The Koran research.  . Prerequisites for creation ofthe Koran.   
Andrey Tikhomirov

Abubakar Damilare

Sergey Smetanin


Only scientific research! The study of the Koran is to find scientific explanations of the prerequisites for creation of Islam, to understand the formation of Islamic views on the world. The text of the book is presented in 2 languages: English and Russian.  !     ,       ,       .     2 :   .





The Koran research.  

Prerequisites for creation ofthe Koran.   



Andrey Tikhomirov

Abubakar Damilare

Sergey Smetanin



Andrey Tikhomirov,2018

Abubakar Damilare,2018

Sergey Smetanin,2018



ISBN978-5-4493-4579-0

     Ridero




English version









The Quran ofArgun Shah. Egypt. 13681388.



Inthe artistic treasury ofmankind, one ofthe most important places belongs tothe medieval art ofpeoples inhabiting now large areas ofAsia and Africa from the shores ofthe Atlantic Ocean toIndonesia and from the Mediterranean tothe upper Nile. The main focus ofthe formation ofthis art were the countries ofthe Near and Middle East, North Africa and Southern Spain at the time when ahuge feudal state, the Caliphate, was formed on their territory. It was created bythe Arabs who inhabited the Arabian Peninsula.

The culture ofsettled and nomadic tribes ofArabia is known since ancient times. Inthe south, inthe fertile Yemen, and inthe western part ofthe peninsula (the Hijaz region), as early as the 1st millennium BC, there were rich kingdoms. Their prosperity, as well as the emergence oflarge-scale Arab cities, was determined byafavorable economic situation on the world caravan routes and extensive mediation trade with Egypt, Asia and India. Especially the people ofthe city ofHijaz became rich the agricultural Medina and the commercial Mecca.

The main population ofCentral and Northern Arabia was cattle breeding nomadic tribes. They were called Bedouins people ofnomadic life. Insearch ofpastures and water sources, Bedouins with herds ofcamels roamed the boundless arid steppes and semi-deserts ofArabia, crossed bydry riverbeds. The tent served as tents or tents, inwhich lived individual families. Each tribe believed inhis patron god, performing sacrifices tohis rough stone idol. Arabs deified the forces ofnature, heavenly bodies, stones, trees, streams.

The general Arabian sanctuary was the Kaaba (literally: the cube) inMecca.

The Arabian nomads created beautiful verse-songs, usually performed under musical accompaniment. The storytellers memorized the verses byheart. InBedouin oral poetry, invivid images, that which surrounded man was glorified severe nature, people, animals. Poetry, characterized bysimplicity, vitality, sincere feeling, were real works ofpoetic art. Moreover, the ability towrite poetry was valued byBedouins no less than military valor.

The population ofArabia lived inconditions ofthe disintegration ofthe tribal system and the formation ofclass society. One ofthe means ofuniting numerous Arab tribes into asingle state was the Muslim religion, or Islam. InArabic, Islam means submission, and the name Muslims comes from the word Muslim -translated toAllah, inthe plural Muslimon. Polytheism ofthe tribes, Islam opposed the cult ofthe one, only, eternal and all-powerful God ofAllah.

The founder ofthe religion, an Arab merchant from the city ofMecca, Mohammed, on the representation ofMuslims, is the messenger ofAllah, the last prophet, sent tothe people with Gods word embedded inhis mouth. The revelations ofGod toMuhammad were collected bythe followers ofthe prophet inthe Quran. Inthis Holy book ofMuslims for the first time received aclear design inwritten form inthe Arab language as alanguage ofreligion, the state, literature and science. Founded byMuhammad, the Muslim community-the core ofthe future state-became the religious and political center ofthe unification ofArabia. However, at first Muhammad and his followers were subjected tosevere persecution. Therefore, in622there was aresettlement (inArabic: Hijra) ofthe creed and his entourage from Mecca toMedina, which marked the beginning ofthe Muslim chronology, which is still on the lunar calendar. Bythe end of630, as aresult ofalong struggle, Muslims had subjugated all ofArabia. The pagan Kaaba was recognized as acommon Muslim Shrine, and the idols surrounding it were broken. The center ofthe state became aMecca. Pilgrimage toMecca was imputed toMuslims as aduty. During prayers, performed five times during the day at the exact time, Muslims are facing inthis direction.

Deputy Muhammad became the caliphs both secular and spiritual leaders ofthe state.

