
 

 


 
       .          .       .    ,    .                  ,    ,       .    XIX,     ,     ,    .         .       ,       ,     XVIII.        ,     ,      .            ,                , ,   ,    ,   - .





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      .   ,  ,    , -,       ,   ,  , ,      , , -,       .   ,        ,  ,        .           ,     .         ,  ,            .      ,     ,   (        )         ,        .

,       ,                 ,      .            .      [1 -         (, ,  ,  ,    ),               .]       [2 -    ,        .]. ,      ,      ,      . .          [3 -   .: Lorraine Daston, History of Science without Structure, in R.J.Richards and L. Daston (eds.), Kuhns Structure of Scientific Revolutions at Fifty. Reflections on a Science Classic (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2016).            ()    (); ,     ,    ,  ,   ,    (Ibid., p.118).], ,   ,            .           ,    ,      蠫 [4 -   (. Whig history) ,           ,          .              .    .       (1931)            .].

         (),  ,       .           .            (  )  .                  .  ,     (, )    ,              ,     .

      .               (           [5 -           . .  .:      ,  -      .          ,    ,  ,      ,         (   )   (Lorraine Daston, History of Science without Structure, . 117).       . ,    :   ,    1970?     ,    :       (Peter Galison, Ten Problems in History and Philosophy of Science, in Isis, 2008, vol. 1(99), p.111).]).                   ,.. ,    ,  ,  .            (  )     ( , STS, ,  ).     -     ,         .         .            ,      ,     ,   ,           1970? [6 - , ,  ,              .       ,                     ,     ,    .                 .].  ,        ,            .         ,                    ,    [7 - ., : Bruno Latour, Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1979).],  , , , [8 - ., ,          Laboratiriuma. (Turnbull D. Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers: Comparative Studies in the Sociology of Scientific and Indigenous Knowledge (London: Routledge, 2003), Ch.2.)],  ,    ,       (  )     ,    ,      .     ,      .             ,    ,   ,   [9 - ., : David Kaiser Training and the generalists vision in the history of science, in Isis. 2005 Jun; 96(2), p.244251.].  ,                       (  ,     [10 - ., : David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of Scientific Revolution (London: Penguin Book, 2015). C.  :  .  .    . -, 2018.]).      ,   ,         .   ,        ,   ,  ,      ,         ,  ,            .

              ,    .  ,     ,      ,     ,     . , , , , , , ,                  , , ,   ,       ,       (    ,    ⠫).   ,   ,      ,          [11 - ., ,         ,           : Peter Galison, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).].

            ,    , , ,       ,   .      ,   ,            ,       [12 - .: Lorraine Daston, The History of Science and the History of Knowledge, in KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge, 2017, vol.1, #1, p.147.].          ,     .  ,           .        ,    ,    ,  , .   ,        ,        .       ,         (, ,   )           ,  , ,  [13 -  .     ,        ,       (Lorraine Daston, The History of Science and the History of Knowledge).  -      :       (scientia),     (scientia);               ,    .             ,      ,   (  ,    . ,        XX., ., ,  . ),          ,          ,           . . :  .    :    . . -  - .-, 2006.].

  ,     ( ,    ,    ,  ,   , ,  ),   ,    ,     ( )    ,       [14 -                  (. Histories of Scientific Observation. Ed. by Daston L. and LunbeckE., Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 2011).].      ,   ,         .   ,       .           ()  .          [15 -       , , ,    .        ,    .   .          XX.         ,    : 1)    (1905.   , 1915.   , 19251926.  , 19471948.  ,   ,  ,  ); 2)    (   XIX., ,      ); 3)    ( ); 4)    (,    75 ,        ); 5)   .].

        ,          ,          ,           ,                ,   ,   ,  [16 - ., ,     ,   : Lorraine Daston, The coming into being of scientific objects, in L. Daston (ed.), Biographies of scientific objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).      ,       ,      ,      (x -x  , x -x ).    ,      ,     , vita contemplativa .     vita activa,    , ,         (Ibid., p.3).].       ,        ,      ,        .       ,          .   ( )          .        ,     .       , ,     ,        (   ) ,        .




  


     ,     ,    ,          .        ,           ,     ,      ,           -  (,       ).  ,                ,    .        ,        .            ,   [17 -     .    ,      ,          .      () ,     .                 (..    : (    ). .:  , 2004. .7). ,     ,            XX.             .     ., : ..     . .   .   . . , 2014; Susan Bordo, The Flight to Objectivity. Essays on Cartesianism and Culture (New York: SUNY Press, 1987); B.D.Ellis, Truth and Objectivity (Cambridge: Blackwell Pub, 1991); Helen E. Longino, Science as Social knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990); W. Natter, T.R.Schatzki and J.P.Jones III (eds.), Objectivity and Its Other (New York and London: Guilford Press, 1996); Charles Travis, Objectivity and the parochial (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).]  .     ,           (  , , ),      (, ,  ,    ,   )[18 - ..    : (    ). .:  , 2004. .1112.].

                  .          ,         ,            .      ,  . .  .   ,     ,    .                 ,        [19 -          ,   ,      .  ,                .  ., : Peter Galison, Limits of Localism: The Scale of Sight, in W.Doniger, P.Galison and S.Neiman (eds.), What Reason Promises: Essays on Reason, Nature and History (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016).].       ,  ,        .

      ,     .     ,  ,  ,  ,    .   ,       , -         .    . .    -   ,            ,       .    ,  ,    ,          .




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        .   ,            .              .        ,       ,    [20 -      ,            (,      ).      .         .     ,     ,        ,                 (,  ,     ) .].

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       , ,  ,  , ,    ,    .               [21 - Peter Galison, Images scatter into data, data gather into images, in B. Latour and P.Weibel (eds.), Iconoclash: Beyond the Image Wars in Science, Religion and Art (MIT Press, 2002), p.300323.  ,           XX      --,        .           .   ,   ,          ,             .].                ,     ,       .       軠     , ,   ,          .               ,       [22 - . . 427  .].

