] 4 9 14

[5,] 5 10 15

    ,       :

> 2[, -2]

#2[, -2 ]         

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 1 11

[2,] 2 12

[3,] 3 13

[4,] 4 14

[5,] 5 15

     ,     ,    ,       :

> 2[, 2]<-16:20

# 2[, 2 ] <-16:20

> 2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 16 11

[2,] 2 17 12

[3,] 3 18 13

[4,] 4 19 14

[5,] 5 20 15

    ,          :

> 2[-3, ]

# 2[-3 , ]         

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 16 11

[2,] 2 17 12

[3,] 4 19 14

[4,] 5 20 15

    ,      ,        

> 2[3, ] <-c(3,8,13)

# 2[3 , ] <-c(3,8,13)

> 2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 6 11

[2,] 2 7 12

[3,] 3 8 13

[4,] 4 9 14

[5,] 5 10 15



R       (array),    ,         . ,        .    ,        .       array. ,     1,2 30,              :

> .< array(1:30, dim=c(3,5,2))

#  dim     

# dim =c (3,5,2)    1:30    3 , 5   2 .

#   R  -,        :

# .< (1:30, =(3,5,2))

> .

, , 1



[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]

[1,] 1 4 7 10 13

[2,] 2 5 8 11 14

[3,] 3 6 9 12 15



, , 2



[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]

[1,] 16 19 22 25 28

[2,] 17 20 23 26 29

[3,] 18 21 24 27 30

> dim(.)

[1] 3 5 2



,    array      1:30,     ,    dim=c(3,5,2),        , ,   ,     .

     ,    ( ,     )   . , ,             :

.[3,3,2]

> .[3,3,2]

[1] 24

 ,           ,    R.       data.frame(). ,      .     ,     ,    :

>  <-c('', '' , '', '')

> 

[1] "" "" "" ""

> <-c(2, 5,10,2)

> 

[1] 2 5 10 2

>  <-c(3,7,14,1)

> 

[1] 3 7 14 1

      data.frame,   .:

> . < data.frame(,, )

> .

  

1  2 3

2  5 7

3  10 14

4  2 1

#    . :

> is.data.frame(.)

# -: .(.)

[1] TRUE

# - : ,      

    .    :

> str(.)

# -: (.)

'data.frame':4 obs. of 3 variables:

$ : Factor w/ 4 levels "","",..: 24 3 1

$  : num 2 5 10 2

$  : num 3 7 14 1

# -: 'data.frame' 

# 4 obs. of 3 variables  4   3 

#  $  ,   

# Factor w/ 4 levels    4 

# num   

    ,    (    )   :

> .[3,1]

[1] 

Levels:    

    .   : Levels:    . Levels       .    (Levels)  .     ,    (),      ,    .      ,        ,       .          ,       .         -.

            ,    -  .       ,               ,        -,   -.      ,      -  ,             .

,      , : ,  ,   ,    ,   ,  ,          ,              -  . ,      . ,      -   ,                   . ,       ,           ,      .

       ,       R      .     ,        .       ,               :



> class()

[1] "character"

#    

>  < factor(, order=TRUE, levels=c('', '', '', ''))

#      

#        levels

> 

[1]    

#      

Levels:  <  <  < 

> class()

[1] "ordered" "factor"

#     

  R         .          , ,    .       list():

> . < list(., , 1,2)

# -: . < (., , 1,2)

> .

[[1]]

  

1  2 3

2  5 7

3  10 14

4  2 1



[[2]]

[1]    

Levels:  <  <  < 



[[3]]

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]

[1,] 1 4 7 10 13

[2,] 2 5 8 11 14

[3,] 3 6 9 12 15



[[4]]

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 6 11

[2,] 2 7 12

[3,] 3 8 13

[4,] 4 9 14

[5,] 5 10 15

    .    :

> str(.)

List of 4 #   

$ :'data.frame':4 obs. of 3 variables:

..$ : Factor w/ 4 levels "","",..: 24 3 1

..$  : num [1:4] 2 5 10 2

..$  : num [1:4] 3 7 14 1

$ : Ord.factor w/ 4 levels ""<""<..: 43 2 1

$ : int [1:3, 1:5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

$ : num [1:5, 1:3] 1 2 3 4 5 16 17 8 19 20 

#       $ () 



    RStudio    .    ,           17  2014 .  ,      R     ,   .

   ,    ,   18  2014 .,  67.7851 .                  ,        , , ,     18  2014 .         ,  17  2014 .   ,     16  2014 .    61.1512 .,       17  2014 .     67.7851 .

   R    .  ,  , ,            , , -,     , , -,     .  ,       : 1). 67.7851  61.1512  2). 67.7851/61.1512.

          RStudio   File/New File/R Script,             .          Ctrl  Enter ().     (  ) RStudio       ,     . . 3.           ,    RStudio,   Code/ Run Selected Line(s) (/    ).












. 3

       :

> 67.7851  61.1512

[1] 6.6339

> 67.7851/61.1512

[1] 1.108484

    >         ,   [1]   : [1]6.6339  [1] 1.108484.      ,  17  2014 .,     6.6339 .   1.108484 .     R   [1]?   ,  R        .            ,       [1].   ,      ,    ,            (    )    .

 R               /     +, *, ^ ( **), ,  ,     . ,    1.108484  100   100,   : 1.108484*100 -100=10. 8484%.        ,     ,  17  2014 .,           10. 85%.

R    ,    ,             . ,       . ,        lm,     R   ,         ?lm,  help(lm).         .         ,      ,        help.search (lm)  ??lm.

 example(lm)    ,            ,            ,     lm   .  RSiteSearch(lm)       lm,   -    .  apropos("lm", mode="function")    ,     lm.  ,      apropos  lm , , foo,        foo.             vignette().      help.start(),      RStudio      R.   ,    ,   ,       An Introduction to R (   R).  , ,    ,         Andrie de Vries, Joris Meys R For Dummies (  ,   R  ),          .




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