At first, especially revered, righteous caliphs Abu-Bekr, Omar, Osman, Ali and when they replaced the caliphs ofthe Umayyad dynasty (661750) Arabs conquered vast territories inAsia, Africa and South-Western Europe. Their military expansion was opposed bysuch powerful powers as Byzantium and Iran. However, weakened bythe long and exhausting internecine war, they could not stand the rapid onslaught ofthe young Arab state. The Arabs conquered the Byzantine Empire, Syria and Palestine (640), Egypt (642) and the region ofNorth Africa the future ofTunisia, Algeria and Morocco (in709troops commander Musa Ibn Nusayri came tothe shores ofthe Atlantic ocean). In633651, the Arabs conquered all the provinces ofthe vast Iranian state ofthe Sassanid dynasty, which covered the lands from the Euphrates tomodern Afghanistan and from the Caucasus tothe Persian Gulf. In711the armies ofthe Arabs, together with the forces ofthe Berbers (the indigenous population ofNorth Africa) under the leadership ofTariq Ibn Ziyad compressed Strait through the rocks (he later named Gibraltar, meaning Mountain ofTariq) invaded from North Africa tothe Iberian Peninsula. Began the conquest ofal-Andalus-so the Arabs called Spain. Most ofthe country was captured, with the exception ofthe inaccessible Northern mountain regions. After crossing the Pyrenees, Muslims tried toseize southern Gaul, but were defeated bythe military, the Franks inthe battle of732at Poitiers. They were forced tostop further offensive inWestern Europe and moved beyond the Pyrenees. At the same time, Arab troops penetrated far tothe East, conquering the whole ofCentral Asia bythe middle ofthe 8th century and reaching the borders ofChina. So within arelatively short time, there was aGrand feudal state the Caliphate. Inthe hands ofthe caliphs were vast lands and untold wealth.

Going beyond the Arabian Peninsula and rushing tothe East and West, the Arabs, most ofyesterdays nomads, faced with the culture ofcountries where inancient times there were centers ofworld civilization. Beautiful cities, decorated with palaces and temples, statues and paintings, became at first mainly asource ofmilitary production. It took along time for Muslim conquerors toassimilate the spiritual and aesthetic values ofthe conquered peoples. The Caliphate included lands with traditions ofGreek and Roman culture (for example, rich Byzantine colonies Syria and Palestine). On the other hand, the impact ofIranian culture, which reached aspecial solemnity and perfection inthe Sasanian era, was greatly affected.

Born from acombination ofits own pre-Islamic past and the traditions ofother ancient civilizations, Arab culture has achieved great and independent success inmany areas ofknowledge and artistic creativity. Arabs made aserious contribution tothe world literature and poetry, philosophy and medicine, mathematics and astronomy, geography and history, created beautiful and original works ofart.

The culture ofMuslim countries has influenced many States indifferent parts ofthe world, has become alink between antiquity and the middle ages ofWestern Europe. The territories ofSyria, Iraq, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Azerbaijan and Turkey, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and southern Spain were decorated with beautiful, densely populated, landscaped cities with magnificent buildings. There were new types ofmonumental buildings: mosques that could accommodate thousands ofworshipers, minarets-towers, madrasahs buildings ofMuslim educational institutions, hospitals, libraries, palaces buried inthe greenery ofgardens, covered markets for several kilometers, Inns caravanserais, which were erected incities and on the ways ofcaravan trade. Sultry climate led tothe construction ofopen and underground water pipes, tanks, ponds, fountains. The richness ofthe decoration was distinguished bynumerous public bathhouses, using the experience ofthe Roman baths. Construction equipment has created aspecial design made ofmud, brick and stone. Various forms ofarches were created Lancet, horseshoe shaped, multi-lobed, scalloped, special systems ofvaulted ceilings were invented. Unlimited and whimsical imagination differed all kinds ofdecorative art, from the ornamentation ofbuildings tothe decoration ofhousehold utensils. The refined tastes ofcourt culture coexisted with the powerful rise ofarts and crafts inthe cities, the highest peak that spans the 1015century. Awide trade and cultural exchange contributed tothe flourishing ofSciences and various fields ofcreativity. The culture ofthe peoples ofthe Middle East inthe first centuries ofIslam stood above the European. Thanks tothe active translation activity, many achievements ofancient philosophy and science were preserved and transferred tothe peoples ofEurope.