    ,    ,   -  XIXXX, . .           (  ),     XIX,     ,   -[23 - .    5  .].                  .  ,    ,     XX,             (              ).                 [24 -     ,                              ,               ,       ..].           ,  .  ,     ,       ,      ,               .  ,             ,         ,      ,  ,     -  ?    ,    ,   ,  ,   .        ,   - .

, ,    ,           ,    [25 - ,            . ,          ,           : ,  ,    ,  ,   ,   . /?  ,    .   ? ,      !     .    ,  , ,     ,   !    ,      ,     !].     ,     ,     ,     .       . ,     ,    ,     .      ,     (  ,       ).         ,       ,        .

  XX ,     ,       ,    ,      -             (? ?      ?     ,      ?    ,     蠫,     , ,   ).       ( ,   )         ,      ,        ,       .    ,   ,  (     ,  ,  ,   ),       ,                                   .  ,                  (       ),     , ,        -      , ,      .         ,     ,    ,    ,  蠫 ,   ,  [26 - .429  .],  ,      .




 


 . .      ,  (   )  ,                 ,    , ,    .              ,   -        ,  ,        .                   .  ,     ,     ,       ?          ,   ?[27 -               .:  .   :   // . 2017. 2. .95156. .      컠  ,        .  .     ,   :          ,        . .: Peter Galison, Abstract Materialism: Peter Galison Discusses Foucault, Kittler, and the History of Science and Technology [Interview with Jeremy Packer], in International Journal of Communication, 2016, #10, p.31603173.                             ,         .   ,         :       ? ,        ,                ,   ,  ,     . .: Peter Galison, Einsteins Clocks, Poincares Maps: Empires of Time (New York: W.W.Norton, 2003).].

    ,          ,        .  ,     ,      ,     .

-,                   .                            ,           [28 - .:  .  .    . HylePress, 2017.].    ,      ,  ,  ,   ,  ,     ,     [29 - .: Peter Galison, Objectivity is Romantic, in Friedman J.J., Galison P., and Haack S.(eds.), Humanities and the Sciences (ACLS, 2000), p.1543.].

-, , ,     ,      .       ,       . ,   Hortus Cliffortianus   (1737)                ,             ,     Atlas of Nerve Cells    (1896)         ,   ,   ,   .

-,           .   ,    XVIII,                         .

              ,     ,      .     ,      ,     ,    ,           .         , ..    ,  ,        (, ,     ),      ,  ,   ,    ,     .

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             :    ,      [30 - ., :  .  :    / . . ..//     . 2004. 1.].    ,        ,         ,  , , ,   ,   XVIII,    XX.  ,                ,           .




 


       (-- [17401820.[31 - ,             .]],   [18201920.]        [18801930.],   [1920? . ]     -- [1990.. .][32 -                            --.     -    .])    ,      .         ,    , ,        ,   .     ,   :   .

   ,   ,       [33 -       , , ,        .      ,          . ., : Peter Galison, From Objectivity to the Scientific Self: A Conversation with Peter Galison [Interview with Jason de Stefano], in Qui Parle, 2015, 23, no. 2, p.9395; Peter Galison, On the Building, Crashing, and Thinking of Technologies & Selfhood: Peter Galison in Conversation with Etienne Turpin, in Turpin E., Davis H. (eds.), Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments, and Epistemologies (London: Open Humanities Press, 2015);  Peter Galison, Image of Self, in Daston L. (ed.), Things that Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science (New York: Zone Books, 2004), p.274.               ,      .].           ,        [34 - .:  .     //   .. .; .:  ; , 2005;  .    ?/ . . ... .:   , 1999;  .  .  . .2/ . . . . .:  , 2004;  .   .  . .3. :  , 1998,    ,     19811984, :  .  :  ,     19811982  / . . ... .: , 2007.].      ,             .  ,    ,        ,      ,      .  ,                        , , ,      ,  (   )        .  ,      [35 -  ,        :     ,       ,      ,        . ,       ,   ,   ,         ,     ,   ,     ,       (., :  . .      . .:   , 2016).].

     ,     . ,         :     ,     .        :      , ,                .               ,     蠫 ,    ,         ,         .    ,       ,     ,  [36 - .: Peter Galison, Image of Self, p.274. ,      ,    ,   How Experiments End (1987) Image and Logic (1997),       ,          .             .   ,   ,       ,  ,       . (       .            ,    ,        . ,      ,       ,       .)     ,     ,            .  ,   , Building, Crashing, and Thinking,     1951    (Bauen Wohnen Denken). Peter Galison, From Objectivity to the Scientific Self: A Conversation with Peter Galison, p.96100.].

  ,  ,          ,       .          ,     ,                  .       ,      ,             ,           .




  


       [37 -          . .:  .  .  . .2/ . . . . .:  , 2004. .298;  .   :   // . 2008. 2 (65). .143.],           . -,    ,  ,           ,     .           ,       ,          ,    ,        [38 -           , , ,  .].               ,         ,  ,      .   --,       ,                  .  ,    .                 [39 -      truth-to-nature        --,    : ,   ,        , , ,          ,    .].   , ,     ,      , ,    .       .      , ,     ,        ,       ,                .

-,         ,               ,   . -- ,        , , ,       .            , ,  ø, Typus,      .    , ,         ,     .  ,   ,                 ,         ,      ,        .  ,   ,            , ?                ,    ,        .

-,      , , ,    ,   ,     .   --    ,       ,           .         ,         ,      , ,        , ,   ,     .  , -, -,                 [40 - ,     ,      .       ,          .     ,   ,     .  ,     ,   .         ,       .].        , , ,   .                  .

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   , ,  ,         ,       .        . . :           ,    ,          .          (), , , , ,  ,      ,     .      ,          ,  (     ,    )   (regulative, guiding)     ,   (literal) , , ,     .

               - :  ,    ,            ,            ,        ,      ,   ,   ,        .

,  蠫     ,       ,    ,          .  . .       ,          ,         ,              , ,    ,   ,       :      ;  ,     ,      ,            ..

  ,          , ,   ,      ,              : , ,  .. (, ,  .        蠫 (bizarre) .    .1  .8). ,        . .     ,  ,      ,            .

