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   Google, Snapchat, Tinder, Amazon  Uber?  蠖 ,  -,   10      .    ,     ,  ,       ,      .   :   Facebook  25%    ,  Google   40% -.       .    ,      ,                  .





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  2011   Nokia  . -               .          .

 2007- Apple  iPhone,   2008- Google    Android    .        ,        . Nokia         .    Symbian ,       ,     , MeeGo,          .

       .     Nokia   ,        .    1980-   1990-    ,         50    :         .      XXI    ,  Nokia      .

  2010      Microsoft,  ,    .         .

       :   Nokia     ?            ?   2011   Nokia    ,          .     ,     Symbian, ,  MeeGo    ,  Symbian        .  ,    Apple  iOS,    ;     Windows Phone  Android.

  ,   ,      ,  ,     . 4 2011      ,      [1 -                  .Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elops Burning Platform Memo, Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2011, http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/02/09/full-text-nokia-ceo-stephen-elops-burning-platform-memo/ (http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/02/09/full-text-nokia-ceo-stephen-elops-burning-platform-memo/).].        .   Nokia   ,     :

  ;    ,   .         .           . ,    ,  ,  .          .        .     ,    Nokia,   .            ,   ,  .

     ,    .  iPhone   2007-,        ,       . Android     ,              . MeeGo     Nokia   ,    2011-          MeeGo,  .     Symbian,    ,              .    ,  Android  iPhone    ,        .

     .            Nokia,      .   ,            . Nokia    ,  .    :      ,   .

        .                  (device-to-device).         .

   ,      ,      Financial Times     :       ,     ,    .        ,        [2 - Andrew Hill, Inside Nokia: Rebuilt from Within, Financial Times, April 13, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9ec857b6-65f7-11e09d40-00144feab49a.html#axzz3wUbbzzoW (http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9ec857b6-65f7-11e0%E2%80%939d40-00144feab49a.html#axzz3wUbbzzoW).].

Nokia        . ,     ,         ,   .    . Apple  Android  ,    :       ,   ,    .          ,         Nokia    .  ,           .   ,     .

     , 11  2011 ,  ,  Nokia    Windows Phone.      Google    Android,     Nokia      ,     Android.

 ,     .         Nokia,  Windows Phone.

3  2013        ,  Nokia       Microsoft  $7,2[3 - Ritsuko Ando and Bill Rigby, Microsoft Swallows Nokias Phone Business for $7.2 Billion, Reuters, September 3, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-nokia-idUSBRE98202V20130903 (http://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-nokia-idUSBRE98202V20130903).].       Nokia:          .  Nokia        .

  2014-   Nokia   $30䠖       $200.   ,  Nokia   . ,      ,    .




 


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 ,  Nokia   ,  -    .     ,            ,  젖  .          S&P 500    .     . ,      ,        .       ,     .   ,   .     ,     .

        .      ?   ,     ?     . : Nokia        ,           .         .      堖         ,     Nokia.      ,   ,  ,  .

  2000-,    ,       .       ,          .     ,        .

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   堖 -,              .           ,        ,            .  ,        ,   ,   .      . ,   eBay       iOS  Android       .    Uber     ,  Airbnb     .           -  ,        - .

 -         . , Google (  Alphabet Inc.)  Apple,           2016 , .   Apple     ,    .      iOS, iTunes  App Store,        .     ,     Apple   Nokia     .

 ,   Google ,  ,      .    Google  ,    Google Search  Android. Android   ,   Google    ()      ,  ,   .     ,   Google          .       ,    ,      - 頖      Google,  Nest (         ,       ).   ,     - Uber.     Google     -   ,     Amazon.

    ,         堖       .  ,                .

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     ,      .    ,    .   2000-  Apple,  Google   -,  Nokia .

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 Nokia     ,      .  BlackBerry,     Research In Motion (RIM,    ),    .