The idea ofamedieval Muslim civilization would have been many times brighter and more grandiose had it not been for the heavy losses and brutal destruction it has been subjected toover the centuries. Time itself destroyed. Natural disasters, relentless sun, the winds, the advancing Sands turned blooming inhabited oases inthe abandoned ruins ofthe dead. But the most destructive force was people. Society lived inthe atmosphere ofcountless wars, foreign invasions, troubles, conspiracies, Palace coups. The years ofrelative prosperity were followed byperiods ofchaos, epidemics and asevere famine, carried off tens ofthousands oflives. The foundations ofthe feudal system were shaken bypopular uprisings.

For architecture especially harmful was the change ofdynasties. The new dynasty, which usually reigned, destroying the previous one, sought todestroy everything that was created before it. This primarily concerned the Palace buildings. Newly built or significantly changed, and many mosques, for the construction ofnew mosques was considered for the Muslim charity case. With the fate ofthe ruling dynasties were associated flourishing and desolation ofcities. Only arelatively few ofthem managed tooutgrow the framework ofdynastic residences, toavoid destruction, torise and acquire an independent value. The new buildings absorbed the old medieval quarters, which were preserved only as inclusions inthe urban landscape. And yet an unforgettable experience tothis day leave the old quarters ofDamascus, Aleppo, Cairo, Tunisia, Kairouan and especially the cities ofMorocco.

After the lands ofSyria, Palestine, Iraq, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and North Africa became part ofthe Caliphate, their culture, without losing the distinct local peculiarities began todevelop inadifferent direction, gaining new features. Ineach ofthe Arab countries, art had its own identity, which distinguished the monuments ofSyria from the monuments ofIraq, the works ofmedieval Egypt from what was created inNorth Africa and Muslim Spain.

The historical and cultural destinies ofIran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, which were relatively short-lived under Arab rule, were formed differently. Often entering into asingle state education, they developed independently, inclose cultural interaction with each other.

However, the similarity ofthe forms ofdevelopment offeudalism, active trade and cultural ties and the fact ofsubordination ofdifferent peoples toone religion, one language, and one legal and social institution could not but give rise tothe features ofcommunity inart. Fine arts as ameans ofpropagating religious ideas were excluded from the sphere ofIslam. The new religion based its power ofinfluence on the word, not on the depiction ofliving beings. The main shrines were not icons and statues, but old handwritten Korans.

Highly developed calligraphy, which was aletter not only ofreligion, but also ofpoetry, philosophy, science, was regarded as an art, taking an honorable place among its other types. Reaching extraordinary sophistication inthe application ofvarious complicated handwriting, calligraphy has become one ofthe forms ofthe ornament played asignificant role inthe arts ofthe Muslim Middle Ages.

God inthe countries ofIslam could not be portrayed, but could be denoted byletters and signs. Therefore, inart, especially inthe design ofreligious buildings, ageometric ornament was developed, often consisting ofsigns and motifs that had areligious symbolic meaning. For example, four vertical lines that schematically expressed the letters ofthis Arabic word denoted the word Allah (God). Made inasquare, they became asymbol ofthe Kaaba. Two crossed squares formed an eight-pointed star-the most common element ofMuslim ornamentation.

Meanwhile, even before the Muslim religion similar elements took place inother cultures. The ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II created asanctuary near Abu Simbel (now near the Sudanese border), deep inthe rock. Before his entrance rise 4sitting giant-with the features ofthe Pharaoh. Inthe mountain, it is home toseveral successive buildings. The first ofthem is supported byeight ten-meter statues depicting the God Osiris. Eight ten-meter statues depicting the God Osiris! The One father father Moon thats what was the form ofaddress toGod for many centuries and even inthe IV century BC Nectaneb Isaid: The Great built ahouse for his father Thoth, twice great, God ofSimona (Hermopolis), the great God, which came from the nose ofRA (i.e. the Sun), the Creator ofhis own beauty.

Archaeologists found the Royal graves ofUr, reproduces the funeral ceremony ofthe III Millennium BC. Killed all who will help the king inthe next world. The women participating inthis procession, according toarchaeological excavations, were dressed inbright red robes, which sparkled various jewels. Warlords have been going with all signs differences musicians with harps or lyres. They were followed bywagons pulled bybulls, or sleds. On the wagon sat the pages or driverless, sled led sleds bridle. Inthe end, everyone took apre-allocated place for them; duty soldiers, closing the procession, stood guard at the exit. All the men and women intheir hands had asmall bowl the only item needed tocomplete the rite. Some victims inthe last minutes oftheir earthly life had toperform certain tasks. At least, it is known that the musicians played their instruments until the very end. When through the centuries the tomb was opened, their hands still convulsively clutching the strings ofthe harp or lire.




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