-,        ,            ,   , ,     (,  , ,    ..),     ,         (      )  ,    (  )    .      . .     , , ,  ,      [42 - Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison, Objectivity and Its Critics, in Victorian Studies, Vol.50, No. 4, p.667,   ,   ,     .]; exemplify ( ),   prescribe ()             :         (    ),     ,  , ,    ,  ,          .      ,   ( )  ,          [43 - Ibid., p.675.],      .

-,          ,        .      ,        ()  ,     ,   ,       ,         .     ,        ,   [44 - Ibid., p.671.    .].     ,       (   ),     ,     ⠫,   ,       . ,            , ,   ,   .    ( )      ,       ,    ,       .

, -,         , . .                   ,        .    ,    ,    ,               ,   , , ,           .     , , , , ,   ;         ,  ,     ,  , -   ,       [45 - Ibid., p.674675.].  ,      ,            , ,   , ,   , -  ,     ,      ,            [46 - Ibid., p.677.].

             .         ,   , ..    , , ,      ,            ,    . , ,  ,       ,    ,    () ,   , ..  ,   ,      ,     (web of beliefs), ,      ,   ,       ,     ,  ,    ,    ,   , ,     [47 - Stephen P.Turner, Webs of Belief or Practices: the Problem of Understanding, in European Journal of Sociology/ Archives Europennes de Sociologie, 2010, LI, 3, p.406410.]. ,  ,    ,    ,   ,   ,    蠫 ,         .




  


 ,                ,    [48 - ., : Lorraine Daston, Objectivity and the Escape from Perspective, in Social Studies of Science, 1992, 22, p.597618; Peter Galison, History, Philosophy, and the Central Metaphor, in Science in Context 2, 1 (1988), p.197212; Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison, The Image of Objectivity in Representations. 1992. #40. p. 81128.],    ,                    ,   .   . .    , ,           ,            .     (        )[49 - Amanda Anderson, Epistemological Liberalism, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.658665.];                        [50 - Jennifer Tucker, Objectivity, Collective Sight, and Scientific Personae, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.648657.];      [51 - Theodor Porter, The Objective Self, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.641647.];                  [52 - Joel Smith, Review on Objectivity, in The Art Bulletin, 2010, 92:12, p.109113.]  .

          ,       ,    ,  ,    ,    ,              .    ,            ,    , . .                ,      ( , )   ,     ,       ( ).

           ,     ,   . ,        ,      ,  ,                XX. <>       ,       (    ),    ,     ,       蓻[53 - Chiara Ambrosio, Objectivity, in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 2010, 24:1, p.127.].

 ,           ,      ,      , ,   . . . -,  ,             ,                ,      (   )         [54 - Jennifer Tucker, Objectivity, Collective Sight, and Scientific Personae, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.654.]. -,                 . ,       (conduct books)  ,      ,    .              ,     .       ,   XIX      .  ,             ,        .          ⅻ[55 - Ibid., p.655.    .] .  , , ,  , ,        XIX,             ,     ,           . ,      [56 - Ibid.].

, ,     ,                  ,    ,     .            ,  ,    -      ,    . .       18501920? ,    . . ,               XIX,    蠫  ,             ;   .,        XX ,              XIX   XX[57 - .: Theodor Porter, The Objective Self, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.643646;   ,    ,    1995. ⠄Trust in Numbers,   ,    1920?     腻 (Ibid., p.646).]. ,        ,    , .     ,    (  ).   ,       -  ,    ,   軠     - ,          .




  :   


         ,              .

     self,              ,       .    ,   ,     ,         (, , , , , , persona, le moi, das Ich  .),       ,        self (, ,   ,     ).     self           ,         self (, ߻    ),    ,     ,       self   , ,  ,  , , ,  , .

   self       , , Ich, lemoi  .         .   self          ,      ,   ߻.  ߻        ,        ,    .           ,         ,       , ,   . ,        ,߻   ,  ,   ,                 ,    . .         ,     , -     Dasein,    Ego ,       .

    self,        ,        :    .  ꠫  self     ,           ꠫ , ,              .       ,          ()   .  , self    ,  ,    .

   ߻ 蠫               self.               :  ,     ..,     [58 - ., :  .,  .  . ., 2008.] ,   ,    ,       self ꠫  (technologies de soi/technologies of the self) . [59 - ., :  .  // . 2008. 2(65). .96122.].

      truth-to-nature       --  ?     (  ),    ,        :     (, ,  )  ,      ,          . ,   ,          ,     ,  .        ,      , ,        , , ,   [60 - . -  ,         .     .   .: Steven Shapin, Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1985).].

,     , image,       ,     ,  ,   ,     ,    ,    (, ,  ..)    (,  ,  , ,   ..).     ,        : -,         ,            ; -,               (  ) ,    ,        蠫-   ,      (picture, vision, view  .).            ,       .      ,  ,      ,    ,       ,     ,      ( ,  )    .


* * *

  ,         ,        ,      ,   :  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,      .     ,       .







 ,   


      ,   ,            19891990;   ,    ,        ,         .       [61 - Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, The Image of Objectivity, Representations 40 (1992), p.81128.         2 3,      6    : Peter Galison, Judgment against Objectivity, in Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison (eds.), Picturing Science, Producing Art (New York: Routledge, 1998), p.327359.].        ,        ,   .

         XX,         ,        ,             XIX.                     ;     ,     ,  -            ,      .       ,     ,    , 1999,    ,     (self)[62 -     self   . -,      ,          self (, ߻   ),     (,       self). -,    ,       self:  , ,  ,    ,   , , ,  , .     self       , , Ich, le moi  .    4,   .]      .     ,   ,        ,    ,         .       -  (20012002   20022003 ,  ).   ,          ,     .     ,      -      .   .

,   ,           .     ,          ,   ,  ?   .  ,             .             .       ,         ,      .          ,   :   ,        - ,  - ,   - .

             .      ,    ,               .              ,    ,     .       ( ,  ,   ),    (     ),   -  .






