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                    .         .431     (   )                .               .      ,                .  ,              ,      ,      .

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1.       


1.1.      ?                            - .

    ,          ,            .                     .

1.2.         ?   ,           ,        ,          .

 ,          ,  ,    ,     ,      [2 -  ., ʸ .        :  2. . 2. .  . . ., 1998. . 106.].     ,     ,              [3 -  ..       //   . 1997. 2. . 39.].

,      ()  ,      ,    .         ,        ,      .

1.3.       .       (common law)       (ambiguity of contract term),   ,      .       ,            ,   .

        ,          ( . ..),         [4 - Lewison K. The Interpretation of Contracts. L., 2011. P. 419.].  ,       ,  ,   ,  ,          .

1.4.        .        ,          ,      [5 -  ..   . ., 2001. . 209.].     ( )   ( ) [6 -  ..   . ., 2001. . 24; Farnsworth A. Meaning in the Law of Contracts // Yale Law Journal. 1967. Vol. 76. P. 941.]. ,     ,     ,        .  ,      ,  ,      -[7 -  .., ..    . ., 1999.].  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,          :              ,      ໠    ,       ,  ,    ,           ,      [8 - Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 416.].

 ,     ,    ,         ,         ,       [9 -  ., ʸ . . . . 106.].       ,     ,      ,           ,        [10 - Mitchell C. Interpretation of Contracts (Current Controversies in Law). L.; N.Y., 2007. P. 5.].

 ,  , ,    ,         ,       ,      .     ,   ,     ,    ,    ,            .



,      [11 - Larenz K., Wolf M. Allgemeiner Teil des B?rgerlichen Rechts. 9, neubearb. und erweit. Auf. M?nchen, 2004. S. 391.] . K.Larenz   :           .     ,        ,         :    .


     ,     ,      ,         :       (     )       .

1.5.        .       ,       .

      ,    ,             ,                           [12 -      10  2014. 2504/14.].      . III       contra proferentem.

,    ,        ,     .              ,    ,   ,  .

  ,             ,       ,               .      ,    ,        ,     .  ,       ,      .    ,           .     ,                  .

1.6.         ?      ,   ,     ,                 .

   . A.Farnsworth,               ,           .   ,         ,          ,       .     ,    ,      ,     ,  [13 - Farnsworth A. Op. cit. P. 942.].      :      ,       ,        ,       .

1.7.         .              ,         ,        ,      ,  ,   ,    [14 - Burton S.J. Elements of Contract Interpretation. N.Y., 2009. P. 106.].

,  ,   ,    ,                 ,  ,       (,         .170  ).

 ,                ,             ,     [15 -  ,           .            ,      ,       (.: . IV  ).].          ,         .

1.8.       .            ,     ,           .   ,       ,      ,      .

        (patent)   (latent) .         (intrinsic)   (extrinsic) ,               [16 -           :  ,  ,    ,       ,        .  .: FarnsworthA. Op. cit. P. 952 f.].

      ,         ,        [17 - Burton S.J. Op. cit. P.13 f.].

,            ,     ,     ,   ,        ,  [18 - Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 416 f.].              ,       .



,       -                 .           ,           20%   [19 -     4  2009. -6659/09    50-12404/2007- 13.].

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     ,    ,  ,    (, )          .

         ,           .           ,        .



   ,        ,    Raffles v. Wichelhaus,         ,          Peerless ().   ,          .      ,             Peerless.        ,      ,        ,        [22 - Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 417.].


   Peerless ,               ,               .        ,                  .



         ,          ,   -  ,             ,       .                 .             ,         ,    ,      [23 -       11  2011. 176.].


             ,    ,       ,     .       ,         ,               .

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           ,       ,    - .

1.10.    .        ,          ,       .          ,  ,    ,   ,          .

     ,      ,          ,   .       ,         [24 - L?deritz A. Auslegung von Rechtsgesch?ften. K?ln, 1966. S. 8.].

,     ,       (., .),  ,       ()  (., -..),      ,   . A.L?deritz[25 - Ibid. S. 9f.].  ,           (- )       .

