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 [1 - W.Wilson, The Reconstruction of the Southern States, Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, vol. lxxxvii, .115.]

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...    .  . [2 - J.M.Keynes, Mr Churchill on the Peace, New Republic, 27 March 1929.]



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   1915    ,    ,      ,        .      ,       ,        . ,  ,    .    ,              .   ,      ,   .   ,     .       ,       ,      [3 - The Times, 27 December 1915, issue 41047, . 3.].                   -. 5 1916 ,         ,       .    .       -    [4 - Reichstag, Stenographischer Bericht, vol. 307, 850 ff, 5 April 1916, . 852.].     .  1918          :  ,     .     .   1920-         .    ,      ,        ,  ,     .

      , ,  ,    ,    ,        : , , , , ,    .           ,     .                 .   ,    ,         .

 1928/29 ,       ,    ,      ,     ,     ,  .    , 1929  ,        ,   ,    ,     軠             .  ,       ,    ,     .   1945       ,           ,   1929     [5 - W.S.Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, MA, 1948), . vii.].        ,     . ,         .          :    ,         1925  (    ),    ,       1921/22 .  ,   ,    -,                .     ,          1919 .    ,    .        ,  . ,  ,                 ,                ,   ,       ,     [6 - W.S.Churchill, The Aftermath (London, 1929), . 459.].

,        ,      ,     .  1928   ,     ,   ,       ,         , Mein Kampf.             1924 .      1928 ,      ,  ,       .         (Zweites Buch)[7 - G.L.Weinberg (ed.), Hitlers Second Book (New York, 2006).].  ,   ,     ,    :  ,      ,  ,   1929 ,  ,     ,         1924 [8 - .  ,  : http: // www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/.]. ,      ,     .      ,    . ,       ,   ,      .      ,          1920-    .

      ,   .   ,         .  ,          , - ,   ,  -,   ,        .   ,   1919       ,       .  XIX           ,     . ,   ,    ,       .        [9 -    C.Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles 19231939 (Berlin, 1940).].          ,     ,  - .  1919           ,   -,      ,             .    ,    ,      .   19141919  , , ,        ,          ,    .  1900           .       ,            ,       . ,  ,      Weltpolitik.       , ,     ,           .      ,    ,     .       ,   ,     .   ,       ,     ,       .     ,         [10 -      : D.Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton, NJ, 2000),     H.-G.Gadamer,   ,  Karl-Jaspers-Preis Laudatio f?r Jeanne Hersch, Heidelberger Jahrb?cher 37 (1993), .151158.         ,         .].

 ,           ,  ,   .   ,     , , ,   ,      XVII .     ,  ,   ,      ?        [11 -           : M.Hardt and A.Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001); .  .,  (, 2004)  C.S.Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA, 2006).].   1920-   ,             ,        -       [12 - L.Trotsky, Is the Slogan The United States of Europe a Timely One? http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/ffyci-2/25b.htm; ..       // . 1923. 30 .].      ,    .  1928   ,               ,               [13 - A.Hitler, Zweites Buch (), .127128.].   -          ,      .   ,  1920-            ,      ,      .     ,    ,            .

            .       ,        .   XX           ,      .           ,      .        .       ,             ,      .       : ,    .             1920- .       ,     ,      .         ,        1945 [14 -      ,      ,  : A. F. K. Organski and J.Kugler, The War Ledger (Chicago, IL, 1980).].    1930-  1940-    , ,      ,  .               ,  , ,          .       .   ,     .      .     ,                   ,          .    ,     ,   ,                      ,     19401942 ,          ,    .   - ,     ,          ,   ,       .      1930-   ,     ,    .          ,          .       ,   ,       [15 -   ,     ,      ,  W.Kim  J.D.Morrow, When Do Power Shifts Lead to War?, American Journal of Political Science 36, no. 4 (November 1992), .896922.].            1916  1931 ,        .


I

       ,         ?  ,      :  ,  ,    ,   .

          ,     ,   ,       ,   ,      [16 -   ,      , .: H.Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003).].      ,                    .     ,         .    ,   ,   ,     (minponshugi),   ,    ,   [17 - F.R.Dickinson, World WarI and the Triumph of a New Japan, 19191930 (Cambridge,2013) . 87.]. ,         - ,    ,    .      ,        .        ,           . ,         .   ,           , ,  ,      .   ,   ,  ,   ,              [18 - L.Trotsky, Perspectives of World Development, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; ..      . . 28  1924. // . 1924. 5 (176).]           ,    ,    ,          -,               .         ,     ,   [19 - L.Trotsky, Disarmament and the United States of Europe, 4 October 1929; ..     //  ((-). 1929. 4 (6), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/FI/BO/BO-06.shtml.].

              .     XVII                .                 .   ,         .  ,  1917        .           .          ,   .             .   1920- ,   ,      .

        ,     .   -     ?     ?        ?           ?     ,            -,    ?      .            ,      .  ,  (      1920- ) -     ,      ,  ,    ?[20 - F.Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison dtat and its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (New Haven, CT, 1957), . 432.]

       .                   (Jus Publicum Europaeum),                [21 - C.Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York, 2006); .,      Jus Publicum. Europaeum (-, 2008).].       ,         XVIII  XIX .    ,        1916   -.       [22 -      .: P.W.Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 17631848 (Oxford, 1994).].      .        .    ,        .    1919     ,        ,  ,   ,    ,       ,         养[23 - S.Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolinis Italy (Berkeley CA, 1997) . 163.]      ancien rgime ( ),    .              ,       XVII      XVIII .           ,       .

      ,               .    ,          ,  ,          ,    ,       ,    ,    .  1945              ,    .   ,   ,           .       19181919 ,    ,   .          ,   ,   1919        ,   1945 [24 - A.J.Mayer, Wilson vs Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 19171918 (New York, 1964); N.Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (Oxford, 1968).].   1918        ,   .     1919     1989     ,    1945 .                   ,       ,        .