.0.1.  . Arthur Worthington, A Second Paper on the Forms Assumed by Drops of Liquids Falling Vertically on a Horizontal Plate, Proceedings of the Royal Society 25 (1877), p.500, figs. 14.    78,        .     (fig.1)     ,  ,      .  ,   fig.3,          ;  fig.4  ,  ,   .          (),   ,    ,  ,        .






 


                   ,    .        ,     (.0.1).  1875     -      ,         .   ,  ,    ,    ;          .   ,            ,     .        ,    ,  ,     .

   .        ,      ,     ,             ?   , ,     ,         ,        .     ,        ,    .  ,         ,     .    ,                ,    .






.0.2.  .   . Arthur Worthington, The Splash of a Drop and Allied Phenomena, Proceedings of the Royal Institution 14 (189395), opp. p. 302, ser. 13.      18 1894.        ,       ,        (        ).                           ----  .



       ,     . ,  1894,         .   .  : ,   ,         ,    ,     ,   [63 - Arthur Worthington, The Splash of a Drop (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1895), p.64.].            ,  -    .      ,           ,       (.0.2)[64 - Ibid., p.66.]. ,         ,    1875.   ,   ,   ,            ,      .

 :    .  ,   ,    .        ,     ,        .            ,       ,    .            .    (           ),    ,   ,       ,     .   .    ?

 :   , ,    ,        ,           ,       .  ,           ,        [65 - Arthur Worthington, The Splash of a Drop, p.74.].                       .            - :        .          ,       . ,       ,          ,    ,          ,    ,      ,   ,    ,  [66 - Ibid., p.5558,   p. 5758.].                         ,       . ,    ,    ,      , ,   ,   .         .

     ,  ,         .      ,           .                       .                   .                 ?   ,       ?       ⠫     ,      ?     ,  ?   ,  1894,     (    )  ,           ,   .

      ,    ,      , , ,    ,       .  ,   1895,      ,     .            .  :          ,      ,     ,      ,     ,   [67 -   : Arthur Worthington, The Splash of a Drop (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1895), p.7475.]. ,          ,     ,   ,  .

,     1895,  ,        .                  ,       [68 - Ibid., p.74.].      ,    ,     [69 - Arthur Worthington and R.S.Cole, Impact with a Liquid Surface, Studied by the Aid of Instantaneous Photography, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 189 (1897), p.148.].

  ꠫      ,    ,   .   XIX     ,   ,  ,    ,              . ,      ,  ,      ,    .

      ,  ,     ,      ,      .             ,     .




1

 





 


   .     .          .     ,        .     ,  .       ,       , ,     ,   ,   .     ,   ,   .    XIX         ,    ,   -    .               .

 XIX    ,   .            ,   .            .     ,     :    ,   ,    ,  ,  ,     [70 -   : Gerd Gigerenzer, The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p.70122.   : Anne Harrington (ed.), The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997); Harry M. Marks, The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in United States, 19001990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).   : Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, The Image of Objectivity, Representations 40 (1992), p.81128; Soraya de Chadarevian, Graphical Method and Discipline: Self-Recording Instruments in Nineteenth-Century Physiology, Studies in The History and Philosophy of Science 24 (1993), p.267291; Robert Brain Standards and Semiotics, Timothy Lenoir (ed.), Inscribing Science: Texts and Materiality of Communication (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), p.249284.].            ,   .      ,      ,       ,    ,         .

       :        XVIII,       XIX,          (.1.11.3).     ,      -:    ,      .  ,     ,     .       .   ,   ,    .       ,  , ,   .

         .      (     ) --,   蠫 .    ,      ,           ,      .  --  ,    ;         .  ,    ,       ,   .    XIX       --,          .         ,       ,    ,     ,     .






.1.1. --. .Campanula foliis hastatis dentatis, Carolus Linnaeus, Hortus Cliffortianus (Amsterdam: n.p., 1737), table 8, SUB G?ttingen, 2 BOT III, 3910 aRARA (     ).     ,   .     ,   ,  .     ,      (     ).          ,    .   , ,   : --.






.1.2.  . . Gustav Hermann, with microphotographs by Richard Neuhauss, Sneekrystalle: Beobachtung und Studien (Berlin: M?chenberger, 1893), table 6, 10.         .      ,   ,  :  .






.1.3.  .   1417,    1959. (). Robert Howard, Vaclav Bumba, and Sara F. Smith, Atlas of Solar Magnetic Fields, August 1959June 1966 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute, 1967) (     ,  ).             .  ,       :  .



     .              ,     . --      ,        .           .      :     .    :           .           --    ,       (      )        XVIII.  --      ,     . , ,  -    : ,  -    ,        .

           ,           ,  .     .         XVIII        1900,           ,    1700.      ,       ,       (    ,   ),    ,      .

  ,      (--,    )          XVIII       .         ,         [71 -        .    : Martin Rudwick, The Emergence of a Visual Language for Geological Science, 17601840, History of Science 14 (1976), p.149195; Bruno Latour, Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands, Knowledge and Society 6, (1986), p.140 ( :  .   // . 2017. 2(27). .101162.. .); John Law and Michael Lynch, Lists, Field Guides, and the Descriptive Organization of Seeing: Birdwatching as Exemplary Observational Activity, in Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar (eds.), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), p.267299; Michael Lynch, Science in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction: Moral and Epistemic Relations between Diagrams and Photographs, Biology and Philosophy 6 (1991), p.205226; Gordon Fyfe and John Law (eds.), Picturing Power: Visual Depiction and Social Relations (London and New York: Routledge, 1988); Jonathan Crary, Techniques of Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Centuty (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990) ( .  / . . . . .:V-A-C press, 2014); Ann Shelby Blum, Picturing Nature: American Nineteenth-Centuty Zoological Illustration (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Jennifer Tucker, Photography as Witness, Detective, and Impostor: Visual Representation in Victorian Science, in Bernard Lightman (ed.), Victorian Science in Context (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997), p.378408; Peter Galison, Image and Logic: Material Culture in Microphysics (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997); Nicolas Rasmussen, Picture Control: The Electron Microscope and the Transformation of Biology in America, 19401960 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison (eds.), Picturing Science, Producing Act (New York: Routledge, 1998); Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, Visual Representation and Post-constructivist History of Science, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 28 (1997), p.139171; Klaus Hentschel, Mapping the Spectrum: Techniques of Visual Representation in Research and Teaching (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Soraya de Chadarevian and Nick Hopwood (eds.), Models: The Third Dimension of Science (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004); Jennifer Tucker, Nature Exposed: Photography as Eyewitness in Victorian Science (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).           : Ludwik Fleck, Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenshaftlichen Tatsache: Einf?rung in die Lehre von Denksitl und Denkkollektiv (Basel: Benno Schwabe, 1935) ( : .     :        . .: -,   , 1999.. .). . : Ilana L?wy (trans. and ed.), The Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine: From Tytus Chalubinski (18201889) to Ludwik Fleck (18961961) (Dordrecht: Boston, 1990).].           : -,   ,           ; -, ,              ; , , -, ,         .         ,               ,    .




