 .     
 


,      ,   ,        .         .        ,    ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ..  ,  ,     ,   ,     .           ,    , ,  , , , .          , ,     .





 

 :     



  

   , . . 

  

  . 

 . , . , . 

  . 

- . 



   Alamy



 Chris Wickham, 2016

Originally published by Yale University Press

    , , .   -, 2019



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .


* * *







1.    , 487.,  .  , ,  / Bridgeman Images.

2.  , VI., . Nick Hanna / Alamy Stock Photo.

3. ,  XI  XII. M&M Photo.

4. . ,  (), 530- .   .

5. , . 640650- .,  .

6. ,  -, , 950- .

7.  , 850870- ,   , . Cod. Guelf. 299 Gud. lat  Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbuttel (http://diglib.hab.de/mss/299-gud-lat/start.htm (http://diglib.hab.de/mss/299-gud-lat/start.htm)).

8. ,  , . 800.

9.  ,   ,  VIII.   (Cotton MS Nero D. IV, f. 139).

10., , , XIII.

11. ,   ,  XII.,    . Jan Wlodarczyk / Alamy Stock Photo.

12.    ,   ,  , , 11381339. Fondazione Musei Senesi.

13.--, , XIII. Ventodiluna.

14.   . , , . 1118. imageBROKER / Alamy Stock Photo.

15.  III,    ,  . , , 1290- . Bridgeman Images.

16. , ,  XII. Alpineguide / Alamy Stock Photo.

17.  , . Peter Bull.

18. Mercure Shakespeare, , XIIIXVI. Mark Benton / England / Alamy Stock Photo.

19.   - (  ),  (), . 1320. QC.

20.     ,  ,  XIII. VPC Travel Photo / Alamy Stock Photo.

21. () ,    (, ),     ,     XIII. EBA.

22. ,  XII., 11631164.  , .

23. ,    ,    , XVII.   ,        .

24.   , , . 1160.  www.123rf.com (http://www.123rf.com/) / Elena Shchipkova.

25.     ,    , 1430- .  , -.    Gettys Open Content Program.

26. , , 1452.  www.123rf.com/rognar (http://www.123rf.com/rognar)

27., , 1480- . Jank1000| Dreamstime.com

28. , ,  XIV. Book Travel Prague.

29. , , , 1360- . funkyfood London Paul Williams / Alamy Stock Photo.

30.  II, , , 14591462. Siephoto / Masterfile.

31.      , ,  , 1500- .  ,    ,  / F. Lensini, Siena / Bridgeman Images.








1.    , 487.         ( )                  .         ,       ,         .  , ,    ,             524.








2.  , VI.         ,      ,       .   ,     ,     .         ,       507.,  ,       ,   蠖  蠖    .








3. ,  XI  XII.       ,       .      ,       ,        .








4. . ,  ( ), 530- .          532537.                     XIIIXIV.   557.     562.        .








5. ,  640650- .     95% ,     ,       2013.,    645. ,   堖    .        (644656),           . ,    ,     -  .








6.            -, 950- . ,   - III,    1010.,   XX.   XXXXI.       ,  ,       ,      .








7.  , 850870- .  ,     ,     IX.       (    )      ( 810- .).      ,            .








8.    ,  800.   ,        ,    ,   805.    III.        (    ,      ),     .








9.  ,  VIII.          . ,        ,         ,     ,      .  堖     .








10., , , XIII.        ,      .      蠖       (,       1890-).








11. ,   ,  XII.  XIV.      ,          ,  -  997.         .         .  ,     ,   ,       - .








12.    ,  , , 11381339.  ,      ,   ,       ,    ,  ,     (  )    .








13.--, , XIII. ,        頖          ,       .   ,     ,   XIIXIII.     ,  蠖   ,       .       , ,   ,  .








14.   . , ,  1118.   ,

       II,   ,       ,    ,       .    ,                 .








15.  III, , 1290- .    .  (   ),         ,   ,            (  ).           .








16.  ,  XII.           ,   XIX.    .            ,      .         ,          .








17.  , .         ,      XIIXIII.     11601260- .    XIX.








18. Mercure Shakespeare, --, XIIIXVI.       (burgage plots),       XIII.       .                 ;  .








19.   -, ,  1320.   ()     ,       13151321.      ,     ࠖ      ,     .








20.     , ,  XIII.     ,   XI.     - ,               .            -.








21. ()    ,    ,       XIII.         ,        ,      (12041261).








22. ,  XII.     (  )          .         1130., ,   1156.,      .    ,         .








23. ,    , XVII.  ,    X. (     ),          .            ,     .