 1918        , ,   ,              .                : 1915   ,    1916 ,     1917 ,      1918 .                 .          .         1914     1918   .      :         .   1916     - ,        ,      ,          .     .        1918 ,     .            ,      .     ,    ,  .             .   ,    ,  .   1921 ,  3-   ,         ,     ,      .         , ,    ,   [25 - L.Trotsky, Perspectives on World Development, http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; ..      . . 28  1924. // . 1924. 5 (176), http: // web. mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter2.html.].     ,   ,   ,     .       10:10:6:3:3.     ,   ,     ,    .     ,      , , .           .   ,   ,     .          . ,         :   ,      ,    .     ,  ,   ,   ,   [26 - L.Trotsky, Europe and America, February 1924; ..    ( 15  1926.), http: //web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter3.html.].

     ,      ,    1921     ,             .  , ,   .  ,     ,         .         -    .           .   ,   ,      .    ,       .     ,         .             .  1872 ,  ,   , ,      ,       3040 .  50     .       ,   ,  ,    1872 . ,     (68),   ( 89),          320 [27 - Ibid;  .].    .     ,    1921 ,     ,        4,5 ,     3,5 ,    1,8 .     ,        ...     10        ,   .             .






.1.     (  ,   1990.)



              XIX ,    ,         (.1)[28 - ., , ,      (Angus Maddison),  http: // www.theworldeconomy.org/.].   XIX        .  1916 ,        ,         .       XXI          .

  ,    ,  XIX  XX        [29 -    P.Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London, 1987).].    ,    ,            .   ,      ,      ,     ,   - .     :         ,  -  .

      ,   ,       ,     ,        [30 - J.Darwin, Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 18301970 (Cambridge, 2009).].          ,        XIX .   -   ,    -                 [31 - D.Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain (Princeton, NJ, 2009).].                 . ,      ,       .       ,    XIX       .                 .      XVIII              .  1861 ,     ,          .      ,   ,   ,    ,  ,         .    50  ,  1914 ,      ,       .         ,  ,  28-      -,          .              [32 - E.J.Eisenach, The Lost Promise of Progressivism (Lawrence, KS, 1994), .4852.].   ,    ,   .         .            .   ,       ,     ,    .  1865  1914 ,    ,       ,           .        ,           .         ,   1908     һ    .      ,   .    .    ,           .

           .      .   ,     ,        ,    ,        ,      ,     ,       ,   ,   .       XIX ,          ,    1870-      . ,  1898      ,      - .            ,         .         XX  .              - .     ,             ,   ,      , .    .       ,     .       ,       .   ,                [33 -           ,       (John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, The Imperialism of Free Trade, The Economic History Review, second series, VI, no. 1 (1953), .115.].

       1899  1902    ,              .             ,    :       [34 - W.A.Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1959).].   ,    .        .        .         .  ,            .             .              .     ,   .       ,     ,       ,           ,      , , , ,   ,          .

        ,         .            ,   .      ,         .  ,       .   ,    ,   ,        ,         [35 - ,    : V. de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: Americas Advance Through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2005).].  , , ,      ,              .       ,    1916        ,      ,        ,   ,       .    -          ,    ,        ,   ,       .      ,            1917 ,          .    , ,        1917    ,            ,            1930- .          .     ,     ,          ,         ?


II

          [36 -        : E.Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes (London, 1994); .  :    (19141991). ., 2004.].    ,       ,     ,             .   1930- ,     .       ,    ,   [37 -      R.S.Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1922).].         ,   .    ,  ,    ,         .                ,       [38 -    , , : T.A.Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York, 1944), .154155.].         ,     .     ,                ,      [39 -         ,     ,             . .: T.Veblen, Editorial from The Dial, 15 November 1919, in Veblen, Essays in Our Changing Order (New York, 1934), .459461.].    .  ,    ,     .          [40 -          : A.Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981); A.Mayer, Wilson versus Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 19171918 (New York, 2nd ed., 1964); A.Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking (New York, 1967); A.Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The Final Solution in History (New York, 1988).].       ,   ,        .        .   ,                 . ,            19171921       1940- .       ,   . ,     ,    [41 -     M.Mazower, Dark Continent: Europes Twentieth Century (London, 1998).].

           .             ,  -        ,    .  ,       -,    ,          [42 - J.L.Harper, American Visions of Europe (Cambridge, 1994).].       ,    .   ,   ,   -  , ,           .                  ,        ,       1945 [43 - D.E.Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).].    ,     ,    ,    ,      .       .              ,      ,     .     ,       ,    , ,   .         .   ,       .     ,       ,      .       ,     -,   1929   ,       .        ,       .   ,      ,      ,         .

       ,     ,      [44 -       : P.Kindleberger, The World in Depression: 19291939 (Berkeley, CA, 1973), R.Gilpin, The Theory of Hegemonic War, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (Spring 1988), .591613, and G.Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London, 1994).].       ,    ,            .      ,       ,   ,  ,          ,    .   ,     ,    1918    .  1945          ,   .  ,  1945           [45 - J.Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ, 2001).].      1918 ?       ?      1929 ? ,    ,       ,      .  ,     ,   ?      ?[46 - A.Kupchan, No Ones World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn (Oxford, 2012).]         .      ,              ,            .

     ,    ,   :         .          ,    .                 ,        .   ,     ,   ,      ,        XX [47 - C.Bright and M.Geyer, For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century, Radical History Review 39 (September 1987), .6991; M.Geyer and C.Bright, World History in a Global Age, in American Historical Review 100 (October 1995), .10341060, and M.Geyer and C.Bright, Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America: The Geopolitics of War in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 4 (October 1996), .619657.].               .      ,   ,       .             ancien rgime,  ,         ,              .  ,  XX       .          .               ,   XX     -  .        ,          1500-      ,   -  ,  ,      .            . ,     ,      ,   ,        .