 


         ,       .          ,  ,         -  ,  .           ,       ,      .       . ,   1795           ,    , ,      ,       ,      .      ,     ,            [72 - Antoine-Clair Thibadeau, Rapport fait au nom du comit dinstruction et des finances, sur le Musum national dhistoire, ? la sance du 21 frimaire, lan 3 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1795), p.45. MS 2737, Musum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris.].         .  ,  ,     ,         .

      .     .   ,        ,         (,    ,     )      (,   ,   ).              .           .   ,  ,      (      XIX      ),    ,   ,     -.            (            ),      .     ,    ,   ,     .      軠      ,    ,          .             [73 - ., : Johann Gabriel Doppelmayer, Atlas coelestis (Nuremberg: Heredum Homannianor, 1742)  Andreas Cellarius, Harmonia macrocosmica seu atlas universalis et novus (Amsterdam; Joannem Janssonium, 1661).].   XVIII          .

      .    ,   .     ,   ,   .         ,          (Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura, 1595). (         ,     .)   XVIII           (    ),   XIX      [74 - .: Gerhard Mercator, Gerhard Mercators Map of the World (Rotterdam: Maritime Museum, 1961), p.17.           XVIII: .  : Debora J. Warner, The Sky E[plored: Celestial Cartography, 15001800 (New York: Liss, 1979).         XVIII      (34?24,5 )    : Emile Joseph Labarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-Making, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952), p.1011.            XIX,              ,     : ,   in octo    in folio.   ,        ,  ,      ,      :        .        ,           ,        .           ,  ,     ,       .].           ,       ,        :        ,        ,     .   ,       .         ,    ,  -     ,   .   (),        ,  :   ,    (,   )     .

    ,     ,     ,       ,   .        (    23?25 ).      ,        .   .. (Birds of America, 182738)       27?39 , ࠫ   . (Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala, 183743)   39  (.1.4 1.5).       .   ,       .          ,       .  ,     ,   ,  ,   ,       .        :   ,   ;    ;       ;    -; ,       .       ,       ,   .    ,         .        :    ,  ,      ,  ,  .






.1.4.  .   (Stanhopea tigrina). James Bateman. The Orhidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala (London: Ridgway, 18371843), pl.7.   ,  .  ( , ).        ,      ,   ,    (  8,5  11 )      .              ,   ,      .   .



    XVII            .       ,   ,    ,       .   ,     ,       ,   .           ,       ,           ,      .      ,      .       ,        ,     .        ,     .        ,    .






???? ??????? ???? ?????

.1.5.     . James Bateman. The Orhidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala (London: Ridgway, 18371843), p.8.  .  ( , ).           .        ;        ().       , ,       magnum opus,       .



           .      .     :    ,       .        ,       .            .      :     ,    ,            .   ,  ,   ,     .     lingua franca         -   .     , ,        ,    ,    (  )     :               ,    -,   ,      .

          ,  , .     ,   ,              .         .       ,       .           ,  ,  .       ,      ,         .    ,        ,      .

          ,    , ,      --,    , ,   ,  .     ( , ,    )  ,  ,        ,     .

     :       ?     ,  ,   ,     ?       ,  ,       ? , ,      ?              ,       ,   .




 


      .      XIX         ,       ,      .           1860,      (     )    .    --,     .     .        ,      .         ,       .        ,               .      .

       .    ,          .              ,    .      ,  ,    ;   ,     .     (    )      ,         .         ,      ,           .  ,       .           ,   ,    ,         .       ,  ,             .

    .    ,     XIX,  ,       ?   ,  , ,      ,      ?  ,    ,    ?     ,       ?

         tout court.     ,         ,  , ,   .     ,  .           :               ?      ,            ad hoc  .        ,    ,   ,        .   ,        ,             ,      .         ,        (,   ,          ),         .  ,        .   ,      .

    XIX     .     .              obiectivus/obiective,  XIV      . (    ,   XIX.)    obiectivus/obiective   subiectivus/subiective,          ,    .         ,   黠  ,    [75 -  , ,     :    - ,    (esse subjectivum)   ,   ,     ()    (esse objectivum).    ,    []  ,        (   . .. .) Commentary on Sentences,  Oxford English Dictionary, compact ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), s.v. Objective.].                 (Mediationes de prima philosophia, 1641),         (     -   )    (   ,             ,      )[76 - Rene Descartes, Meditationes de prima philosophia [1641], Cuvres de Descartes, ed. Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (Paris: Cherf, 1910), vol.7, p.42 (.  :  .    ,            // . :  2. .: , 1994. .2. . 35.. .).      .: Calvin Normore, Meaning and Objective Being: Descartes and His Sources, in Amelie Oksenberg Rorty (ed.), Essays Descartes Meditationes (Berkley: California University Press, 1986), p.223241.].   XVIII      ,      :    ,    ,     ,       [77 - Ephraim Chambers, Objective/objectivus, Cyclopaedia, or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London: J. and J. Knapton, 1728), vol.2, p.649.].