24.   , ,  1160.   ,   ,   ,    .        (11571174).








25.       ,    , 1430- .            ,                .








26. , , 1452.           II,       ,    .








27., , 1480- .   ,        ,  XIII.    .        XV .








28. , ,  XIV.        ,     .    IV           .       ,   ,       .   (!).








29.  (Patio de las Doncellas), , , 1360- .     -       (    )     .  ( )      ,   -     .








30.  , , 14591462.  II       .   ,      ,      ,      ,      :       .








31.      , XVI.         ,      ,     II (14581464).  c          1503.       III,       .  ,       ,  ,          .







1.  550.

2.   850.

3.   850.

4.   1150.

5.   1150.

6.   1500.

7.   1500.










































      ,             .              .        ,    .         .      :      㠖    ,   ,   ,  䠖 ,   ,     ,     .    (  )    ,         .     ,        ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   (     ).      ,   ,  ,     ,    ,           ,          11 ,         .  ,      RAE2008  REF2014[1 -        . . .]   :         ,      .         .




 1

    


   .     1000   500  1500 ,         ,    .       ,     ,       .   1000        ,    :           .   蠖       .      .                  ,            .      .   ,      -,    -.  ,    ,               . ,      .

   ,        ,     ,        .  .       ,       .      V ,    ,      VII ,          VIIIIX ,         X  (),        XI ,      X  XIII ,         XIIXIII ,      ,        XIV ,           XIVXV ⠖   ,   ,  ,        .        :  ,       ,             ,       ,               ,        .      .             ,    ,      .       ,    蠖   ,     ,      [2 - ,   ,  (     ) B. Rosenwein, A short history of the middle ages (2009).    . G. Tabacco and G. G. Merlo, Medioevo (1981); J. H. Arnold, What is medieval history? (2008)        Storia medievale (1998)  C. Lansing and E. D. English, A companion to the medieval world (2009).    .: M. Innes, Introduction to early medieval western Europe, 300900 (2007)  J. M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome (2005)   ; R. Bartlett, The making of Europe (1993)  M. Barber, The two cities (2004)   ; J. Watts, The making of polities (2009)   . C. Wickham, The inheritance of Rome (2009)     ,  ,    ,    60%      .     . Wickham, The inheritance.:             ,          .]. ,   ,    ,           ,   ,      .            , , ,   ,        .     .

 ,          ,         .       , ,        XI ,  ࠖ  XII ,  蠖     ,   ࠖ    II   I  ,  II   IX  ,  VI   III  ,      XIIXIII     ,  ,  ,  ,     ,   1350     (, ,     ),         .      .                 .  ,         ,      1050 ,  .     ,   ,     ,  ,   .

       .     .     ,       .       ,  moderni  蠖 , antiqui, .   XIVXV  ,    ,        ,     ,            ,   XVII       , medium aevum.  XIX  , ,     蠖  , ,           XIX   ,  ,   ,    [3 -    ., : W. A. Green, Periodisation in European and world history (1992).].  堖   , ,   .       ,        .

 1880- ,              ,        .      蠖 ,           ( XII ,   .),           .    ꠖ       ,  -           .   ,      ,      XX ,           ,     .         ,               .       ,     -.             ࠖ   ,  ,   ;   Sonderweg  ,      ,            ,           ,     堖      [4 -      ., : P. J. Geary, The myth of nations (2002), 140; C. Wickham, The early middle ages and national identity (2006).            .: I. Wood, The modern origins of the early middle ages (2013).].                 .

  堖   .           ,   ,   ,        ?     -  ,       ,       V 堖         500 .   ,               ,     ,     .    ,    ,     ,   ,   -  500      .   ,           ,      , ,    ,        , ,        .      ,                 500 ,    蠖   ,    ,        800     XI .       ,    .  500  (- ) -     ,     ,       ,      .

 1500  (- ,    )   :    ,   ,    ,      .      1453    ,     -             ,           .   젖 ,        15201530-       ,   (  )        .   ,    ,     .   ,      15201530- (   ),  - ,           ࠖ        - .        ,         . ,        , ,      -    - ,   -        .        ,      .

  ,  ,             . ,      ,  1500 , , 1700-        1800-      .      .    ,  -           .     ,   .           500  1500 ,             ,         , ,      .    ,         ,         .    ,   , , ,    ,       ,   ,    ,       .     ,       ,         ,  ,   [5 - ., : C. Holmes and N. Standen, The global middle ages.].