           ,    ,         XIX .    ,     ,       XIX ,       [48 - J.Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902); . . , 1926.].       ,     .    , ,    ,   1914       [49 - .    : A. DAgostino, The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars (Cambridge, 2012).].          ,   ancien rgime,   ,      1900 .                 , ,    .  ,          .              .             .                XIX ,          ,  ,   ,  ,   ,    .               .        ,         .       ,                  ,   .             ,                             .  ,             ,      ,       ,  .   1916      ,   ,           .             ,  -         .   ,     ,                  .       .  ,     1923 ,       -      .    ,    ,          ,          ,  .

      1918        , ,   ,         [50 - N.Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003).].      ,  .    ,        .        .    .     ,       1918 ,            ,    ,    . ,  1918         .         ,       .               1945          1914 .     ,       ,     .   1920-      .            1945 .     ,                        .  1920     ,   ,       , ,     .       ,    .       ,       .               .

      ,    ,    ,         , ,            .       ,      ,         ,     ,    .                 .  ,  ,     ,             [51 - M.Nebelin, Ludendorff (Munich, 2010).].       ,       ,          .        ancien rgime.       ,            .      ,          -.      .            . ,    ,      .     ,      ,    .   ,         1918  -          ,   ,   ,       .      -          .     ,        .      ,  .            .             ,      [52 - D.Fromkin, The Peace to End all Peace (New York, 1989).].           ,    ,      ,    .        ,       .

                  ,             ,    ,     [53 -  ,   ,   : A.Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 19211931 (Cambridge, MA, 1965).].        raison dtat ( ).           .      ,    ,    ,               .  ,      ,       ,  ,      1928 ,     .  ,    ,         .     , ,          .        ,      ,     .  ,   ,    ,            ,      .    ,        ,     ,  ,  ,            .

       1920-        ,   ,      [54 - D.Gorman, The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s (Cambridge, 2012).].             ,   ,           ,   ,         ,          . ,      -  ,        .      .           ,    ,     ,    ,   .   ,       ,        ,    .  ,   1916  ,      ,    ,         .              ,        1890- ,      .              .           ,   1917     ,      .

     ,       .        1923  ,  ,         [55 -     ,    : M.Berg, Gustav Stresemann. Eine politische Karriere zwischen Reich und Republik (G?ttingen, 1992).]. ,     ,            .  ,       ,    ,          .  ,   , -,     ,       .         .      1917     -           .   ,          1917/18 .        ,         ,        , ,   ,  ,  ,    .   -            ,    ,      ,   .       -              ,           ,    .                     1918 .   ,            ,       1918    1923          .   1949             - , -   ()                 .

                    ,        XX .  1850 ,             , ,      ,   ,                 .     ,     ,      .      ,          :    ,         [56 - N.Bamba, Japanese Diplomacy in a Dilemma (Vancouver, 1972), .360366.].            1902 ,          .       .           ,    .    ,                  .         .   1920-  ,      ,     .   1920- ,  ,      ,     .   ,               ,      .    ,     ,           .

   ,    ,     ,             ,         ,    ,            ,   .    ,   ,    .                   .           .    ,         .       [57 - L.Trotsky, Perspectives of World Development (1924), http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; .      . . 28  1924. // . 1924. 5 (176), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter2.html.].   Mein Kampf       -         [58 - A.Hitler, Mein Kampf (London, 1939), vol. 2, chapter 13.]. ,        1920- , -     .      ,       .             .   ,     1924   19291931 ,      .

  ,    ,       ,      ,         .         ?        ,         , ,                 . ,            ,    ,     .       , ,          ,    .       ,       .              ,         [59 -     : R.Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (London, 2009).].         ,      ?              .           ,       ,   ,          ,    .     ,      ,    ,    XX ,    ,     ,    ,        .  ,        ,        ,  ,          ,         ,   ,  ,      ,      ,   ,        .

      XIX     ,    ,    ,     [60 -   .: A.Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right (New York, 1995).].               .  XIX             .   ,                    ,              .           ,  ,        [61 - Eisenach, Lost Promise, . 225.].             ,     .         ,     1945 ,      .  1918       ,    ,        .        .    XX         ?

   ,   ,      .  ,    ,   XX         [62 -        : D.E.Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).    . : T.Welskopp and A.Lessoff (eds), Fractured Modernity: America Confronts Modern Times, 1890s to 1940s (Oldenbourg, 2012).]. ,     ,         [63 - ,        G.Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 19001916 (New York, 1963).].         ,     XIX        .  ,      ,       .       ,    ,   XX      ,      ,   1945        [64 - J.T.Sparrow, Warfare State: World WarII Americans and the Age of Big Government (New York, 2011).].                     .       ,     1890- [65 - Douglas Steeples and David O.Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT, 1998).].    -        ,      ,     .      ,     ,     -   XX [66 -    : A.S.Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 19101917 (New York, 1954).].                 ,         .  ,      1917 ,                   .    .        19191921         XX       .          ,          1920- , ,      XX .

            ,          .                   ,                XX      ,      .        ,         ,  ,                       .       ,       ,       ,     [67 - W.C.Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley, CA, 1983).].     ,               ,           ,       .         XX .     ,        ,      .      ,   ,        .     1920-   . ,      ,         ,      .       1917 ,        ,  -      ,    ,   14 ,     XX        .