  XVIIXVIII   蠫   .           [78 -     , ,     XVII           .  1755.              :  ,   .     (      )   XIX. ., : John Ogilvie, The Imperial Dictionary (Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1850), s.v. Objective.           ()   () ,     : Die philosophischen Hauptwerke, vol.3, Weg zur Gewi?heit und Zuverl?ssigkeit, ed. G. Toneli (1747; Hildesheim: Olms, 1965), p.95.         . :Michael Karskens, The Development of the Opposition Subjective Versus Objective in the 18th Century, Arhiv f?r Begriffsgeschichte 36 (1993), p.214256. . : S.K.Knebel, Wahrheit, objective in Joachim Ritter and Karlfried Gr?nder (eds.), Historishes W?rterbuch der Philosphie (Basel: Schwabe, 2004), vol.12, cols. 154163.].           蠫        .        (  )      .    (objektive G?ltigkeit)       (Gegenst?nde),  ꠫  (, , [79 -   .  ,  ,        .. .]),   .                       ,    .               ,      .

       ,      .            XIX.   -        ,    ;     ,     ,   ,         ;       [80 - Rene Wellek, Immanuel Kant in England 17931838 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1931); Joachim Kopper, La signification de Kant pour philosophie fran?aise, Archives de philosophie 44 (1981), p.6383; Frederick C. Beiser, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Fran?ois Azouvi and Dommique Borel (eds.), De K?nigsberg ? Paris: La rception de Kant in France (17881804) (Paris: Vrin, 1991); Rolf-Peter Horstmann, Die Grenzen der Vernunft: Eine Untersuchung zu Zielen und Motiven des deutschen Idealismus (Frankfurt am Main: Hain, 1991); Sally Sedwick (ed.), The Reception of Kants Critical Philosophy: Fichte, Shelling, and Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).      蠫 .  4.].      ,        .           (Grundzuge der philosophischen Naturwissenshaft)  :           蠄.      ,      [81 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, or, Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions, ed. James Engell and W. Jackson Bate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), note 3, vol.1, p.172173; Peter Galison, Objectivity is Romantic, American Council of Learned Societies Occasional Papers 47 (1999).].   1817       ,   ,    :  ,    ,     ,        , ..   ,       .   ,  ,   ,     ߓ  ߓ.       [82 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, or, Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions, ed. James Engell and W. Jackson Bate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), vol.1, p.254255.].

Ѡ18201830?    ( ,    , , )     蠫    ,      . , 1820         ,    , ,      .   1863         (  , )  objectif      .  1856           ,  ,      :  ,   1821 [  ],     ,  ,   , ,   ,       ,      ,      - [83 - Thomas De Quincey, The Confession of an English Opium Eater [1821], The Works of Thomas De Quincey, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1863), vol.1, p.265.          :   []    ,   ,               (  ) ,            (.   [   ],          :    ,    [ , ,   ],                . . :   .  ,  . .: -  ; , 2000. .240.. .].  1850               .       180 .

,        ,      .   ,  ,       .    ,  ,  1850        ,  ,  ,     ?       XVII,   [84 -             . ., : Bernard Williams, Descarte: The Project of Pure Enquiry (Hassocks, England: Harvest Press, 1978) Peres Zagorin, Francis Bacon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).]. ,   ,           ,      /.    , ,   ,      ⠫  (Novum organum, 1620):         ?

       ,       .      ,      (   )               .         ,        .          XVII,           XX   XXI.

      ,     ⠫  (Principia Philosophiae, 1644).    , ,        ,   , , , .     ,       ,  .  ,      , .. ,   XIX    ( ) [85 - Rene Descartes, Principia Philosophiae [1644], 1.6869, Cuvres de Descartes, ed. Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (Paris: Vrin, 1982), vol.8, pt.1, p.3334; cf. vol.9, pt.2, p.5657 ( :  .  // . :  2. .: , 1989. .1.. .).].     :      ( )              (     ,   ,   ).             . ,        : -  -,   ,   [86 - Francis Bacon, Novum organum [1620], The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. Basil Montagu (London: Pickering, 182534), 1.liii-lviii, vol.9, p.204206 ( :  .  ,   ,      //  .:  2. .:, 1978. .2.. .).].                   ,  ⠫:     :     ,    ;    , ,      [87 - Francis Bacon, Of Nature in Men [1612], The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. Basil Montagu (London: Pickering, 18251834), vol.1, p.132 (. :  .,     //  . .438.. .).].

  ,  ,     XVII,    ,    XIX   .   ,         ,      .         ,         (   ),     .          蠫,    :      ,  .         ,      .       .       XIXXX.  (soul),  (mind),  (spirit),  (faculties)        ,       ,       .

    ,     .   ,  ,   .  ,         XVII,       XVIII. ,       ,         .     ()   ( )        .

       ,  ,       XIX      ,    .        XVII,  . ,          ,    (  )        .      ,     :       .       , ,   ,       .            ,         [88 - Martha C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Isaiah Berlin, The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas, ed. Henry Hardy (London: John Murray, 1990); Bernard Williams, Shame and Necessity (Berkley: California University Press, 1993); J.B.Schneewind, The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Stuart Hampshire, Justice is Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).    ,      ,  , . : Jan Hacking, Style for Historians and Philosophers, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 23 (1992), p.120; John V. Pickstone, Ways of Knowing: A new History of Science, Technology and Medicine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).].

   ,           ,   , , ,            .   ,            ,    ,         [89 -    , .: Bernard Williams, Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry (Hassocks, England: Harvest Press, 1978); Nancy Cartwright, How The Laws of Physics Lie (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983).    .: Peter Galison, How Experiments End (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); M. Norton Wise (ed.), The Values of Precision (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).].         ,     ,     ,   ,       ,        .       ,         .

   .   ,   ,       ,        ,    ?                     ?   ,   ,                 .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/lorreyn-daston/obektivnost/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


        (, ,  ,  ,    ),               .




2


   ,        .




3


  .: Lorraine Daston, History of Science without Structure, in R.J.Richards and L. Daston (eds.), Kuhns Structure of Scientific Revolutions at Fifty. Reflections on a Science Classic (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2016).            ()    (); ,     ,    ,  ,   ,    (Ibid., p.118).




4


  (. Whig history) ,           ,          .              .    .       (1931)            .