   ໠    .     ,   - [6 - .  : V. Lieberman, Strange parallels (20032009), vol. 1 - , vol. 2 .].  -            ,     ,          , ,         ⠖  ,    .   ,               (      )   蠖     .              ,  ,          (   )  .     :                 950 .                      [7 -    .: D. Abulafia, The great sea (2011).].    ,       .

,        .  IX           ,     , ,   ,       X :         ,   ,     .              ,   ,     (  ,  )     [8 - K.J. Leyser, Concepts of Europe in the early and high middle ages (1992).     .: D. Hay, Europe: The emergence of an idea (1968), 3755, 7395     K. Oschema, Bilder von Europa im Mittelalter (2013), esp. 195315, 42950.]. ,             (   XIV    ,    ).         ,              .  , -       蠖     XIII     ,   ()  XIVXV   ,  ,    (    )           .    ,    ,        -           ,                    .     ,      .       .     ,       ,          .    ࠖ     ,     ,   ,   ,      .         .      -  ,   ࠖ  .

 ,    .      :      ,  ,        (, ,     ),       ,      ,         ,           .        ,       ,    .       ,      ,  -    ,    .    ,   堖    ,  -      ,      .                ,         - ,     ,    ,     ,   ,  ,     ,     ,      [9 -  . 18-   .  .,  . . 2- . .:    , 1961. . 8.]. ,     ,       ,      ,          ,              .     .    ,  980-                   ,           1980-.

              ,         ,       .     ,    ,         .   ,        ; ,   ,  ,        ,  ,    ,  - ,    .

     .          ,     ,     ,     ,    ,      ,             .     ,        . ,   蠖      ,    ,    ,       頖  50%  ,  30%         .      ,    ,   .  1073     IV,       ,     ,    ,    , ,         .       -    .     IV,     ,  10751076         VII,      ,    ,    ( ),   ,         ,        XIX   [10 - I. S. Robinson, Henry IV of Germany, 10561106 (1999), 734, 14050.    ,            . .: H. Vollrath, Sutri 1046 Canossa 1077 Rome 1111 (2012), 1479.].     ,       , , ,    ( ) .

   ,    .            ,           ,  .  ,    ,    ,              XI    ,           .  .             (11991216)[11 -          . . .]    20   ,          [12 - J. E. Kanter, Peripatetic and sedentary kingship (2011), 1215.].          , , ,         XXIII        ,     .    ,        .    ,  ,  ,           1150 . : ,  ,        .            頖    . -           蠖   -    ,       ,        .     .     ,   - ,    (     ),     蠖       .     ,         .      .          ,        .     ,     .

 1159     II (11541189)      .      ,           ,          ,     .       ,         .      ,  1158        VII (11371180)        ,  ,      ,        .        ,     -  :                 IV,    .        ,   ,    V   ,    ,  ?         (  ), ,      ,         .  ,    ,    ,        .      ,            ,     ,    (       ),           .  ,    .     ,   ,           ?        ,   ?      ,     ,  . ,        ,        (    )  [13 - .  : J. Martindale, An unfinished business (2003),     .   Robert of Torigni, Chronica (1889), 203; William fitz Stephen, Vita Sancti Thomae (1877), c. 22.  ,  ,  1173 ,         ,      ,        .].

          .      ,   (   )        ,     .                     蠖    ,      ,      .       :                                    .      ,         ;     -   .          feoda,           ,    .         .    ,    ,      ,     ,    XII .   ,   ,      ,         ,       .   ,     -     [14 - S. Reynolds, Fiefs and vassals (1994), . (  ) 266, 2723.  , , E. A. R. Brown, The tyranny of a construct (1974); D. Crouch, The birth of nobility (2005), 26178.      (  - ) .: S. Patzold, Das Lehnswesen (2012); G. Albertoni, Vassalli, feudi, feudalesimo (2015).     .: C. Wickham, Le forme del feudalesimo (2000).].          ,   ,       ,   ,    -      .     ,       ,         ,           . ,   ,    ,      .

        ,         .    XII  ,      (       1159 ),    ,      , ,  ,     ,   ,        [15 - J. France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 10001300 (1999), 5962, 6875.].    ,         ,   .         ,       .     ,       -  (.  2)   ,            .       ,    -      ,      3  9.          ,       .   ,    ,   頖   : ,        ,       (,     ).   11  12  ,        .   XII                       .              ,     ,    ⠖             ,    ,   ,   .      ( ,   )       ,    .

              1940 . (       ,        .)  ,      :     ,   (    )        ,    ,          ,     [16 - M. Bloch, La socit fodale (1940), vol. 2, 249,   , Feudal society, 446,      .].    ,     ,    . ,              .     ,  ,   ,    ,          .       頖       . ,      , ,   ( 堖 )    ,   ,      ,      .      .

