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 Pax Forlag, 2017

First published in Norway, in 2017 by Pax Forlag

Published by agreement with the Kontext Agency

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     : ,       ,   ,         ,  [2 -  2005     ̸    ,  ,       ,  ,       . M?ller, V. Knud Enemark Jensens Death During the 1960 Rome Olympics: A Search for Truth? Sport in History, 2005 25, 452471.].

,   ࠖ   ,       .         ,            . -,   ,       ,   ,  . -,      :      ,   ,            .   ,          ,    1996 .

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       - 

  ,        ,  ,   ,         ,  ,   [4 - Loland, Sigmund. Idrett og Etikk, en innf?ring. Akilles Forlag 2002, 55.]             ,      .      ࠖ   .  ,   ,          ,   ,     .

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 ,     :  ,          .    ,        .      ,   ,   .       :  ࠖ  ,    .        .    ,              ,   - .     ,     800     400  .      ࠖ     ࠖ   [5 - Cooper, Chris. Run, Swim, Cheat. The Science behind drugs in sport. Oxford University Press, 2012, 33.].   ,         ,    ,    ,        ,     .    ,     -       堖 ,      8,90 ,         1968 .      ,         , ,  ,    --,      1000    [6 -     ,    ,            ,   --. http://www.isu.org/en/speed-skating/statistics-and-biographies #PageID%3D103171&SportID%3D103&Recordtype ID%3D10&StadiumID%3D-1&TaalCode%3D2& StyleID%3D0&Cache%3D2.html?564144 (http://www.isu.org/en/speed-skating/statistics-and-biographies#PageID=103171&SportID=103&RecordtypeID=10&StadiumID=-1&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html?564144).].         ,    ,     :       0,5% ,    .  , ,  1987            ,       ,   [7 -         . https://snl.no/gravitasjon (https://snl.no/gravitasjon).].

    .          ,       ,     .  , -,         ,      ,        .  ,    ,        ,   ,        .         , , ,     .       ,          ,   ,   ,       .      ,       :    ,      ,           [8 -       ,   . McArdle W., Katch F. I., Katch V. L Exercise Physiology. Energy, Nutrition and Human Performance. Lippincott & Williams, 2001, 650.].

  ,    ,      ,    ,   .          :    ,    ,   ,    .             ,  ,   ,   .     ,      ,       .             : ,      .    ,    , ,    ,   ,  .   ,  -          ,   ,  ,      .        ,                .     1988   -    (     ),  100   10,49 ,      .    -    ,       ,            .    ,     ,  ,  ,    .           .       100            5   .   ,      -  ,   0,0,   ,      -   [9 - Cooper, Chris. Run, Swim, Cheat. The Science behind drugs in sport. Oxford University Press, 2012, 32.].             ,             .   2   ,   ,    1988     .

 2009           ,   .        ,     ,    ,        .         ,       ,    [10 -     ,   2013 ,   ,             . https://www.nrk.no/sport/hopp-for-komplisert-for-hopperne-1.10930265 (https://www.nrk.no/sport/hopp-for-komplisert-for-hopperne-1.10930265).].             ,   2016   :      ,   10     ,     [11 -       2016        . http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/events-and-places/results/?season=2016&discipline=&gender=all&race_id=4464&sector=JP (http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/events-and-places/results/?season=2016&discipline=&gender=all&race_id=4464&sector=JP).].           ,   ࠖ  ,      ,        .    ,    :     .    ,  -   ,  . ,         ,   ?




 1937           (3312)     3.53,1.       頖     ,   1.51,58,      106,9   [12 -     . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnenkamm,_Kitzb%C3%BChel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnenkamm,_Kitzb%C3%BChel).].      ,  ,             ,  .       , ,     1997   ,     1937-,   ,  ,   .  ,         ,        ,      .   ,      ,     .   ,       .     1964  ,         ,    .     1970-,       ,    .  ,   ,     ,   1974   .