5


          . .  .:      ,  -      .          ,    ,  ,      ,         (   )   (Lorraine Daston, History of Science without Structure, . 117).       . ,    :   ,    1970?     ,    :       (Peter Galison, Ten Problems in History and Philosophy of Science, in Isis, 2008, vol. 1(99), p.111).




6


, ,  ,              .       ,                     ,     ,    .                 .




7


., : Bruno Latour, Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1979).




8


., ,          Laboratiriuma. (Turnbull D. Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers: Comparative Studies in the Sociology of Scientific and Indigenous Knowledge (London: Routledge, 2003), Ch.2.)




9


., : David Kaiser Training and the generalists vision in the history of science, in Isis. 2005 Jun; 96(2), p.244251.




10


., : David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of Scientific Revolution (London: Penguin Book, 2015). C.  :  .  .    . -, 2018.




11


., ,         ,           : Peter Galison, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).




12


.: Lorraine Daston, The History of Science and the History of Knowledge, in KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge, 2017, vol.1, #1, p.147.




13


 .     ,        ,       (Lorraine Daston, The History of Science and the History of Knowledge).  -      :       (scientia),     (scientia);               ,    .             ,      ,   (  ,    . ,        XX., ., ,  . ),          ,          ,           . . :  .    :    . . -  - .-, 2006.




14


                 (. Histories of Scientific Observation. Ed. by Daston L. and LunbeckE., Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 2011).




15


      , , ,    .        ,    .   .          XX.         ,    : 1)    (1905.   , 1915.   , 19251926.  , 19471948.  ,   ,  ,  ); 2)    (   XIX., ,      ); 3)    ( ); 4)    (,    75 ,        ); 5)   .




16


., ,     ,   : Lorraine Daston, The coming into being of scientific objects, in L. Daston (ed.), Biographies of scientific objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).      ,       ,      ,      (x -x  , x -x ).    ,      ,     , vita contemplativa .     vita activa,    , ,         (Ibid., p.3).




17


    .    ,      ,          .      () ,     .                 (..    : (    ). .:  , 2004. .7). ,     ,            XX.             .     ., : ..     . .   .   . . , 2014; Susan Bordo, The Flight to Objectivity. Essays on Cartesianism and Culture (New York: SUNY Press, 1987); B.D.Ellis, Truth and Objectivity (Cambridge: Blackwell Pub, 1991); Helen E. Longino, Science as Social knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990); W. Natter, T.R.Schatzki and J.P.Jones III (eds.), Objectivity and Its Other (New York and London: Guilford Press, 1996); Charles Travis, Objectivity and the parochial (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).




18


..    : (    ). .:  , 2004. .1112.




19


         ,   ,      .  ,                .  ., : Peter Galison, Limits of Localism: The Scale of Sight, in W.Doniger, P.Galison and S.Neiman (eds.), What Reason Promises: Essays on Reason, Nature and History (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016).




20


     ,            (,      ).      .         .     ,     ,        ,                 (,  ,     ) .




21


Peter Galison, Images scatter into data, data gather into images, in B. Latour and P.Weibel (eds.), Iconoclash: Beyond the Image Wars in Science, Religion and Art (MIT Press, 2002), p.300323.  ,           XX      --,        .           .   ,   ,          ,             .




22


. . 427  .




23


.    5  .




24


    ,                              ,               ,       ..




25


,            . ,          ,           : ,  ,    ,  ,   ,   . /?  ,    .   ? ,      !     .    ,  , ,     ,   !    ,      ,     !




26


.429  .




27


              .:  .   :   // . 2017. 2. .95156. .      컠  ,        .  .     ,   :          ,        . .: Peter Galison, Abstract Materialism: Peter Galison Discusses Foucault, Kittler, and the History of Science and Technology [Interview with Jeremy Packer], in International Journal of Communication, 2016, #10, p.31603173.                             ,         .   ,         :       ? ,        ,                ,   ,  ,     . .: Peter Galison, Einsteins Clocks, Poincares Maps: Empires of Time (New York: W.W.Norton, 2003).




28


.:  .  .    . HylePress, 2017.




29


.: Peter Galison, Objectivity is Romantic, in Friedman J.J., Galison P., and Haack S.(eds.), Humanities and the Sciences (ACLS, 2000), p.1543.




30


., :  .  :    / . . ..//     . 2004. 1.




31


,             .




32


                           --.     -    .




33


      , , ,        .      ,          . ., : Peter Galison, From Objectivity to the Scientific Self: A Conversation with Peter Galison [Interview with Jason de Stefano], in Qui Parle, 2015, 23, no. 2, p.9395; Peter Galison, On the Building, Crashing, and Thinking of Technologies & Selfhood: Peter Galison in Conversation with Etienne Turpin, in Turpin E., Davis H. (eds.), Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments, and Epistemologies (London: Open Humanities Press, 2015);  Peter Galison, Image of Self, in Daston L. (ed.), Things that Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science (New York: Zone Books, 2004), p.274.               ,      .




34


.:  .     //   .. .; .:  ; , 2005;  .    ?/ . . ... .:   , 1999;  .  .  . .2/ . . . . .:  , 2004;  .   .  . .3. :  , 1998,    ,     19811984, :  .  :  ,     19811982  / . . ... .: , 2007.




35


 ,        :     ,       ,      ,        . ,       ,   ,   ,         ,     ,   ,     ,       (., :  . .      . .:   , 2016).




36


.: Peter Galison, Image of Self, p.274. ,      ,    ,   How Experiments End (1987) Image and Logic (1997),       ,          .             .   ,   ,       ,  ,       . (       .            ,    ,        . ,      ,       ,       .)     ,     ,            .  ,   , Building, Crashing, and Thinking,     1951    (Bauen Wohnen Denken). Peter Galison, From Objectivity to the Scientific Self: A Conversation with Peter Galison, p.96100.




37


         . .:  .  .  . .2/ . . . . .:  , 2004. .298;  .   :   // . 2008. 2 (65). .143.




38


          , , ,  .




39


     truth-to-nature        --,    : ,   ,        , , ,          ,    .




40


,     ,      .       ,          .     ,   ,     .  ,     ,   .         ,       .




41


. . 92  .




