      :  
  


       ,       .         ,      .     .   ,   ,              ,     (, ),    .   , ,     ,      ,      .





.. 

      :   








            .  , ,  ,                         (   ,   ,   )        ,           .

    ,   ,  .           : , , , , , ,   . .                        ,         . ,       ,               ,        .         軠      -       .

             ,        ,       ,     .

        ,   , , ,    ,      ,      ?,    :     .            ,    ,      (, ,     )?  ,        ,                .   (-)      , ,       ,               , ,    .

 ,      , , ,        .         ,             ,     .

     ,     ,       ,    .         ,  ,        ,   ,   ,   .              ,   ,          .

           ,      ,  ,          .

                    XXI .             .  1.2          TEMPUS ALLMEET  544480-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-IT-TEMPUS-YPHES.

                     :     , , .

     ,           ,  , , ERANET, DAAD.







		  , 
		  ....
		     , 
		 ,  , 
		    
		  .

.  (, 1921 .)
      .        ,           .   , , ,         .

   ,    ,          ,            ,     -     ,        - .      ,    ,   ,  ,    ,    ,            ( , , ,   , ,   ).       ,        ,   ,          .

 ,       ,   ,             (      )         -   .   , -,          ,      ,   .

  ,             : , , , ,   .       ,        .                PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment).      ,   .            ,          ,    .   ,        ,   .

                 ,   .      ,     (.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..   .).

              (.. , .. -, .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..   .).

            ,       ,     - ,         ,            .          (. , . , . , . , . , . , . ,. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .   .).   .. ,   ,    ,         ,  -      .  ,                      .           ,          ,     .   ,          ,          ,                 DeSeCo.

          .           TIMSS, PIRLS, PISA         (     (),    ).     -            ,      : 1)          ; 2)      ,      ; 3)     ,  ; 4)          .

               .             .  ,        .       ,        -.




 1

           



                  ,               .




1.1.               


        ,  :

1)      (lifelong learning, LLL);

2)  ;

3)   .

 ,       ,     ,               .    -       2020 [1 -     17  2008 . 1662-    -       2020  [ ].  : http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base= LAW;n=90601]                  .

  ,           ,   ,      ,     ,  ,            .

          (  )      ,              [58].          ,     [58],       ,      [23].

 XXI         ,  ,        .

     , ,  ,     .                        .       ,  ,      ( )    ,   ,    .        , , , ,   .  ,       .              .

       XXI     (learning to learn)    , ,         .  ,   ,    ,  38    13 ,   ,     ,        .           ,     ,  .

  ,     .             .          ,            .      ,        ,  ,           ,       ,        ,  ,     ,         [53].

             ,    .       -


      ,   ,     .

      ,            .

 ,    ,  ,   .  ,      ,   .        ,     ,       , , ,          ,   .  ,               .

      ,      .          ,  .           ,  ,    .      ,      [53],            [53]. ,  ,       ,       ,         (,  IT-).

 ,  ,    (, ,   ),    , , , ,     ,   ,   ,      .     , ,   .    (   )  .        : , ,   .

 ,           ,               .          ,  - .

            .  - ,  ,    -.            .            ,      ,         [52].

   ,     ,        ,   ,  ,  .            .      .      :                ;      ;         ;        (, ,    . .)     ;     ;       ;          [52].

         .          (, , ,    , ,      . .).   [75]           .          [128].     :

1)           ;

2)       ;

3)    ;

4)    ;

5)        ;

6)    .

                 .     ,    ,       [93].

    ,     (Mozilla Open Badges),       ,      , MOOC (Massive online open courses,   -)        [101].  /     ,          , ,   ,  - .

    -      ,            ,     .  ,       .              . ,          ,    ,    .

             

 Mozilla   -       ,           Open Badges  ,           ,    ,       .             (  ,   )   ,     . Open Badges  , ,    ,     ,    . .