  ,  ,            ,          (Empf?ngerhorizont)     .      ,     ,     ,     ,   ,       ,   .      ,        .



,      ()   ()        1000 ,              . ,         ,     , ,    ,       ()[26 -  .,  .,  .    . . 1. ., 1949. . 340.].


 ,             ,    .

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1.11.     .            ,  ,          ..

               , ..     ,        .              .

           :              () ,        ,          ( )         .              .        ,     ,   ,      [27 -    / . ... , 1999.].

         ,          [28 -  ..     .: . . . . . ., 2008. . 4.].               [29 -  .].

        .,    .:                   .   ,         ,   ,            , ,  ,                  [30 -  .  : . ., 2004. . 14.].

       .      ,    ,  ,  ..    ,   ,     :     ,        ,    ,   ,      ,          ,                   ,   ,    ,     [31 -  .].

1.12.         .         ,  .,     : ,   ,   ,            .   :    ,       ,      .     ,     , ,     ( ),   .   ,   ,                ,        .          .

  .,  ,    ,      ,      ,   ,  ,     .         ,  ,     , .. ,     (   )    [32 -  .  : . . 14.].

   ,   -      ,    ,   ,    ,        , ..  , ,       ,    .            .         . II  .

1.13.    .       ,         ,     .   X.-.   :  ,    , ,   ,     ,    ,                   ,       .    ,     ,      ,      .    ,              [33 -  .-.   .   . ., 1988. . 446447.].

 ,             ,              ,                .

1.14.         .           ,      ,    .        ,                .   ,                ,     . IV  .

         ,      ,        .

                ,          .

             ,           ,             , ,  ,        ,      [34 - Burton S.J. Op. cit. P. 9f.].                 .

    :    ,      ,     ?           ?                .




2.     


2.1.      ,       ?                 ,        ,    , ..       .

          ,    ,        .           ,   ,   .          ,      : ,   ,       ,          .

      ,       . -,         ,    (     ),     ,     ? -,     ,           ?

          ,         .431  .    ,    ,       ,            .

2.2.          .     . A.L?deritz?,       [35 - L?deritz A. Op. cit. S. 65.].              . ,    ,      ,    ()    (um in verbis nulla ambiguitas est, non debet admitti voluntatis quaestio)[36 -   :  /  . ..  ... ., 2004. C. 26 ( . I  ..).].            .

                    .    ,             .    ,             .

2.3.        .         ,       ,          .

          (golden rule),             ,  ,     ,   ,   [37 - Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 202.].

                  ,   ,     [38 - Mitchell C. Op. cit. P. 99.].



 1835.               ,              .              (                  ).         , ,   ,  ,   ,        , ..     (the City of London),     ,     [39 - Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law: Ius Commune Casebooks for the Common Law of Europe. Oxford, 2010. P. 678.].


       , ,   ,  ,        . ,          ,      ,      ,      ,        .

         (plain meaning rule)[40 -     plain meaning rule     golden rule.].           ,          ,   ,  ,        (extrinsic evidences).    ,         ,         [41 - Burton S.J. Op. cit. P.105.].

  . R. Zimmerman,         [42 - Zimmerman R. The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. N.Y., 1996. P. 620.].    ,       ,          ( . literal, ).       ,             :       ,     ,      ,     - [43 - Burton S.J. Op. cit. P. 123.].

             (contextual meaning),      (  )      .            :         (Restatement Second of the Law of the Contracts);        1997.   Investors Compensation Scheme ( . . II  ).

2.4.        .                ,    ()   ( .  . II  ),            .

 .1156         ,      ,       .    133        ,     .

        ,      .      ,     (Cour de Cassation)        (clauses claires et prcises),     ,          ,     ,           .1156  .

        ,     ,         ,      [44 -  ., ʸ . . . . 110.].         ,            ,      ,       .



 ,    , :  ()   ()     ,    ,                   .    ,           .        ,          ,                    ,      .    ,   ,         ,               .   ,    ,         ,            ,        .