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          ,   2009   ,     29  .    Speedo           ,         ,   2008    .     , LZR Racer    ,     [14 -    Tv2      Speedo: http://www.tv2.no/a/1715930 (http://www.tv2.no/a/1715930).].

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 1968        ,          .   ,     ,    .      ,      .       ,    ,     ,    ,    .           ,       .       ,  , ,        .    ,     ,      ,    ,    .        ,         ,  -ﻠ   ,        1972  28  40      [15 -        The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/may/08/50-stunning-olympic-moments-dick-fosbury (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/may/08/50-stunning-olympic-moments-dick-fosbury).].

          ,      ,  , ,  ,   ,   .        ,  , , , - ,     .       .    ,       ,  ,     -,     ,      .

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       :        1985 ,     ,         .     , ,  ,      ,   ,    :       .    ,     ,         .        ,           ,   1989     .       V-,       .    ,         [17 -        : https://www.nrk.no/sport/da-hoppsporten-skiftet-stil-1.6539781 (https://www.nrk.no/sport/da-hoppsporten-skiftet-stil-1.6539781).].

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              .        蠖   ,          ,    ,        .   2011  ,     ,       2  10 ,  ,  ,        (32   17  )[20 -    ,   : Epstein, David. Idrettsgenet. Vitenskapen bak store idrettsprestasjoner. Flint Forlag 2016, s 228.].      20 ,     ,        ,    ,    .         ,    ,    .          ,        .       ,   ,     (  ,     ),     ,      ,        -  .          .   ,        ,         1517% ,   ,           .    ,      ,   ,        ,         .           ,      [21 -   .      : Epstein, David. Idrettsgenet. Vitenskapen bak store idrettsprestasjoner. Flint Forlag 2016, kapitel 1012.].

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  ,    800 ,    ,        .      .     ,       .  ,        ,     ,       .  ,  ,       ,                .       ,       .     (IAAF)    ,         ,        .     IAAF        (CAS), ,      [24 -           .     Clinics in Sports Medicine. Camporesi S. Ethics of Regulating Competition for Women with Hyperandrogenism. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 35: 2, 2016, 293301.].

         ,    . -,         ,       ,  -, ,    ,   .    ,   堖      [25 -   British Journal of Sports Medicine     . Tucker R., Collins M. What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2012; 46: 55556.].  ,        ,    ,   ,  ,  ,  , ,   堖     .




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  ,       ࠖ      ,      ,     . ,               100%.          ,   ࠖ ,    蠖      6,5   ,   ,   ,   3,5   [31 -        Fysiologisk adaptasjon til utholdenhetstrening      .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=39428061)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


 2014    ,        ,       ,    .  1936      ,  ,     .  : Reinhold M., Hoberman J. The Myth of the Nazi Steroid. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 2014, 871883.




2


 2005     ̸    ,  ,       ,  ,       . M?ller, V. Knud Enemark Jensens Death During the 1960 Rome Olympics: A Search for Truth? Sport in History, 2005 25, 452471.




3


        . Breaking the Chain: Drugs and Cycling: The True Story. Yellow Jersey Press, 1999 og Rosen, Daniel. A History of Performance Enhancement in Sports from the 19th Century to Today. Praeger, London, 2008, 100101.




4


Loland, Sigmund. Idrett og Etikk, en innf?ring. Akilles Forlag 2002, 55.




5


Cooper, Chris. Run, Swim, Cheat. The Science behind drugs in sport. Oxford University Press, 2012, 33.




6


    ,    ,            ,   --. http://www.isu.org/en/speed-skating/statistics-and-biographies #PageID%3D103171&SportID%3D103&Recordtype ID%3D10&StadiumID%3D-1&TaalCode%3D2& StyleID%3D0&Cache%3D2.html?564144 (http://www.isu.org/en/speed-skating/statistics-and-biographies#PageID=103171&SportID=103&RecordtypeID=10&StadiumID=-1&TaalCode=2&StyleID=0&Cache=2.html?564144).