        ,  RIM   ,      ,     ,   .  ,        ,   :   2009   Fortune  RIM     [4 - Donald Melanson, Fortune Names RIM Fastest Growing Company in the World, Engadget, August 18, 2019, http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/18/fortune-names-rim-fastest-growing-company-in-the-world/ (http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/18/fortune-names-rim-fastest-growing-company-in-the-world/).],         .    ,             .       .    ,  ,  ,   ,        .   RIM  ,    2013-  .

     RIM?   2000-   , BlackBerry,      .          .  RIM,    Nokia,     .                ,      . ,  ,   QWERTY    ,     RIM, iPhone  Android         [5 - Charles Arthur, RIM Chiefs Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillies Best Quotes, Guardian (UK), June 29, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jun/29/rim-chiefs-best-quotes (http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jun/29/rim-chiefs-best-quotes).].

        BlackBerry.        .    .       .    .  ,       iPhone  BlackBerry  ,  Android  .

,       BlackBerry.    ,    : RIM     ,     .   BlackBerry  ,        .   ,              .




    


    RIM  ,  BlackBerry  1999-.     ,       [6 - Al Sacco, RIMs CEO: What Went Wrong and Where BlackBerry Goes from Here, InfoWorld, July 10, 2012, http://www.infoworld.com/article/2617392/blackberry/rim-s-ceo-what-went-wrong-and-where-blackberry-goes-from-here.html (http://www.infoworld.com/article/2617392/blackberry/rim-s-ceo-what-went-wrong-and-where-blackberry-goes-from-here.html).].         ,   ,             .      BlackBerry Messenger.

     BlackBerry          ,     QWERTY.        BlackBerry, ,    . , -,         .          (Crackberry     BlackBerry);    .

, RIM    .   2006   40%   BlackBerry.

 9  2007  Apple  iPhone.

  ,      Apple,  RIM      ;     : iPhone     BlackBerry.     ,   .    BlackBerry  iPhone  .     .   . ,   ,       .

      .            . ,      ,  [7 - Jesse Hicks, Research, No Motion: How the BlackBerry CEOs Lost an Empire, The Verge, February 21, 2012, http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2789676/rim-blackberry-mike-lazaridis-jim-balsillie-lost-empire (http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2789676/rim-blackberry-mike-lazaridis-jim-balsillie-lost-empire).].

 RIM   ,          .  ,   ,  iPhone      BlackBerry    堖    ,      .   ,  BlackBerry     ,              ,        .

 RIM,  iPhone  ,     ,  .    RIM        -,          ,    .   ,          ,   2011-   New York Times,       ,       [8 - Ian Austen, Research In Motion Eyes a Rebound, New York Times, April 10, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/technology/companies/11rim.html?_r=0 (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/technology/companies/11rim.html?_r=0).].

        RIM  . iPhone     .     BlackBerry     iPhone.  ,        BYOD (bring your own device,   ),        . ,        iPhone.

    RIM    .   iPhone      . 5 2007  Google  Android,     .    ,     Google, Android   -       [250 - Andy Rubin, Wheres My Gphone? November 5, 2007, https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html (https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html).].       ,   (       Apple ),    Android     .      Google  Open Handset Alliance (OHA)   Android    ,           ,  Motorola, Samsung, HTC,     ,    Sprint, Nextel  T-Mobile. Google  Android  OHA      ,                .    Google  .

 Google      .      RIM,       .       Apple:       .  Google       ,     ,          .

 ,   Android  ,   BlackBerry    .        -  IT-  ,                 iPhone.   Google     Apple,  App Store,     ,    ,   .          ,        RIM,     :       -.            ,      Staples,          .

RIM,   Nokia,    .       ,         .                 ,     . - Google RIM       .      , ,   ,      .