 ,         (dnaturations)     ,        ,    .  ,  ,                   juges du fond  ,             [45 - Vogenauer S. Interpretation of Contracts: Concluding Comparative Observations (http://ssrn.com/abstract=984074 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=984074))] (      . 3 . III  ).

            ,             ,          .   ,     ,              ,   ,            . ,     ,           ,       ,      .

      ,            ,          [46 - Grigoleit H.C., Canaris C.-W. Interpretation of Contracts. 2010. P. 11 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1537169 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1537169)).].           , ,   . S.Vogenauer,       ,     [47 - Vogenauer S. Op. cit. P. 9.].                     ,     .

2.5.     .              ,   .

      (Eindeutigkeitsregel),        ,                 .                    ,  ,         [48 - L?deritz A. Op. cit. S. 66.].

              .        ,        ,            




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/a-k-bayramkulov/tolkovanie-dogovora-v-rossiyskom-i-zarubezhnom-prave/)  .

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notes








1


 .. Contra roferentem     //     . 2013;  .            (..  - :  . . . ., 2008).




2


 ., ʸ .        :  2. . 2. .  . . ., 1998. . 106.




3


 ..       //   . 1997. 2. . 39.




4


Lewison K. The Interpretation of Contracts. L., 2011. P. 419.




5


 ..   . ., 2001. . 209.




6


 ..   . ., 2001. . 24; Farnsworth A. Meaning in the Law of Contracts // Yale Law Journal. 1967. Vol. 76. P. 941.




7


 .., ..    . ., 1999.




8


Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 416.




9


 ., ʸ . . . . 106.




10


Mitchell C. Interpretation of Contracts (Current Controversies in Law). L.; N.Y., 2007. P. 5.




11


Larenz K., Wolf M. Allgemeiner Teil des B?rgerlichen Rechts. 9, neubearb. und erweit. Auf. M?nchen, 2004. S. 391.




12


     10  2014. 2504/14.




13


Farnsworth A. Op. cit. P. 942.




14


Burton S.J. Elements of Contract Interpretation. N.Y., 2009. P. 106.




15


 ,           .            ,      ,       (.: . IV  ).




16


          :  ,  ,    ,       ,        .  .: FarnsworthA. Op. cit. P. 952 f.




17


Burton S.J. Op. cit. P.13 f.




18


Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 416 f.




19


    4  2009. -6659/09    50-12404/2007- 13.




20


      24  2010. 09-1924/2010-    40-92252/09-135-695.




21


  -   1  2009.    69-1184/2009.




22


Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 417.




23


      11  2011. 176.




24


L?deritz A. Auslegung von Rechtsgesch?ften. K?ln, 1966. S. 8.




25


Ibid. S. 9f.




26


 .,  .,  .    . . 1. ., 1949. . 340.




27


   / . ... , 1999.




28


 ..     .: . . . . . ., 2008. . 4.




29


 .




30


 .  : . ., 2004. . 14.




31


 .




32


 .  : . . 14.




33


 .-.   .   . ., 1988. . 446447.




34


Burton S.J. Op. cit. P. 9f.




35


L?deritz A. Op. cit. S. 65.




36


  :  /  . ..  ... ., 2004. C. 26 ( . I  ..).




37


Lewison K. Op. cit. P. 202.




38


Mitchell C. Op. cit. P. 99.




39


Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law: Ius Commune Casebooks for the Common Law of Europe. Oxford, 2010. P. 678.




40


    plain meaning rule     golden rule.




41


Burton S.J. Op. cit. P.105.




42


Zimmerman R. The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. N.Y., 1996. P. 620.




43


Burton S.J. Op. cit. P. 123.




44


 ., ʸ . . . . 110.




45


Vogenauer S. Interpretation of Contracts: Concluding Comparative Observations (http://ssrn.com/abstract=984074 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=984074))




46


Grigoleit H.C., Canaris C.-W. Interpretation of Contracts. 2010. P. 11 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1537169 (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1537169)).




47


Vogenauer S. Op. cit. P. 9.




48


L?deritz A. Op. cit. S. 66.