  ,     ,    ,   XIX    ,    .         -  : , ,    .        ?       -  ,    .       ,        .      .    ( ,  ,    ),     ,    ,  - .   ,   XIX ,   ,       ,   ,    ,    ,            [68 - B.Knei-Paz, The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky (Oxford, 1978).].    廠    .     ,    ,   ,       ,     ,       .         ,   .        , ,       ,    .       ,         .                    [69 - V.I.Lenin, The chain Is No Stronger Than Its Weakest Link, Pravda 67, 9 June (27 May) 1917; Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), vol. 24, 519520; ...        // .. . . . . 32. ., 1969, .201202.].

  1960-    ,     ,  ,         .   ,   ,    , ,        [70 - S.Hoffmann, Gullivers Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), . 52.         . : R.Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge 1981).].    .       .   .      .         .            .      ,     ,          .        ,    .      ,     ,     .      ,    .       .




 I

 





1

   


             ,    ,      .     [71 -      .: H.Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003); D.Stevenson, 19141918: The History of the First World War (London, 2004).].             .      ,        ,    .          .   1916           ,      , ,    . 21 ,    ,          .         ,      .        ,       70%  ,             ,     .   1916 ,     ,               .

 ,    ,   ,           .  1914            .  1915       .

     1914 ,      .   1916       ,    ,    ,         .             ,      ,  , .       ,         - .   1916   - ,      ,  .      ,     .   1893               . ,     ,  , ,   ,        .


I

                .          ,    ,         .    1914 ,     ,       [72 - N.A.Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War (Cambridge, MA, 2012).].    .      ,        .  ,  ,      .               ,    [73 - S.Roskill, Naval Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1968 and 1976), vol. 1, .8081.]         .   1915 ,      ,  (Kriegsmarine), -                .          100     .      ,        ,       .         ,        1915 .    ,         .     ,    -     ,    .       ,     .           .    1916         ,         . 31  1916          ,     ,  33   27   .     .      ,   ,     -    .

 1916         ,        .       ,     ,       ,       [74 - H.Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Ao?t 1914-Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), .349355.].    ,     ,    :  ,          [75 - C.Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), vol. 1, .312313.].     .  , ,   ,    1914     ,    .     , ,       ,       -    1812 .   ,    -    ,                .   1916                ,    ,     [76 - A.S.Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ,19661994), vol. 36, . 120.].   , 29  1916        -    ,      500        157  ,  16  .  ,               1916  Emergency Fleet Corporation,     ,        [77 - J.J.Safford, Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy 19131921 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), .67115.].

  1916          -   -     :    ,   ,    ,  [78 - P. O. OBrian, British and American Naval Power: Politics and Policy, 19001936 (West-port, CT, 1998), . 117.].        , ,  , ,       ,     ,   .            .  ,  1916          .   XX        ,   .    1914  ,   ,      .  1916      - ,  ,  .           .         .         ,      1916 [79 - R.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: A Biography, 3 vols (New York, 19832000), vol. 1,. 305315.].         1890- ,                   [80 - K.Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 19141918 (London, 1985); H.Strachan, Financing the First World War (Oxford, 2004).].          ,       .

       ,        ,        .  1914          .                  .      ,            .  1914 ,      ,     .      . ,    ,       ,   .         ,         .        .                      .   1914                 ,      ,       [81 - K.Neilson, Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance 19141917 (London, 1984), .106112.].     1915                     -[82 - M.Horn, Britain, France, and the Financing of the First World War (Montreal, 2002).].   ,   ,               .   1916               ,          -  [83 - Nouailhat, France, . 368.].            .      .

                  [84 - S.Broadberry and M.Harrison (eds), The Economics of World WarI (Cambridge, 2005).].                      ,         .  ,     ,          -.   ,       ,             .             ,         .  1915       ,             .

       ,    ,         ,   [85 -  : H.Feis, Europe: The Worlds Banker 18701914 (New York, 1965).].   1915 ,      -,            ,      .            , , ,   ,    .               ,   -  ,      ,       .       , ,       ,   ,    .        .    ,    -  ,   .          .  ,   ,    .   1916        2 .  1915 ,          ,           -  ..,       [86 - R.Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (New York, 2001).]. ,   .                            ,       .             .  1916 ,        , ..,    ,      ,     45%       [87 - J.M.Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 16 (London, 1971-89), . 197.].  1916         ,           . ,     ..        - ,     ,        .                .        ?    -  ?       ..?

 1916              ,         ,     .  1912 , 40        ,      ,         ,    [88 - P.Roberts, Quis CustodietIpsos Custodes? The Federal Reserve System sFounding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War, The Business History Review 72 (1998) .585620.]. -       ,        .       ,   1913          () .     -,   .., ,    ,   [89 - E.Sanders, Roots of Reform (Chicago, IL, 1999); A.H.Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve (Chicago, IL, 20022003).].              .  1914 ,     ,     .             ,       -[90 - W.L.Silber, When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of Americas Monetary Supremacy (Princeton, NJ, 2007).].  1915  1916          .         ,   -                 .       .       ,          ,     .        ,       1916 .

    ,   ,   ,        ?   ,   ,     [91 - N.Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World WarI (London, 1998).].    ,       (. 1).  1916 ,        ,             .           .             .   1916/17         .               ,   ,    [92 - A. Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford, 1991).].       ,  ,       .



 1.    :         , 19141918., %






  1918        ,        ,         .         1917        ,       ,               1918        ,         .        1916   ,        .          .        1916     ,       .                 .  1916 ,             ,   ,        ,    .       ,       - .     .      ,                  ,         .


II

    ,    ,        .       .      ,       .        ,       - .             XX           .  1945  ,    -             .     ,        ,   XX    . ,          ,    ,     -   .      .