  Open Badges  -    ,   :   (examples),      (reflection),  (modelling),  (selfevaluation),        (content)   (skills),        ,        (teacher/ trainer),   (learning community),   (community stakeholders).   Open Badges      -       . 1.1.

         XX ,              [121].          . ,   ,      .        , ,     ,              .               , ,    .         XIX            .  ,           ,     .       .






. 1.1.        



  .   . ,     :   ,   ,   :



      [99],    [67];

       ,                ;

          [99].


          .        ,       ,     .

            :                        .       . 1.1 [70].



 1.1

  






             [64].    ,           (MOOC),       .          ,      .         .          (case studies),     (techniques of project assessment)   ,       .

         .  , .        ,  :

     ;

    ;

      [110].

 ,          .                    .

.     ,        : 1)       , 2)    , 3)      .

             ,     .      - .       -                  [73].  . 1.2               .

            .   ,  (     )      ,   .  ,       (, , , ).      ,     ,    [2 -                 [ ].  : http://ec.europa.Eu/education/policies/educ/eqf/ rec08_en.pdf].

                      (EQF) [107].    ()   .     2004 ,     .              2008       [3 -         (European Center for the Development of Vocational Training CEDEFOP), 2010.].   - ( ).      ,     (/  ).  ,   ,       .    (/EQF)   ,     (, , ,  ,  )         (1-       )   (8-     ).       ,    ,          [4 -          (The European Qualilfications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF) [ ].  : http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/eqf_en.htm].       5, 6, 7, 8-  EQF.






. 1.2.               [73]





 1.2

      () (Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area  QF/EHEA)






    [126]:



   (       );

       ;

       (   )    ( ).


    ,     ( )   , ,      [5 -        (The Joint Quality Initiative), 2004.].

       (     )  broad learning outcomes:



   (Knowledge and understanding);

      (Application of knowledge and understanding;

   (Making judgments);

  (Communication);

  (Learning skills).


              .         (. 1.3).

                      .            (/the EQF):



   , . .        ;

    -   .


 1.3

          






 ,         ,       ,    .           ,         18.12.2006.

       :



     (communication in the mother tongue).

     (communication in foreign languages).

          (mathematical competence and basic competences in science and technology).

   -  (digital competence).

 /   (learning to learn).

    (social and civic competences).

    (sense of initiative and entrepreneurship).

   ,           (cultural awareness and expression)[6 -        18  2006          / Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 on key competences for lifelong learning (2006/962/EC).].


             De-SeCo (The Definition and Selection of Key Competencies      ),   19982002 [7 -     :      //    .      [ ].  : http://www.ibe.unesco.org/cops/russian/ IBE_Competences.pdf].  DeSeCo              (  ) .

  DeSeCo   ,    ,        .     ,   ,      (  ,     ,  ),        - ,         .        ,        .

 1.    ():           ()  .      .  ,      ,         ,     .       ,        .         (,  ,  ,  ).

 2.    :        ,    .

 3.  :       .

     DeSeCo      ,   [78].

  

   ,   .       ,        .         (,  ,  ).

     .         ,    .

     (, ).      ,    .     .

   

    . ,            , , ,       ,    ,     ,  : ,    ( );        ;    , ,   .

   :      ;       ;

;  ,    .

    :     ,   ,   ;     ;  ;     ,      .

 

         :           ,         .          ,           .          ,   ,   ,          .        . ,  ,      ,                 .

      :

     , , ,   .          ,     ,      ,  , ,   . .

        .         ,           .

      ( ).    ,   ,     ,    ,   ,             .

   ,    ,           .  ,      ,     ,       ,      ,          [54].        , , ,    ( ,   )   ,        ,         [9].           ,           .   (, 2000)     .    ,      2015       :        ,    .  DeSeCo       ,      :     ,         .  ,           .           ,   :             [78].

    ,     :

1.    ,       ,     ,    ,       .

2. ,     ,        ,  ,       ,   .