 ,             .          .                 .       ,                 ,       .       (       ,   )       ࠖ          ,         .          ,      ,   .                           [17 -      J. Fried, Gens und regnum (1994), 73104 ( ., : S. Airlie et al., Staat im fr?hen Mittelalter (2006)); R. Davies, The medieval state (2003) ( ., : S. Reynolds, There were states in medieval Europe (2003)).].      ,        ,      ,       XIII       . ,            ,    ,     . ,   ,         .

   II   VII: 1159      .         ,   ,    ,    [18 - J. A. Green, The last century of Danegeld (1981).].  ,         ,  ,   ,             ,         ,  ,   .     ,                .  ,    II   ,           [19 -    .  : G. Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter (1997).          .: W. Map, De nugis curialium (1983)   .].          .       ,   렖     ,    ,  .   , -         ,         . ,      ,    ,    ,   .       ,     ,          ,      ,        ,       .  ,  XII     ,   ,  ,               ,  .  ,          ,      ,    .     ,  ,       ,       .    ,        ,           ,    -ࠖ  .

   .  ,       ,     .    ,            .  :          .            ,    . ,   ,      X ,       XIII ,         ,        ,          .   堖      :  1200    ,  ,        ,     . (     ,     ,     .       7.)  ,   950          ,        .               ࠖ  :          ,           ( ,     ).            ,      , ,  ,  ,   .

       ?     ,   ,    ,       ,      ,  -    ,  ,   .    ,   ,     ,           -,   ,        ,        ,     ,        .          ,  ,    堖   ,   -. ( 1200        .)     ,    ( )    ,    (         ),       .      , ,      ,        ,     . ,  ⠖ ,    蠖  ,      ࠖ      .

, ,  ,      .       , ,     .   ,  ,    ,      ,            .           ,   .        (   ,      ).  ,     ,       , ,  .       ,    ,  , .          ,          . (      ,    ,      .)[20 - T. N. Bisson, Tormented voices (1998)         ,       XII     ,      ,        seigneurie banale (.  6).          .: P. Freedman, Images of the medieval peasant (1999).] :     ,   ,     .  ,        .           ,         .

    ,  .     ࠖ -  - (        )  ,          蠖 ,  ,      ,      .     ,      .   (   servi  mancipia)     .      :      ,         ,               .            -.     ,       ,       ,      ,   .          ,     ,      .             ,    .          ,       ,         (       ).          ,       1000 ࠖ      ,     (  serf, ,   ,   servus).        -       .  XIXII         ,      (.  7),         .      ; ,   ,     1200    ,   ,     XV    [21 -    ., : C. Wickham, Framing the early middle ages (2005), 25965, 55866; A. Rio, Slavery after Rome, 5001100 (2016).    1000  (  ) .: F. Panero, Schiavi servi e villani nellItalia medievale (1999); D. Barthlemy, La mutation de lan mil a-t-elle eu lieu? (1997), 57171;    P. Freedman and M. Bourin, Forms of servitude in northern and central Europe (2005).   .: P. Freedman, The origins of peasant servitude in medieval Catalonia (1991).].

           ,   - .   ,    (.  10),        ,    .     ,           :              ( 5);         XI ,      ,       ( 6);                   ( 7);             ( 12).         :         .      ,   ,      컠     ,            ,          ,      . ,   ,       ,   ,   ,    ,     ,       .

     ,   堖    .        ,    ,       ,   ,   .             ,      ,    .    ,            ⠖ , ,  ,  .  ,                     ,    ,     ,     ;     ,            .   , , ,    ( ),     ( )     .     ,    (,  ,        ,  ),       ,    蠖 ,      fama,   ,       ,        .       ,          ,    ,           [22 - ., : T. B. Lambert, Theft, homicide and crime in late Anglo-Saxon law (2012); T. Fenster and D. Smail, Fama (2003).      .: Smith, Europe after Rome, 10014.].

      ,          蠖   ,    .           :             .         , ,        .        ;                   XX [23 - T. R. Gurr, Historical trends in violent crime (1981).         ., : C. Wickham, Courts and conflict in twelfth-century Tuscany (1998), 858, 199222.     .    . 1300 : H. Skoda, Medieval violence (2013).].               (           ).            .  ,            .      (, ,     ),      ,     /  .      ,     ,      ,      , ,     ,    ,    ,     .  ,      (     ),   . ,    (. 594),     ,        ,              , ,               .    ,       .    (  ):        ,     ,      黠     .     ,          .   , ,  ,   ,    ,        .   ,   ,          XIII [24 - W. I. Miller, Bloodtaking and peacemaking (1990),  ; Gregory of Tours, Decem libri historiarum (1951), 9.19,   7.47; C. Lansing, The Florentine magnates (1991), 1668    .       .: G. Halsall, Violence and society in the early medieval West (1998); ,      , .:  ,   H. Kaminsky, The noble feud in the middle ages (2002);    .].