,            ,  1865    1914 ,    [93 -  . : D.E.Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).].  ,           .       .      .     1880-      [94 - J.Banno, Democracy in Prewar Japan: Concepts of Government 18711937 (London, 2001), . 47.].              ,       ,      [95 - W.Wilson, Congressional Government: A Study in American Government (PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1885).]. ,      ,        .    ,     ,        ,      .      . -  1898      1902     .     .          .             .    ,    ,   ,   .            ,   [96 - D.T.Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA,1998).].  1901 ,  ,   , ,         ,  ,               ,    .      .   ,   ,   ,     ,           ,    [97 - W.Wilson, Democracy and Efficiency, Atlantic Monthly (March 1901), . 289.].     ,        .

  ,        .          ,        1914       [98 - T.Raithel, Das Wunder der inneren Einheit (Bonn, 1996).].            ,      XX ,         .        ,       .     , , , ,     .  1917         .        1914     .            ,    ,        .  ,     .    ,            .    ,     ,   ,          .       ,          ,        ,              .

   1916  -      ,      ,          ,        .        ,   -,   ,    .    1915      -    .   XX        ,    .       Union Sacre,   ,         .   ,       , -      .   1914         .  1916 ,      ,        .

                 ,    [99 - T.Roosevelt, America and the World War (New York, 1915).].      1915 ,      ,      .          .     ,        ,    ,   ,       ,          ,      ,  [100 - J.M.Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (Cambridge, MA, 1983), .284285.].  ,          ,         ,      . ,    ,          ,    1915    .        ,     .      ,                1915 ,      .        ,     ,        1912 .        ,    , -,   ,   1890-    .       -      .     1914       ,      ,       .   ,          .    ,    1915 ,      ,              ,        .        ,        .

 ,         -,         [101 - W.Wilson, A History of the American People (New York, 1902), and J.M.Cooper, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York, 2009).].         ,    ,   ,       ,      .                  . ,   1860-   . ,    ,                 ,   ,    ,    ,      [102 - PWW, vol. 57, . 246.].            .      . ,      ,   ,    .          ,              [103 - W.Wilson, The Reconstruction of the Southern States, Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, .115.].   ,      ,     .   1890-       .

 ,    ,           .      ,        ,   ,       . ,        , ,       ,       ,    50  .          . ,                 ,      ,      .        .  1898        - .    -            ,  ,    .     ,   1915  1916                    [104 - R.E.Hannigan, The New World Power: American Foreign Policy, 18981917 (Philadelphia, PA, 2002), .4548.].   ,     ,      .            .        ,            ,    .  ,   - ,        ,     .

      ,    ,      - ,         养   .               [105 - R.S.Baker and W.E.Dodd (eds), The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 19251927), vol. 1, .224225.]. ,  1915  1916 ,           ,           . 27  1916 ,       ,     -    ,               ,     New Willard[106 - T.J.Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), . 77.].   -,   ,             ,        .              .    -          ,            .          . ,  ,       [107 - PWW, vol. 37, . 116.].             [108 - PWW, vol. 40, .8485.].        ,   ,    .     .     -             .  ,  ,       ,  ,         .      ,   1916     ,    ,     [109 - PWW, vol. 41, .183184,      1917. .: ibid., .316317.].

   1916     ,         ,                   .         ,    ,   ,   .   1914            .         [110 - B.M.Manly, Have Profits Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (1920), .157162.].       .         ,     .     1916 ,         ,     ,       [111 - M.J.Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (New York, 1951), vol. 1, .335366.].             . ,   ,         ,      -.    ,          , ,     ,     .       ,        ,          3755 .  ,     1830  -,    ,   .        ,        .           .


III

               ,   .       .       24  1916 ,       ,    New Willard,        ,           [112 - The Memoirs of Marshal Joffre, trans. T.B.Mott (London, 1932), vol. 2, . 461.].        ,       .               .    ,      ,       . 5 1916           -   .       ,   ,      .           ,        . ,   ,   ,       .

27                .       ,         ,     800-  .      ,    1916    ,        ,  -   .     :   ,     ,  ,           .      ,    ,      ,    , ,         [113 - P. v. Hindenburg, Aus Meinem Leben (Leipzig, 1920), .180181.].              . II   , ,    ,  ,      [114 - G.Ritter, Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk (Munich, 19541968), vol. 3, . 246.].    ,   ,           ,    [115 - G.E.Torrey, Romania and World WarI (Lasi, 1998), . 174.].

       .       .   1916         ,     ,     ,       .            ,      1916/17 .          1916 ,                          (3 Obersten Heeresleitung, OHL).    ,            ,          .       .            .         .       ,    ,         .    ,          .    ,     .             -     .      ,       .        .           .       ,     [116 - S.Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie in Ersten Weltkrieg (D?sseldorf, 1974), .263264.]. ,     ,  .   .         .                .

,  ,              ,      ,     .           ,   ,      .         , ,    ,     .    .    1916              [117 - D.French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916-19 (Oxford, 1995); M.G.Fry, Lloyd George and Foreign Policy (Montreal, 1977).].    ,   ,           ,         .        ,      .       ,  :     ,     [1917]          ,   ,     [118 - Keynes, The Collected Writings (18 October 1916), vol. 16, . 201.].                .                .    1916       . ,      ,   .    , ,            ,             [119 -    G.-H.Soutou, LOr et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre conomique de la Premi?re Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), .365363, 398399.].        ,            ,        [120 - Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 1, .306307.].   1916     ,        ,             [121 - Seymour (ed.), Intimate Papers, vol. 2, . 129.].  ,       ,           酻[122 - Fry, Lloyd George, . 219.] ,    ,     1916         -,       .       ,      ,          [123 - Neilson, Strategy and Supply, . 191; A.Suttie, Rewriting the First World War: Lloyd George, Politics and Strategy 19141918 (London, 2005), . 85.].




2

  


 1916   ,   ,   ,   ,     , ,               .      .     .   1916               ,          ,    ,    [124 - V.I.Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, in V.I.Lenin, Selected Works. M.,1963, vol. 1, .667766; ... ,     //.. . . . . 27. ., 1969, . 400.].              .  ,              .     ,         .