     RIM  .         2008-.     RIM        .   BlackBerry Bold          .      ,  .   2008    iPhone    BlackBerry: 6,9   6,1 [9 - Jim Dalrymple, Apple Reaches iPhone Goal, Reports $1.14B Profit, Macworld, October 22, 2008, http://www.macworld.com/article/1136282/appleearnings.html (http://www.macworld.com/article/1136282/appleearnings.html).].     . Apple .   iPhone           ,   ,        .      ,     :    ,  RIM[10 - Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results, press release, October 21, 2008, https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/21Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html (https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/21Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html).].      RIM        .      iPhone RIM  23 ,  Apple 13[11 - Matt Hartley, With New BlackBerry, RIM Ramps Up Smart-phone War, Globe and Mail, March 31, 2009, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/with-new-blackberry-rim-ramps-up-smart-phone-war/article1065647/ (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/with-new-blackberry-rim-ramps-up-smart-phone-war/article1065647/).].         .     ,  iPhone 3G ,   ,   App Store 10  2008 .

   App Store   iPhone.   App Store        .        ,   iPod  iTunes  Apple   ,          iPhone. AT&T    iPhone,          Apple,       iPhone.       ,   Apple,   AT&T    iPhone  ,     App Store.          ,       . App Store         .  , Apple  30%     App Store    ,      .          iPhone,      .

App Store       Apple:        10 [12 - iPhone App Store Downloads Top 10 Million in First Weekend, press release, July 14, 2008, http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhone-App-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-First-Weekend.html (http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhone-App-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-First-Weekend.html).]. RIM ,  ,     ,   Apple         .   App Store       Apple     ,    ,       .

iPhone   . ,      ,         .      : iPhone        ,      ,  - .

  2008   App Store   500 .    15 000    ,       [13 - Zach Spear, App Store Daily Download Rates Now Double December Volumes, Apple Insider, January 16, 2009, http://appleinsider.com/articles/09/01/16/app_store_daily_download_rates_now_double_december_volumes.html (http://appleinsider.com/articles/09/01/16/app_store_daily_download_rates_now_double_december_volumes.html).].   2015-  App Store  1,5 ,    100 .

    ,   2009  Google   App Store Android Market.      Google Play Store.      :  2015-     1,8 ,  50 [14 -  App Store  Google Play    http://www.statista.com (http://www.statista.com/).].

      2008  RIM  BlackBerry Storm.        BlackBerry     iPhone.     .     Storm   SurePress,          ,     ,         .   Storm       .

  2009- RIM   BlackBerry App World (   BlackBerry World).     ,          .    ,     BlackBerry    .  ,    BlackBerry   .

 BlackBerry         .  2009-           Applico      BlackBerry.         ,         ,         .            ,         iOS and Android,           .

    Applico    RIM. BlackBerry     ,    RIM  Apple  Google      .       :    BlackBerry        ,   .




-   


  2010    Web 2.0     RIM,  , ,        ,   .

,   iPhone  iPad   300 000 .   ,      ,  .     .     SDK[15 -   . . .].    -    BlackBerry  ,    ,  [16 - Erick Shonfeld, RIM CEO Jim Balsillie To Steve Jobs: You Dont Need An App For The Web, Techcrunch, November 16, 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2010/11/16/rim-ceo-balsillie-jobsapp-web/ (http://techcrunch.com/2010/11/16/rim-ceo-balsillie-jobsapp-web/).].    ,       :             .     Apple  2007-,     iPhone,       -,           iPhone.     ,          [17 - John Gruber, WWDC 2007 Keynote News, June 11, 2007, http://daringfireball.net/2007/06/wwdc_2007_keynote (http://daringfireball.net/2007/06/wwdc_2007_keynote).].     :   SDK  iPhone  App Store. , ,       -,        .

  2011   BlackBerry World   25 000     200 000  Android Market  450 000  App Store.   ,     iPhone  Android  BlackBerry      ,      : ,     .     .

 RIM       .   2011-       ,        RIM.         QNX,     Apple  Google;       .

      RIM:  BlackBerry    ,     SDK    ,  ,    Ford Explorer  1990-.  ,  :        , , [18 - Jonathan S. Geller, Open Letter to BlackBerry Bosses: Senior RIM Exec Tells All as Company Crumbles Around Him, June 30, 2011, http://bgr.com/2011/06/30/open-letter-to-blackberry-bosses-senior-rim-exec-tells-all-as-company-crumbles-around-him/ (http://bgr.com/2011/06/30/open-letter-to-blackberry-bosses-senior-rim-exec-tells-all-as-company-crumbles-around-him/).].  Apple  Google   .   RIM,    Nokia, .          :    ,     .