:   ,        .        ,   ,   ,                .          .    -.         (              ),       ,   ,         ,     .       ,     [25 - K. W. Nicholls, Gaelic and Gaelicized Ireland in the middle ages (1993), 98100.].             . ,      ,     ,    .      ,     ,      ,    ,    . (  ,     ,   .  ,      .)    ,         :      .       (,   ), ,   ;       , ,       ,  .                ,  ,    .   䠖       ,   [26 - Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni (1911), c. 24;   ., :     Y Gododdin.       ., ,  Gregory of Tours, Decem libri historiarum, 10.27   .].          .               ,    .

        .     :      ,   ,            (,      ).            ,    ;             .        ⠖     , ,     ,      .    , , ,             ,        ( )    [27 - P. Skinner, Women in medieval Italian society, 5001200 (2001), 3547  ; F. Kelly, A guide to early Irish law (1988), 1045.      .: Smith, Europe after Rome, 11547; L. Brubaker and J. M. H. Smith, Gender in the early medieval world (2004); L. M. Bitel, Women in early medieval Europe, 4001000 (2002).      (       )     J. M. Bennett and R. M. Karras, The Oxford handbook of women and gender in medieval Europe (2013).          .: A. J. Robertson, Anglo-Saxon charters (1939), nn. 66, 78; J. Crick, Charters of St Albans (2007), n. 7.     .: Li Bozhong, Agricultural development in Jiangnan, 16201850 (1998), 143.].     ,   ,        , ,    ,     ,     .  ,         XV ,       .             -.

         10         ,  , ,         .   ,        젖    ,   ,             .  ,    ,    ,           (      )      .   ,  ,      : ,   (   ),        ,         ,        堖       ,   -      . (   ,       ; ,                  .)  ,         ,  ,     [28 -   .: C. A. Lees, Medieval masculinities (1994); D. M. Hadley, Masculinity in medieval Europe (1999).  ,        , .: G. Halsall, Warfare and society in the barbarian West, 450900 (2003), 177214.].       .   堖 ,    堖    .

    , ,    ,     ,    堖  ,  ,  ,  ,       . (  ,    ,      [29 - .: . 8            ;       ,   , ,   ,  : .: J. H. Arnold, Belief and unbelief in medieval Europe (2005), 22530.].)       軠 ,      ,        .       , ,          .    ,  ,      ,       ,    ,  ,            XII ,      [30 - .: . 8 .].    ,   ,             ,   ,       ,  . ,           ,          -.      ,    , ,  , ,     .               ,   1000 , 蠖    ,  ,   ,     ,      .  ,      -    .   ,        (      ,     ,      ).                  , ,  ,          /,    堖  ,      ,   ,      . 堖   8, 10  12   ,                  1150 .  ,    ,   ,             ,   ,       ,     ,     .

    ,  -  ,  ,        ,    .               .          ,     ,      ,    (       ..),                  ,       ?           ,            ,  ,                ,    ?            833  (.  4),            ,  ,    ,                ?          1096    (.  6),                ?            ,    ,       :             . ,     , 堖 ,     堖       ⠖      ,    .      ,      ,     ,      . ,   ()    ,          ,  .             ,    .

  ,   ,      .               ,      .  ,       ,          :       , 頖     .         ,         .      , ,    ,  ,     .        젖            .




 2

    

500750.


   ?     .  蠖 ,    ,    , ,    ,        ( , , ,  , ) ,   V .      ,         .         ,          (),    ,        XV  . ,    ()       ,         ,  .  ,          ,     .

     ,    ,     , -      ,    ,       ,    ,  ,   .     .     -         1914 ,     1991-,    ,     ,   ,       -    ,  ,       ,   ,    .       ,              ,  .       .      V          ,     ,   ,  .    -    :       ,  ,      . ,    III      V ,        蠖   蠖           .    ,    ,          [31 - A. Demandt, Der Fall Roms (2014), 719 with 6389  227    ࠖ    210   .].           ,    .          500 ,   , ,  ,         V   蠖   .                젖     ,      .  ,    : , ,  400         ,         V .    ,          .