                 1916    1917 .  ,        ,       ,    .      ,     ,     ,    .       ,      [125 -          , .: K.Kautsky, Der Imperialismus, Die Neue Zeit 32, no. 2 (1914), .908922.      .: A.Negri and M.Hardt, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001); ., . . ., 2004.].  ,       .        ,       .


I

    1916    ..           .             .    , ..       .      [126 - A.S.Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94), vol. 40, .1920.    ,     , .: J.D.Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of Americas Entry into World WarI (Lexington, KY, 2010).].   ,   7 ,       ,           ,       [127 - PWW, vol. 40, . 77.]. 27  1916 ,     ,  ..     - ,     - ,   ,                      .  -  ,    ,  ..            ,     [128 - P.Roberts, Quis CustodietIpsos Custodes? The Federal Reserve Systems Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War, Business History Review 72(1998) .585620.].           ,  [129 - H.Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Aout 1914-Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), . 382.].         .    1916                 .           ,    [130 - J.Siegel, For Peace and Money (Oxford, 2014), chapter 4.].    ,           ,       ,              .    ,           ,          .

   ,     -  1916 ,   ,                [131 - G.-H.Soutou, LOr et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre conomique de la Preminre Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), .373378; J.Wormell, The Management of the Public Debt of the United Kingdom (London, 2000), .222241.].            .       . 12    ,     ,       .       18     ,           ,       .       ,   ,       .  -  .    ,               - ,     ,    ,   ,     [132 - J. H. von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York, 1920), . 317.].        . ,   V [133 - T.J.Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), . 110.     .: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, .320321.].        .  The Times   ,                [134 - President Wilson and Peace, The Times (London), Friday 22 December 1916, N9; French Public Opinion, The Times (London), 23 December 1916, N7.].    ,    29  ,    [135 - Nouailhat, France, p. 393.].          ,   .    ,     .         1916    .  ,      [136 - D.French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 19161918 (Oxford, 1995), p. 34.].     1917         ,        .

     , ,   ,        .     10    ,        .          ,    -,             [137 - Ibid., p. 38.].      ,      ,     :       ?       ,  75   ,     1917     215      - .          ,    ,          ,  [138 - J.M.Keynes, Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 16 (London, 1971).].        ,         ..     ,     .      .

 13  22  1917        [139 - The New York Times, 23 January 1917; PWW, vol. 40, p.533539.].   .          .              .          .  ,      ,      . ,          ,   1918 ,    14 .      1917            .              . 22 ,    ,  14 ,        ,    ,    .   14     ,          ,  ,   22 ,     .

  1917    ,    ,        .     ,      ,   ,   .         XX      ,     ,   ,       [140 - Knock, To End All Wars      ,      ,    .     .: N.Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (New York,1968), p. 260.]. ,       ,     ,     .         .  ,     -     .        ,          .  ,          ,      1917 [141 - J.Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1983).]           ,   .           . ,    ,   , ,   . ,   ,      ,    .   ,     ,  ,    [142 - C.Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), vol. 2, p. 412.].

       ,         ,   ,  ,  ,     .                 .         .   1917     ,       .        ,       .     .        .        .   ,       ,  ,   ,    ,      ,        ,       .   ,          ,       ,    . ,         ,   .    ,      [143 - PWW, vol. 40 p.533539.].       ,        ,     1917 ,    .      ,   ,    ,    .

 ,     ,      ,      .        .   ,    ,               .   ,    ,       .            ,      ,     ,     [144 - Bernstorff, My Three Years, p.390391.].        ,       .            ,       .


II

    14 ,   1918 ,          1917    [145 - The New York Times, 23 January 1917.].          .  , ,     ,          .  ,    1916 ,    , ,     ,  ,   ,          [146 - PWW, vol. 41, p.1112.].     ,       .   ,   ,      The New York Times,         , ,    1905 ,         - ,        ,      [147 - The New York Times, 23 January 1917.].    ,       .     ,    ,  ,    .        ,              ,       .     ,    ,   . ,     ,   ,  ,   ,    ,   .   ,  ,       ,             ,    ?   ,  ,      ,           ,                 ,            .

       .           .         ,            ,      . 22 ,  ,      ,         700 ,          ,  2 250   ,         1901 ,    [148 - Labour in Session, The Times (London), 23 January 1917, N5.].     .     ,  ,     ,     [149 - War Aims of Labour, The Times (London), 24 January 1917, N7.].  The Times    ,     [150 - The New York Times, 24 January 1917.]




  .


   .

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notes








1


W.Wilson, The Reconstruction of the Southern States, Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, vol. lxxxvii, .115.




2


J.M.Keynes, Mr Churchill on the Peace, New Republic, 27 March 1929.




3


The Times, 27 December 1915, issue 41047, . 3.




4


Reichstag, Stenographischer Bericht, vol. 307, 850 ff, 5 April 1916, . 852.




5


W.S.Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, MA, 1948), . vii.




6


W.S.Churchill, The Aftermath (London, 1929), . 459.




7


G.L.Weinberg (ed.), Hitlers Second Book (New York, 2006).




8


.  ,  : http: // www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/.




9


   C.Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles 19231939 (Berlin, 1940).




10


     : D.Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton, NJ, 2000),     H.-G.Gadamer,   ,  Karl-Jaspers-Preis Laudatio f?r Jeanne Hersch, Heidelberger Jahrb?cher 37 (1993), .151158.         ,         .




11


          : M.Hardt and A.Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001); .  .,  (, 2004)  C.S.Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA, 2006).




12


L.Trotsky, Is the Slogan The United States of Europe a Timely One? http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/ffyci-2/25b.htm; ..       // . 1923. 30 .