       Playbook  BlackBerry 10,     Research In Motion  BlackBerry,         15%,        75%.

        RIM  .         2010 ,     :             -  . ,             ,  iOS  Android, .  App Store   300 000 ,   RIM   [19 - Hicks, Research, No Motion.].  ,        . Apple  Google      젖  . RIM  Nokia    ,   .

Nokia  -   ,      ,   ,    Microsoft. RIM     ,     .  ,      ,        .        :  -      . ,    ,     RIM.




 :   


  Applico       BlackBerry,           iOS  Android.              .    ,  Applico    .           , Applico         .            ,     .   ⠖ ,    Fortune 100: Google, ABC, HP, Disney, DirecTV, Honeywell, Philips, Sony  Lockheed Martin,   ,  Google Ventures, Ray Kurzweil     .             ,      Glamsquad  Auctionata  ,      .          .      .           ,    ,       .           -.

      ,   .       ,     ,     ,   .

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  .    Netscape,     ,     Wall Street Journal 20  2011 .    ,       -     :      ,     ,    蠖         .  ,        [20 - Marc Andreessen, Why Software is Eating the World, Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240531119034809 04576512250915629460 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460).].

  :            .          Π    ,        .         ,      .    ,      ,           .

           ,       .         ,    FedEx  Walmart.    ,       :    Apple, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google, Microsoft, Foursquare, Skype, Amazon, Flickr, Square  PayPal.       ,        .      .   ,     ,  .          젖       ,         .    ,      ,  ,   ,     . Apple            ,      .

         ,    .           .       -  Comcast,      ,      .           -   .       .           .       ,    . ,   Facebook   25%    [21 - Danny Wong, In Q3, Facebook Drove 4X More Traffic than Pinterest, Shareaholic Reports, October 27, 2014, https://blog.shareaholic.com/social-media-traffic-trends-102014/ (https://blog.shareaholic.com/social-media-traffic-trends-10%E2%80%932014/).].   Google   .  16  2013         ,     40%    -[22 - Henry Blodget, Googles Crash Took 40% of Internet Traffic Down with It, Business Insider, August 18, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/google-goes-down-20138 (http://www.businessinsider.com/google-goes-down-2013%E2%80%938).].    蠖   ,    .          .  2015             ,    25      20[23 - Top Sites in the United States, Alexa.com, http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US (http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US).].

      堖    .            ,   .         .          ,      ,        .    .       (,    ),  ,           ,  Tencent ( WeChat   QQ)  Baidu (  Google).

     :        .           ,      .   2014   Alibaba   - ;   80%        Taobao  Tmall[24 - Brenda Goh, Chinese Rivals Snap at Alibabas Heels in Cross-Border e-Commerce Race, Reuters, February 25, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-retail-internet-idUSKBN0LT2FK20150226 (http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-retail-internet-idUSKBN0LT2FK20150226).].   Alipay      . Alipay         Yue Bao,   2015-            $94[25 - Cecilia, YuE Bao Exceeded 578.9 Bln Yuan in 2014, China Internet Watch, January 7, 2015, http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/11837/yue-baos-2014/ (http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/11837/yue-baos-2014/).].

,          ,          .       ? ,        Google. ,     ?   ,   Facebook    . ,     ?       App Store (    ).    ?  ,    eBay  Amazon.  ,   ?    Etsy.      ,     Taobao  Tmall,  Alibaba,      Alipay  Tenpay  Tencent.      .       .        .      .      - .    ,      .   ,    蠖  ,     .    ,            ,     ,    .




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 ,     Pets.com (http://pets.com/),        .       USA Today         .  Pets.com     -,    .  (   $1,2)         .         ,  (Good Morning America)   ABC,              (Live! with Regis & Kathie Lee).               ,   Macys.