        堖     (    ),       ,     ,      .        .            :             ,   .      civilitas ()      ,         .           (    蠖 )   .         :                ,   ,    .              .     IV   (     )  ,          ,        .          (   -,        ,   )[32 -   . K. Harper, Slavery in the late Roman world, AD 275425 (2011).   (. . 395)        :  , 3456.      . A. H. M. Jones, The later Roman empire (1964) - ,    ; A. Cameron, The Mediterranean world in late antiquity, AD 395600 (1993)    ; A. Demandt, Die Sp?tantike (2014)   ; P. Brown, Through the eye of a needle (2012)     ,      .].

  ,    ,   .  䠖   ࠖ    .         ,    :          .              ,    ,       . (       ,    .) ,   ,   ,                 ,        .        ࠖ     ,   黠   [33 - C. R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman empire (1994).].              .

 ,  V       :   ,        ,     : ,    ,       .  400      :      ,          ,   370-      ,    .  500           ࠖ      .   ,    ,   ( )        ;   ,    ,    ;    ,    (   ),        . - 蠖 ,      V ,      ,     ( ,   )   .   ,    .     ,   ,     ,    :  (    ),     ;  ,   ,  .      ,    頖  ,      蠖   ࠖ   [34 -       .    G. Halsall, Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376568 (2007); P. Heather, The fall of the Roman empire (2005) (     ); Wickham, The Inheritance,       .  The Inheritance,   ,      ,   .       ,     - .   . R. Kaiser, Churr?tien im fr?hen Mittelalter (1998).].

    : ,     ,     ⠖      ,      .  ,         V ,     :    418    ,   442   ,   435     . ,  ,       417     456 ,    ,        451  ( ,   ,   ).     489494      ,           ,            476 .             .      ,         ,        렖       .        .   ,  ,         407         .    417     ,   429       (. 477 )     ,   435   ,         .   ,      ,              ,        ,    .       ,          ?     ,  (. 454 ),       ,   ,   439    .              .   ,       ,          ,           .          ,        [35 - P. Heather, The Huns and the end of the Roman empire in western Europe (1995), 278  , ,   ,  .].

                    V ,       ,        .                .                蠖   ,  -       . ,      457  472 , -   ,       ( )  ,   (466484)  ,   .      .   476      ,       , ,        ,     ,     ,    [36 - P. MacGeorge, Late Roman warlords (2002), 167268.].

 ,      ,   .        ,        [37 -      , .     W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans, A. D. 418584 (1980); Halsall, Barbarian migrations; P. J. Geary, Ethnic identity as a situational construct in the early middle ages (1983); H. Reimitz, History, Frankish identity and the framing of Western ethnicity, 550850 (2015); W. Pohl and F. W. Heydemann, Strategies of identification (2013); H. Wolfram and W. Pohl, Typen der Ethnogenese (1990); P. Heather, The Goths (1996). T. F. X. Noble, From Roman province to medieval kingdoms (2006)       .    . A. Gillett, On barbarian identity (2002).].    (  ),     , -     ,     ,      .   ,  ,         ,      ,   , ,  .         ,    (   )     [38 - A. Demandt, The osmosis of late Roman and Germanic aristocracies (1989), 7586.].       ,  -     .             .       ,  , ,      II (453466),    (. . 485.),       :  (   ),     ,     ,   ,    ,  ,      [39 -  . .  I.  2  . . . .].   ,     ,         ,     ( 400      ).         ࠖ IV  V     ,         .   ,    (  ,        ,             ).          . -,  ,     ⻠       堖    ,       ,     [40 - A. Merrills and R. Miles, The Vandals (2014), 177203; J. Conant, Staying Roman (2012), 15986; R. Whelan, Being Christian in Vandal Africa     .].   .       ,      ,      -,    ,    (    II,     )    蠖 ,      .  ,       ,    ,         [41 - . : Heather, The fall, 41525;      .].           I ,      ,         ,         ,            .

 ,  ,    V     .    (474526)            .     ,        ,            .        ,            [42 - : Anonymus Valesianus, pars posterior, c. 60.   . J. Moorhead, Theodoric in Italy (1992); P. Heather, Theoderic, king of the Goths (1995);     P. Amory, People and identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489554 (1997).      V      .: P. Delogu and S. Gasparri, Le trasformazioni del V secolo (2010).].        (527565)        ,        533534 ,  ,  534540 , .       ,          554 ,            .        ,              [43 -  . J. Moorhead, Justinian (1994), 6388, 1019.].