13


A.Hitler, Zweites Buch (), .127128.




14


     ,      ,  : A. F. K. Organski and J.Kugler, The War Ledger (Chicago, IL, 1980).




15


  ,     ,      ,  W.Kim  J.D.Morrow, When Do Power Shifts Lead to War?, American Journal of Political Science 36, no. 4 (November 1992), .896922.




16


  ,      , .: H.Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003).




17


F.R.Dickinson, World WarI and the Triumph of a New Japan, 19191930 (Cambridge,2013) . 87.




18


L.Trotsky, Perspectives of World Development, http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; ..      . . 28  1924. // . 1924. 5 (176).




19


L.Trotsky, Disarmament and the United States of Europe, 4 October 1929; ..     //  ((-). 1929. 4 (6), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/FI/BO/BO-06.shtml.




20


F.Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison dtat and its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (New Haven, CT, 1957), . 432.




21


C.Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York, 2006); .,      Jus Publicum. Europaeum (-, 2008).




22


     .: P.W.Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 17631848 (Oxford, 1994).




23


S.Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolinis Italy (Berkeley CA, 1997) . 163.




24


A.J.Mayer, Wilson vs Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 19171918 (New York, 1964); N.Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (Oxford, 1968).




25


L.Trotsky, Perspectives on World Development, http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; ..      . . 28  1924. // . 1924. 5 (176), http: // web. mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter2.html.




26


L.Trotsky, Europe and America, February 1924; ..    ( 15  1926.), http: //web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter3.html.




27


Ibid;  .




28


., , ,      (Angus Maddison),  http: // www.theworldeconomy.org/.




29


   P.Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London, 1987).




30


J.Darwin, Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 18301970 (Cambridge, 2009).




31


D.Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain (Princeton, NJ, 2009).




32


E.J.Eisenach, The Lost Promise of Progressivism (Lawrence, KS, 1994), .4852.




33


          ,       (John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, The Imperialism of Free Trade, The Economic History Review, second series, VI, no. 1 (1953), .115.




34


W.A.Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1959).




35


,    : V. de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: Americas Advance Through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2005).




36


       : E.Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes (London, 1994); .  :    (19141991). ., 2004.




37


     R.S.Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1922).




38


   , , : T.A.Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York, 1944), .154155.




39


        ,     ,             . .: T.Veblen, Editorial from The Dial, 15 November 1919, in Veblen, Essays in Our Changing Order (New York, 1934), .459461.




40


         : A.Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981); A.Mayer, Wilson versus Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 19171918 (New York, 2nd ed., 1964); A.Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking (New York, 1967); A.Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The Final Solution in History (New York, 1988).




41


    M.Mazower, Dark Continent: Europes Twentieth Century (London, 1998).




42


J.L.Harper, American Visions of Europe (Cambridge, 1994).




43


D.E.Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).




44


      : P.Kindleberger, The World in Depression: 19291939 (Berkeley, CA, 1973), R.Gilpin, The Theory of Hegemonic War, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (Spring 1988), .591613, and G.Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London, 1994).




45


J.Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ, 2001).




46


A.Kupchan, No Ones World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn (Oxford, 2012).




47


C.Bright and M.Geyer, For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century, Radical History Review 39 (September 1987), .6991; M.Geyer and C.Bright, World History in a Global Age, in American Historical Review 100 (October 1995), .10341060, and M.Geyer and C.Bright, Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America: The Geopolitics of War in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 4 (October 1996), .619657.




48


J.Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902); . . , 1926.




49


.    : A. DAgostino, The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars (Cambridge, 2012).




50


N.Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003).




51


M.Nebelin, Ludendorff (Munich, 2010).




52


D.Fromkin, The Peace to End all Peace (New York, 1989).




53


 ,   ,   : A.Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 19211931 (Cambridge, MA, 1965).




54


D.Gorman, The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s (Cambridge, 2012).




55


    ,    : M.Berg, Gustav Stresemann. Eine politische Karriere zwischen Reich und Republik (G?ttingen, 1992).




56


N.Bamba, Japanese Diplomacy in a Dilemma (Vancouver, 1972), .360366.




57


L.Trotsky, Perspectives of World Development (1924), http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; .      . . 28  1924. // . 1924. 5 (176), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter2.html.




58


A.Hitler, Mein Kampf (London, 1939), vol. 2, chapter 13.




59


    : R.Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (London, 2009).




60


  .: A.Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right (New York, 1995).




61


Eisenach, Lost Promise, . 225.




62


       : D.E.Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).    . : T.Welskopp and A.Lessoff (eds), Fractured Modernity: America Confronts Modern Times, 1890s to 1940s (Oldenbourg, 2012).




63


,        G.Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 19001916 (New York, 1963).




64


J.T.Sparrow, Warfare State: World WarII Americans and the Age of Big Government (New York, 2011).




65


Douglas Steeples and David O.Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT, 1998).




66


   : A.S.Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 19101917 (New York, 1954).




67


W.C.Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley, CA, 1983).




68


B.Knei-Paz, The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky (Oxford, 1978).




69


V.I.Lenin, The chain Is No Stronger Than Its Weakest Link, Pravda 67, 9 June (27 May) 1917; Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), vol. 24, 519520; ...        // .. . . . . 32. ., 1969, .201202.




70


S.Hoffmann, Gullivers Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), . 52.         . : R.Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge 1981).




71


     .: H.Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003); D.Stevenson, 19141918: The History of the First World War (London, 2004).




72


N.A.Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War (Cambridge, MA, 2012).




73


S.Roskill, Naval Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1968 and 1976), vol. 1, .8081.




74


H.Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Ao?t 1914-Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), .349355.




75


C.Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), vol. 1, .312313.




76


A.S.Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ,19661994), vol. 36, . 120.




77


J.J.Safford, Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy 19131921 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), .67115.