Pets.com   1998-:          .         -:  ,     -. Pets.com         , 9  2009 .       $82,5,    (IPETs)  NASDAQ   $11.

    ,  Pets.com  :  -   . Pets.com,            , :       .      .   ,           ,   1994-        [27 - W.Brian Arthur, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).].  ,      ,     .

   Pets.com      .  ,     -          ,    . Pets.com         ⠖       .    ,    ,     ,               .         .            .     ,    .

6  2000  Pets.com   堖      ,    .   $300      .           $11   $0,19.           [28 - David Goldman, 10 Big Dot-Com Flops, CNN Money, November 6, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2015/03/02/dot-com-flops/index.html (http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2015/03/02/dot-com-flops/index.html).].

 Pets.com,  ,         ,  -  ,   .        1995          .     Auction Web -,       ,            .     ,    .

,    .      .  .   .  1996-  Auction Web  250 000 .     1997 ࠖ 2.        1200%:  $350 000  $4,3.       eBay[29 - Adam Cohen, The Perfect Store: Inside eBay (New York: Little, Brown, 2002).].

             .   1998-       .  , 21 ,      .     $18,        $53,5.       .




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   Pets.com    -.     .     ,      -      .     ,   -,         ,      .

 ,     ,      .   Pets.com,     -     .              .      -    ,  eBay     .           $66.        .    .    - .

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       ,     .         ,       .      .         ,  ࠖ .         ,         (. .1.1).        .








     ,   . , Lenovo,     . Lenovo     .                .           .        ,         ,      .       ,  Walmart, Best Buy  Target.

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    -   .     :  Oracle  JP Morgan  Jiffy Lube.    ,     .         . -,       (,   ). -,    ,     ,        (      蠖        ).

 XX       :     .           ,             .     ,      ,         .

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notes








1


                 .

Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elops Burning Platform Memo, Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2011, http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/02/09/full-text-nokia-ceo-stephen-elops-burning-platform-memo/ (http://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/02/09/full-text-nokia-ceo-stephen-elops-burning-platform-memo/).




2


Andrew Hill, Inside Nokia: Rebuilt from Within, Financial Times, April 13, 2011, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9ec857b6-65f7-11e09d40-00144feab49a.html#axzz3wUbbzzoW (http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9ec857b6-65f7-11e0%E2%80%939d40-00144feab49a.html#axzz3wUbbzzoW).




3


Ritsuko Ando and Bill Rigby, Microsoft Swallows Nokias Phone Business for $7.2 Billion, Reuters, September 3, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-nokia-idUSBRE98202V20130903 (http://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-nokia-idUSBRE98202V20130903).




4


Donald Melanson, Fortune Names RIM Fastest Growing Company in the World, Engadget, August 18, 2019, http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/18/fortune-names-rim-fastest-growing-company-in-the-world/ (http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/18/fortune-names-rim-fastest-growing-company-in-the-world/).




5


Charles Arthur, RIM Chiefs Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillies Best Quotes, Guardian (UK), June 29, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jun/29/rim-chiefs-best-quotes (http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jun/29/rim-chiefs-best-quotes).




6


Al Sacco, RIMs CEO: What Went Wrong and Where BlackBerry Goes from Here, InfoWorld, July 10, 2012, http://www.infoworld.com/article/2617392/blackberry/rim-s-ceo-what-went-wrong-and-where-blackberry-goes-from-here.html (http://www.infoworld.com/article/2617392/blackberry/rim-s-ceo-what-went-wrong-and-where-blackberry-goes-from-here.html).




7


Jesse Hicks, Research, No Motion: How the BlackBerry CEOs Lost an Empire, The Verge, February 21, 2012, http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2789676/rim-blackberry-mike-lazaridis-jim-balsillie-lost-empire (http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2789676/rim-blackberry-mike-lazaridis-jim-balsillie-lost-empire).




8


Ian Austen, Research In Motion Eyes a Rebound, New York Times, April 10, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/technology/companies/11rim.html?_r=0 (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/technology/companies/11rim.html?_r=0).