                , ,   , .    ,        .     ,     ,           ,      V ,       . ,    ,   ,     ,                   ,  ,  ,      .   ,         ,   :       .  ,  ,   ,       ,   [44 -   . H.-W. Goetz, Regna and gentes (2003);   .: Reimitz, History, Frankish identity;   . E. Buchberger, Shifting ethnic identities in Spain and Gaul, 500700 (2016).].     ,    ,     ,  .              (      ,       ).        :      (  ,   500 ,      ),      ,       , ,     568569 ,    [45 -   . G. Ripoll and J. M. Gurt, Sedes regiae (ann. 400800) (2000).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kris-uikhem/srednevekovaya-evropa-ot-padeniya-rima-do-reformacii/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


       . . .




2


,   ,  (     ) B. Rosenwein, A short history of the middle ages (2009).    . G. Tabacco and G. G. Merlo, Medioevo (1981); J. H. Arnold, What is medieval history? (2008)        Storia medievale (1998)  C. Lansing and E. D. English, A companion to the medieval world (2009).    .: M. Innes, Introduction to early medieval western Europe, 300900 (2007)  J. M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome (2005)   ; R. Bartlett, The making of Europe (1993)  M. Barber, The two cities (2004)   ; J. Watts, The making of polities (2009)   . C. Wickham, The inheritance of Rome (2009)     ,  ,    ,    60%      .     . Wickham, The inheritance.

:             ,          .




3


   ., : W. A. Green, Periodisation in European and world history (1992).




4


     ., : P. J. Geary, The myth of nations (2002), 140; C. Wickham, The early middle ages and national identity (2006).            .: I. Wood, The modern origins of the early middle ages (2013).




5


., : C. Holmes and N. Standen, The global middle ages.




6


.  : V. Lieberman, Strange parallels (20032009), vol. 1 - , vol. 2 .




7


   .: D. Abulafia, The great sea (2011).




8


K.J. Leyser, Concepts of Europe in the early and high middle ages (1992).     .: D. Hay, Europe: The emergence of an idea (1968), 3755, 7395     K. Oschema, Bilder von Europa im Mittelalter (2013), esp. 195315, 42950.




9


 . 18-   .  .,  . . 2- . .:    , 1961. . 8.




10


I. S. Robinson, Henry IV of Germany, 10561106 (1999), 734, 14050.    ,            . .: H. Vollrath, Sutri 1046 Canossa 1077 Rome 1111 (2012), 1479.




11


         . . .




12


J. E. Kanter, Peripatetic and sedentary kingship (2011), 1215.




13


.  : J. Martindale, An unfinished business (2003),     .   Robert of Torigni, Chronica (1889), 203; William fitz Stephen, Vita Sancti Thomae (1877), c. 22.  ,  ,  1173 ,         ,      ,        .




14


S. Reynolds, Fiefs and vassals (1994), . (  ) 266, 2723.  , , E. A. R. Brown, The tyranny of a construct (1974); D. Crouch, The birth of nobility (2005), 26178.      (  - ) .: S. Patzold, Das Lehnswesen (2012); G. Albertoni, Vassalli, feudi, feudalesimo (2015).     .: C. Wickham, Le forme del feudalesimo (2000).




15


J. France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 10001300 (1999), 5962, 6875.




16


M. Bloch, La socit fodale (1940), vol. 2, 249,   , Feudal society, 446,      .




17


     J. Fried, Gens und regnum (1994), 73104 ( ., : S. Airlie et al., Staat im fr?hen Mittelalter (2006)); R. Davies, The medieval state (2003) ( ., : S. Reynolds, There were states in medieval Europe (2003)).




18


J. A. Green, The last century of Danegeld (1981).




19


   .  : G. Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter (1997).          .: W. Map, De nugis curialium (1983)   .




20


T. N. Bisson, Tormented voices (1998)         ,       XII     ,      ,        seigneurie banale (.  6).          .: P. Freedman, Images of the medieval peasant (1999).




21


   ., : C. Wickham, Framing the early middle ages (2005), 25965, 55866; A. Rio, Slavery after Rome, 5001100 (2016).    1000  (  ) .: F. Panero, Schiavi servi e villani nellItalia medievale (1999); D. Barthlemy, La mutation de lan mil a-t-elle eu lieu? (1997), 57171;    P. Freedman and M. Bourin, Forms of servitude in northern and central Europe (2005).   .: P. Freedman, The origins of peasant servitude in medieval Catalonia (1991).




22


., : T. B. Lambert, Theft, homicide and crime in late Anglo-Saxon law (2012); T. Fenster and D. Smail, Fama (2003).      .: Smith, Europe after Rome, 10014.