78


P. O. OBrian, British and American Naval Power: Politics and Policy, 19001936 (West-port, CT, 1998), . 117.




79


R.Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: A Biography, 3 vols (New York, 19832000), vol. 1,. 305315.




80


K.Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 19141918 (London, 1985); H.Strachan, Financing the First World War (Oxford, 2004).




81


K.Neilson, Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance 19141917 (London, 1984), .106112.




82


M.Horn, Britain, France, and the Financing of the First World War (Montreal, 2002).




83


Nouailhat, France, . 368.




84


S.Broadberry and M.Harrison (eds), The Economics of World WarI (Cambridge, 2005).




85


 : H.Feis, Europe: The Worlds Banker 18701914 (New York, 1965).




86


R.Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (New York, 2001).




87


J.M.Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 16 (London, 1971-89), . 197.




88


P.Roberts, Quis CustodietIpsos Custodes? The Federal Reserve System sFounding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War, The Business History Review 72 (1998) .585620.




89


E.Sanders, Roots of Reform (Chicago, IL, 1999); A.H.Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve (Chicago, IL, 20022003).




90


W.L.Silber, When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of Americas Monetary Supremacy (Princeton, NJ, 2007).




91


N.Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World WarI (London, 1998).




92


A. Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford, 1991).




93


 . : D.E.Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).




94


J.Banno, Democracy in Prewar Japan: Concepts of Government 18711937 (London, 2001), . 47.




95


W.Wilson, Congressional Government: A Study in American Government (PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1885).




96


D.T.Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA,1998).




97


W.Wilson, Democracy and Efficiency, Atlantic Monthly (March 1901), . 289.




98


T.Raithel, Das Wunder der inneren Einheit (Bonn, 1996).




99


T.Roosevelt, America and the World War (New York, 1915).




100


J.M.Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (Cambridge, MA, 1983), .284285.




101


W.Wilson, A History of the American People (New York, 1902), and J.M.Cooper, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York, 2009).




102


PWW, vol. 57, . 246.




103


W.Wilson, The Reconstruction of the Southern States, Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, .115.




104


R.E.Hannigan, The New World Power: American Foreign Policy, 18981917 (Philadelphia, PA, 2002), .4548.




105


R.S.Baker and W.E.Dodd (eds), The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 19251927), vol. 1, .224225.




106


T.J.Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), . 77.




107


PWW, vol. 37, . 116.




108


PWW, vol. 40, .8485.




109


PWW, vol. 41, .183184,      1917. .: ibid., .316317.




110


B.M.Manly, Have Profits Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (1920), .157162.




111


M.J.Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (New York, 1951), vol. 1, .335366.




112


The Memoirs of Marshal Joffre, trans. T.B.Mott (London, 1932), vol. 2, . 461.




113


P. v. Hindenburg, Aus Meinem Leben (Leipzig, 1920), .180181.




114


G.Ritter, Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk (Munich, 19541968), vol. 3, . 246.




115


G.E.Torrey, Romania and World WarI (Lasi, 1998), . 174.




116


S.Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie in Ersten Weltkrieg (D?sseldorf, 1974), .263264.




117


D.French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916-19 (Oxford, 1995); M.G.Fry, Lloyd George and Foreign Policy (Montreal, 1977).




118


Keynes, The Collected Writings (18 October 1916), vol. 16, . 201.




119


   G.-H.Soutou, LOr et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre conomique de la Premi?re Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), .365363, 398399.




120


Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 1, .306307.




121


Seymour (ed.), Intimate Papers, vol. 2, . 129.




122


Fry, Lloyd George, . 219.




123


Neilson, Strategy and Supply, . 191; A.Suttie, Rewriting the First World War: Lloyd George, Politics and Strategy 19141918 (London, 2005), . 85.




124


V.I.Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, in V.I.Lenin, Selected Works. M.,1963, vol. 1, .667766; ... ,     //.. . . . . 27. ., 1969, . 400.




125


         , .: K.Kautsky, Der Imperialismus, Die Neue Zeit 32, no. 2 (1914), .908922.      .: A.Negri and M.Hardt, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001); ., . . ., 2004.




126


A.S.Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94), vol. 40, .1920.    ,     , .: J.D.Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of Americas Entry into World WarI (Lexington, KY, 2010).




127


PWW, vol. 40, . 77.




128


P.Roberts, Quis CustodietIpsos Custodes? The Federal Reserve Systems Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War, Business History Review 72(1998) .585620.




129


H.Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Aout 1914-Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), . 382.




130


J.Siegel, For Peace and Money (Oxford, 2014), chapter 4.




131


G.-H.Soutou, LOr et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre conomique de la Preminre Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), .373378; J.Wormell, The Management of the Public Debt of the United Kingdom (London, 2000), .222241.




132


J. H. von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York, 1920), . 317.




133


T.J.Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), . 110.     .: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, .320321.




134


President Wilson and Peace, The Times (London), Friday 22 December 1916, N9; French Public Opinion, The Times (London), 23 December 1916, N7.




135


Nouailhat, France, p. 393.




136


D.French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 19161918 (Oxford, 1995), p. 34.




137


Ibid., p. 38.




138


J.M.Keynes, Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 16 (London, 1971).




139


The New York Times, 23 January 1917; PWW, vol. 40, p.533539.




140


Knock, To End All Wars      ,      ,    .     .: N.Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (New York,1968), p. 260.




141


J.Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1983).




142


C.Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), vol. 2, p. 412.




143


PWW, vol. 40 p.533539.




144


Bernstorff, My Three Years, p.390391.




145


The New York Times, 23 January 1917.




146


PWW, vol. 41, p.1112.




147


The New York Times, 23 January 1917.




148


Labour in Session, The Times (London), 23 January 1917, N5.




149


War Aims of Labour, The Times (London), 24 January 1917, N7.




150


The New York Times, 24 January 1917.