42


Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison, Objectivity and Its Critics, in Victorian Studies, Vol.50, No. 4, p.667,   ,   ,     .




43


Ibid., p.675.




44


Ibid., p.671.    .




45


Ibid., p.674675.




46


Ibid., p.677.




47


Stephen P.Turner, Webs of Belief or Practices: the Problem of Understanding, in European Journal of Sociology/ Archives Europennes de Sociologie, 2010, LI, 3, p.406410.




48


., : Lorraine Daston, Objectivity and the Escape from Perspective, in Social Studies of Science, 1992, 22, p.597618; Peter Galison, History, Philosophy, and the Central Metaphor, in Science in Context 2, 1 (1988), p.197212; Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison, The Image of Objectivity in Representations. 1992. #40. p. 81128.




49


Amanda Anderson, Epistemological Liberalism, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.658665.




50


Jennifer Tucker, Objectivity, Collective Sight, and Scientific Personae, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.648657.




51


Theodor Porter, The Objective Self, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.641647.




52


Joel Smith, Review on Objectivity, in The Art Bulletin, 2010, 92:12, p.109113.




53


Chiara Ambrosio, Objectivity, in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 2010, 24:1, p.127.




54


Jennifer Tucker, Objectivity, Collective Sight, and Scientific Personae, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.654.




55


Ibid., p.655.    .




56


Ibid.




57


.: Theodor Porter, The Objective Self, in Victorian Studies, 2008, Vol.50, No. 4, p.643646;   ,    ,    1995. ⠄Trust in Numbers,   ,    1920?     腻 (Ibid., p.646).




58


., :  .,  .  . ., 2008.




59


., :  .  // . 2008. 2(65). .96122.




60


. -  ,         .     .   .: Steven Shapin, Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1985).




61


Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, The Image of Objectivity, Representations 40 (1992), p.81128.         2 3,      6    : Peter Galison, Judgment against Objectivity, in Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison (eds.), Picturing Science, Producing Art (New York: Routledge, 1998), p.327359.




62


    self   . -,      ,          self (, ߻   ),     (,       self). -,    ,       self:  , ,  ,    ,   , , ,  , .     self       , , Ich, le moi  .    4,   .




63


Arthur Worthington, The Splash of a Drop (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1895), p.64.




64


Ibid., p.66.




65


Arthur Worthington, The Splash of a Drop, p.74.




66


Ibid., p.5558,   p. 5758.




67


  : Arthur Worthington, The Splash of a Drop (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1895), p.7475.




68


Ibid., p.74.




69


Arthur Worthington and R.S.Cole, Impact with a Liquid Surface, Studied by the Aid of Instantaneous Photography, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 189 (1897), p.148.




70


  : Gerd Gigerenzer, The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p.70122.   : Anne Harrington (ed.), The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997); Harry M. Marks, The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in United States, 19001990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).   : Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, The Image of Objectivity, Representations 40 (1992), p.81128; Soraya de Chadarevian, Graphical Method and Discipline: Self-Recording Instruments in Nineteenth-Century Physiology, Studies in The History and Philosophy of Science 24 (1993), p.267291; Robert Brain Standards and Semiotics, Timothy Lenoir (ed.), Inscribing Science: Texts and Materiality of Communication (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), p.249284.




71


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.: Gerhard Mercator, Gerhard Mercators Map of the World (Rotterdam: Maritime Museum, 1961), p.17.           XVIII: .  : Debora J. Warner, The Sky E[plored: Celestial Cartography, 15001800 (New York: Liss, 1979).         XVIII      (34?24,5 )    : Emile Joseph Labarre, Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-Making, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952), p.1011.            XIX,              ,     : ,   in octo    in folio.   ,        ,  ,      ,      :        .        ,           ,        .           ,  ,     ,       .




75


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76


Rene Descartes, Meditationes de prima philosophia [1641], Cuvres de Descartes, ed. Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (Paris: Cherf, 1910), vol.7, p.42 (.  :  .    ,            // . :  2. .: , 1994. .2. . 35.. .).      .: Calvin Normore, Meaning and Objective Being: Descartes and His Sources, in Amelie Oksenberg Rorty (ed.), Essays Descartes Meditationes (Berkley: California University Press, 1986), p.223241.




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Ephraim Chambers, Objective/objectivus, Cyclopaedia, or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London: J. and J. Knapton, 1728), vol.2, p.649.




78


    , ,     XVII           .  1755.              :  ,   .     (      )   XIX. ., : John Ogilvie, The Imperial Dictionary (Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1850), s.v. Objective.           ()   () ,     : Die philosophischen Hauptwerke, vol.3, Weg zur Gewi?heit und Zuverl?ssigkeit, ed. G. Toneli (1747; Hildesheim: Olms, 1965), p.95.         . :Michael Karskens, The Development of the Opposition Subjective Versus Objective in the 18th Century, Arhiv f?r Begriffsgeschichte 36 (1993), p.214256. . : S.K.Knebel, Wahrheit, objective in Joachim Ritter and Karlfried Gr?nder (eds.), Historishes W?rterbuch der Philosphie (Basel: Schwabe, 2004), vol.12, cols. 154163.




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Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, or, Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions, ed. James Engell and W. Jackson Bate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), note 3, vol.1, p.172173; Peter Galison, Objectivity is Romantic, American Council of Learned Societies Occasional Papers 47 (1999).




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Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, or, Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions, ed. James Engell and W. Jackson Bate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), vol.1, p.254255.




83


Thomas De Quincey, The Confession of an English Opium Eater [1821], The Works of Thomas De Quincey, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1863), vol.1, p.265.          :   []    ,   ,               (  ) ,            (.   [   ],          :    ,    [ , ,   ],                . . :   .  ,  . .: -  ; , 2000. .240.. .




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            . ., : Bernard Williams, Descarte: The Project of Pure Enquiry (Hassocks, England: Harvest Press, 1978) Peres Zagorin, Francis Bacon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).




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87


Francis Bacon, Of Nature in Men [1612], The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. Basil Montagu (London: Pickering, 18251834), vol.1, p.132 (. :  .,     //  . .438.. .).




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