9


Jim Dalrymple, Apple Reaches iPhone Goal, Reports $1.14B Profit, Macworld, October 22, 2008, http://www.macworld.com/article/1136282/appleearnings.html (http://www.macworld.com/article/1136282/appleearnings.html).




10


Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results, press release, October 21, 2008, https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/21Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html (https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/21Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html).




11


Matt Hartley, With New BlackBerry, RIM Ramps Up Smart-phone War, Globe and Mail, March 31, 2009, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/with-new-blackberry-rim-ramps-up-smart-phone-war/article1065647/ (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/with-new-blackberry-rim-ramps-up-smart-phone-war/article1065647/).




12


iPhone App Store Downloads Top 10 Million in First Weekend, press release, July 14, 2008, http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhone-App-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-First-Weekend.html (http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14iPhone-App-Store-Downloads-Top-10-Million-in-First-Weekend.html).




13


Zach Spear, App Store Daily Download Rates Now Double December Volumes, Apple Insider, January 16, 2009, http://appleinsider.com/articles/09/01/16/app_store_daily_download_rates_now_double_december_volumes.html (http://appleinsider.com/articles/09/01/16/app_store_daily_download_rates_now_double_december_volumes.html).




14


 App Store  Google Play    http://www.statista.com (http://www.statista.com/).




15


  . . .




16


Erick Shonfeld, RIM CEO Jim Balsillie To Steve Jobs: You Dont Need An App For The Web, Techcrunch, November 16, 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2010/11/16/rim-ceo-balsillie-jobsapp-web/ (http://techcrunch.com/2010/11/16/rim-ceo-balsillie-jobsapp-web/).




17


John Gruber, WWDC 2007 Keynote News, June 11, 2007, http://daringfireball.net/2007/06/wwdc_2007_keynote (http://daringfireball.net/2007/06/wwdc_2007_keynote).




18


Jonathan S. Geller, Open Letter to BlackBerry Bosses: Senior RIM Exec Tells All as Company Crumbles Around Him, June 30, 2011, http://bgr.com/2011/06/30/open-letter-to-blackberry-bosses-senior-rim-exec-tells-all-as-company-crumbles-around-him/ (http://bgr.com/2011/06/30/open-letter-to-blackberry-bosses-senior-rim-exec-tells-all-as-company-crumbles-around-him/).




19


Hicks, Research, No Motion.




20


Marc Andreessen, Why Software is Eating the World, Wall Street Journal, August 20, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240531119034809 04576512250915629460 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460).




21


Danny Wong, In Q3, Facebook Drove 4X More Traffic than Pinterest, Shareaholic Reports, October 27, 2014, https://blog.shareaholic.com/social-media-traffic-trends-102014/ (https://blog.shareaholic.com/social-media-traffic-trends-10%E2%80%932014/).




22


Henry Blodget, Googles Crash Took 40% of Internet Traffic Down with It, Business Insider, August 18, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/google-goes-down-20138 (http://www.businessinsider.com/google-goes-down-2013%E2%80%938).




23


Top Sites in the United States, Alexa.com, http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US (http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US).




24


Brenda Goh, Chinese Rivals Snap at Alibabas Heels in Cross-Border e-Commerce Race, Reuters, February 25, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-retail-internet-idUSKBN0LT2FK20150226 (http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-retail-internet-idUSKBN0LT2FK20150226).




25


Cecilia, YuE Bao Exceeded 578.9 Bln Yuan in 2014, China Internet Watch, January 7, 2015, http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/11837/yue-baos-2014/ (http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/11837/yue-baos-2014/).




26


IPO   .




27


W.Brian Arthur, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).




28


David Goldman, 10 Big Dot-Com Flops, CNN Money, November 6, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2015/03/02/dot-com-flops/index.html (http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/2015/03/02/dot-com-flops/index.html).




29


Adam Cohen, The Perfect Store: Inside eBay (New York: Little, Brown, 2002).




250


Andy Rubin, Wheres My Gphone? November 5, 2007, https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html (https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html).