23


T. R. Gurr, Historical trends in violent crime (1981).         ., : C. Wickham, Courts and conflict in twelfth-century Tuscany (1998), 858, 199222.     .    . 1300 : H. Skoda, Medieval violence (2013).




24


W. I. Miller, Bloodtaking and peacemaking (1990),  ; Gregory of Tours, Decem libri historiarum (1951), 9.19,   7.47; C. Lansing, The Florentine magnates (1991), 1668    .       .: G. Halsall, Violence and society in the early medieval West (1998); ,      , .:  ,   H. Kaminsky, The noble feud in the middle ages (2002);    .




25


K. W. Nicholls, Gaelic and Gaelicized Ireland in the middle ages (1993), 98100.




26


Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni (1911), c. 24;   ., :     Y Gododdin.       ., ,  Gregory of Tours, Decem libri historiarum, 10.27   .




27


P. Skinner, Women in medieval Italian society, 5001200 (2001), 3547  ; F. Kelly, A guide to early Irish law (1988), 1045.      .: Smith, Europe after Rome, 11547; L. Brubaker and J. M. H. Smith, Gender in the early medieval world (2004); L. M. Bitel, Women in early medieval Europe, 4001000 (2002).      (       )     J. M. Bennett and R. M. Karras, The Oxford handbook of women and gender in medieval Europe (2013).          .: A. J. Robertson, Anglo-Saxon charters (1939), nn. 66, 78; J. Crick, Charters of St Albans (2007), n. 7.     .: Li Bozhong, Agricultural development in Jiangnan, 16201850 (1998), 143.




28


  .: C. A. Lees, Medieval masculinities (1994); D. M. Hadley, Masculinity in medieval Europe (1999).  ,        , .: G. Halsall, Warfare and society in the barbarian West, 450900 (2003), 177214.




29


.: . 8            ;       ,   , ,   ,  : .: J. H. Arnold, Belief and unbelief in medieval Europe (2005), 22530.




30


.: . 8 .




31


A. Demandt, Der Fall Roms (2014), 719 with 6389  227    ࠖ    210   .




32


  . K. Harper, Slavery in the late Roman world, AD 275425 (2011).   (. . 395)        :  , 3456.      . A. H. M. Jones, The later Roman empire (1964) - ,    ; A. Cameron, The Mediterranean world in late antiquity, AD 395600 (1993)    ; A. Demandt, Die Sp?tantike (2014)   ; P. Brown, Through the eye of a needle (2012)     ,      .




33


C. R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman empire (1994).




34


      .    G. Halsall, Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376568 (2007); P. Heather, The fall of the Roman empire (2005) (     ); Wickham, The Inheritance,       .  The Inheritance,   ,      ,   .       ,     - .   . R. Kaiser, Churr?tien im fr?hen Mittelalter (1998).




35


P. Heather, The Huns and the end of the Roman empire in western Europe (1995), 278  , ,   ,  .




36


P. MacGeorge, Late Roman warlords (2002), 167268.




37


     , .     W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans, A. D. 418584 (1980); Halsall, Barbarian migrations; P. J. Geary, Ethnic identity as a situational construct in the early middle ages (1983); H. Reimitz, History, Frankish identity and the framing of Western ethnicity, 550850 (2015); W. Pohl and F. W. Heydemann, Strategies of identification (2013); H. Wolfram and W. Pohl, Typen der Ethnogenese (1990); P. Heather, The Goths (1996). T. F. X. Noble, From Roman province to medieval kingdoms (2006)       .    . A. Gillett, On barbarian identity (2002).




38


A. Demandt, The osmosis of late Roman and Germanic aristocracies (1989), 7586.




39


 . .  I.  2  . . . .




40


A. Merrills and R. Miles, The Vandals (2014), 177203; J. Conant, Staying Roman (2012), 15986; R. Whelan, Being Christian in Vandal Africa     .




41


. : Heather, The fall, 41525;      .




42


: Anonymus Valesianus, pars posterior, c. 60.   . J. Moorhead, Theodoric in Italy (1992); P. Heather, Theoderic, king of the Goths (1995);     P. Amory, People and identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489554 (1997).      V      .: P. Delogu and S. Gasparri, Le trasformazioni del V secolo (2010).




43


 . J. Moorhead, Justinian (1994), 6388, 1019.




44


  . H.-W. Goetz, Regna and gentes (2003);   .: Reimitz, History, Frankish identity;   . E. Buchberger, Shifting ethnic identities in Spain and Gaul, 500700 (2016).




45


  . G. Ripoll and J. M. Gurt, Sedes regiae (ann. 400800) (2000).