3. ,      ,     .

4. ,     ,    ,      ,      .

5. ,       .

,          ,         .  ,         ,      .

         ,      . ,      2000 ,     [106],        :

1. .

2.   .

3.  .

4.   .

5.       .

6.  .

     ,          .    (13)      .    (46)   .

           2  18  [55].              ,        ,      .  ,    16 ,      ,          [106].

      ,         ,   ,            ()   :



      ,  ,       ;

  (  )  (   ),      ,       .


             .              ()     .

          ,        TIMSS, PIRLS  PISA.       PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study),     International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) [96; 101].           [8 -     IEA  1991 .         ,   /   .          -   .        .].    ,        (  9,5 ). ,            ,       .         :   .

 IEA    TIMSS (Trends in International Student Assessment),      -       [102].    1995, 1999  2003 .

  TIMSS     4-  8- .

       ,  , , , .

 -       ,  , , ,   , .    TIMSS  PIRLS    PISA (Program for International Student Assessment),          (,   ),       ( 15 ) [16].    PISA            . ,        ,           .

    PISA   ,       . ,    PISA   TIMSS-2003   ,   ,     .     TIMSS  PIRLS     ,       9  15 . ,  ,  PIRLS ,               ,       PISA          ,           [101].                .   .  [8].                .

      ICT     [113].   -     (teaching and learning models)  .      - [102],              (new teaching and learning context),   .      ,     ,  .         ,  -    .               [99].  .  [112]       :  ,    ,      .

 2001    /the National Research Council      ,      ,   :     .         .     ,   .           .      , , ,              [105].

                ,                  (. 1.3).






. 1.3.          



  ,    :     ,    ,     ,       ,        .  ,          :            .        .           ,    -  .        ,      .  ,         .

        ,    .      ,          ,    .       :   ,   ,   ,   - .        ,     :      ,           ?

       .    ,            .   ,         ,   ,      .                .      (student-centered portfolio)      ,                .        ,             ,        .         ,                      ,   .

      :



 ,           ;

  ,     ;

       .


       -

  J.R. Savery, T.M. Duffy, J. Mateo, L. Gu?rdia, A. Sangr?, M. Maina, D.M.A. Sluijmans           - ,      .

 -  ,          (learning based on activities).

     (authentic).            [91].            (cognitive challenge),  .

            ,    .      ,   ,       .         ,         [114]     - .

         .  ,  ,  ,   ,      ,     ,     .

                .               .     ,    ,          .

       ( - )   .      .          [127].            -  [72].

    ,         ,    .           ,   .      ,     ?  ?   [76].

                   ,     .       ,              .

     .   .     ()     (genuine assessment based on executions).       ,        ,            .

            . . , .  [133] ,   -      ,      .

                   [108]:

1)        ;

2)  ,     ;

3)       ;

4)         ;

5)         .

      ( . )      -    ,           (. 1.4).






. 1.4.    / (. ) [108]



       .        .    ,    .          ,        ,   .            ,       .          . .. , ..  ,                                           .           .            .           ,        ,      .

          .         ,      ,      ,    ,     ,       .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/olga-smolyaninova/ocenivanie-obrazovatelnyh-rezultatov-v-techenie-vsey-zhi/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


    17  2008 . 1662-    -       2020  [ ].  : http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base= LAW;n=90601




2


                [ ].  : http://ec.europa.Eu/education/policies/educ/eqf/ rec08_en.pdf




3


        (European Center for the Development of Vocational Training CEDEFOP), 2010.




4


         (The European Qualilfications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF) [ ].  : http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/eqf_en.htm




5


       (The Joint Quality Initiative), 2004.




6


       18  2006          / Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 on key competences for lifelong learning (2006/962/EC).




7


    :      //    .      [ ].  : http://www.ibe.unesco.org/cops/russian/ IBE_Competences.pdf




8


    IEA  1991 .         ,   /   .          -   .        .