7


        . https://snl.no/gravitasjon (https://snl.no/gravitasjon).




8


      ,   . McArdle W., Katch F. I., Katch V. L Exercise Physiology. Energy, Nutrition and Human Performance. Lippincott & Williams, 2001, 650.




9


Cooper, Chris. Run, Swim, Cheat. The Science behind drugs in sport. Oxford University Press, 2012, 32.




10


    ,   2013 ,   ,             . https://www.nrk.no/sport/hopp-for-komplisert-for-hopperne-1.10930265 (https://www.nrk.no/sport/hopp-for-komplisert-for-hopperne-1.10930265).




11


      2016        . http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/events-and-places/results/?season=2016&discipline=&gender=all&race_id=4464&sector=JP (http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/events-and-places/results/?season=2016&discipline=&gender=all&race_id=4464&sector=JP).




12


    . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnenkamm,_Kitzb%C3%BChel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnenkamm,_Kitzb%C3%BChel).




13


           http://www.speedskatingstats.com/ (http://www.speedskatingstats.com/).




14


   Tv2      Speedo: http://www.tv2.no/a/1715930 (http://www.tv2.no/a/1715930).




15


       The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/may/08/50-stunning-olympic-moments-dick-fosbury (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/may/08/50-stunning-olympic-moments-dick-fosbury).




16


   ,   ,         .       .  , ,      : https://www.nrk.no/sport/forste-skoyterenn-for-82-ar-siden-1.7522607 (https://www.nrk.no/sport/forste-skoyterenn-for-82-ar-siden-1.7522607)




17


       : https://www.nrk.no/sport/da-hoppsporten-skiftet-stil-1.6539781 (https://www.nrk.no/sport/da-hoppsporten-skiftet-stil-1.6539781).




18


      ,    . Epstein, David. Idrettsgenet. Vitenskapen bak store idrettsprestasjoner. Flint Forlag 2016, s 135136.




19


      . Andersen, J., Aagard, P. (2010) Effects of strength Training on Muscle FIber Types and size, Consequences for Athletes Training for High Intensity Sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 20: 2, 3238.




20


   ,   : Epstein, David. Idrettsgenet. Vitenskapen bak store idrettsprestasjoner. Flint Forlag 2016, s 228.




21


  .      : Epstein, David. Idrettsgenet. Vitenskapen bak store idrettsprestasjoner. Flint Forlag 2016, kapitel 1012.




22


Cooper, Chris. Run, Swim, Cheat. The Science behind drugs in sport. Oxford University Press, 2012, 44.




23


   ,         sportscientist.com (http://sportsscientists.com/): http://sportsscientists.com/2013/12/eero-manty-ranta-finlands-champion-19372013-obituary/ (http://sportsscientists.com/2013/12/eero-manty-ranta-finlands-champion-1937%E2%80%932013-obituary/).




24


          .     Clinics in Sports Medicine. Camporesi S. Ethics of Regulating Competition for Women with Hyperandrogenism. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 35: 2, 2016, 293301.




25


  British Journal of Sports Medicine     . Tucker R., Collins M. What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2012; 46: 55556.




26


         .

Kruger, A. Training Theory and Why Roger Bannister was the First Four-Minute Miler. Sport in History, 2006: 26, 305324.




27


         Exercise Physiology. Energy, Nutrition and Human Performance




28


       Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sport. Rud B., Secher N. H., Nilsson J., Smith G., Halln J. Metabolic and mechanicalinvolvement of arms and legs in simulated double pole skiing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 2013.




29


McDonagh M.J., Davies C.T. Adaptive response of mammalian skeletal muscle to exercise with high loads. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupationally Physiology. 1984; 52 (2): 13955.




30


Truls Raastad, Per Egil Refsnes, G?ran Paulsen, Bent R?nnestad, Alexander R. Wisnes. Styrketrening i teori og praksis. Aschehaug, 2010.




31


       Fysiologisk adaptasjon til utholdenhetstrening      .


