 .   
 


 
 1935             .         .   1940-          .    ,      ,           .  1945               .       .  1950-      5    ,      .         ,      , ,        ,       .





 

 .   





 1.    ?


         ,          (, ,    )   ,          ,    .  ,     ,     ,       ,    ,       .

  ,    ( , [1 -              . . .]  )        ,     .    ,   ,      (  15[2 - Vernon .Mark, Frank R.Ervin. Violence and the Brain. New York: Harper & Row, 1970, p. 5.]),        :      - ,       .

    ,               .      ,       (..   ),         ,        .       ,              . , ,           .

   ,              (  )    ,  ,    [3 - U.S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary. Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., November 1974. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1974, pp. 28; 40.].

        ,     ,              .           ,    .    ,     .       ,     -   -  .       ,        .  ,            ,   ,         ,       .   ,   ,   , ,  ,   ,         ,          ,             [4 - Walter Freeman. American Handbook on Psychiatry, vol. 2. New York: Basic Books, 1959, p. 1526.].

       . ..,              , ,         ,       [5 - Richard Restak, M.D. The Promise and the Peril of Psychosurgery // Saturday Review, September 25, 1973; also brief of amicus curiae American Orthopsychiatric Association, State of Michigan, Circuit Court for the County of Wayne, July 1973.].

      .,         ,    ,   ,  -  ,          ,       .  ,    ,    -    [6 - Elliot S.Valenstein. Brain Stimulation and the Origin of Violent Behavior. ,   5-        -   1974.].           .

 , ,     ,      ,   ,          ,   ,    ,     .             컖    .   : ,  , , , ,    [7 - Edward Hitchcock, Lauri Laitinen, Kjeld Vaernet, eds. Psychosurgery: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Psychosurgery. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas, 1972.].

      ,             ,      -      .              ,             , ,    .      ?   !

    -        275.   .           ,      12      .        ,     - ,    .

      1934.     .     ,      . ,   ,           ,    ,   ,                    .   1920.      .

         (Untermenschen),    ,       .          (,   ).

         ,    .   ,   ,     ,   ,             .     ,  ,       [8 -          . . .],    ,       ,      [9 - Fredric Wertham, M. D. A Sign for Cain. New York, Warner Paperback Library, 1966, Chapter 9.].

     ,                                  .             ,            ,        .

        ,    ,    .   ,     ,   1974.            (),          .       ,  ,  ,            ,      .  ,  ,       ,                 .  1940.,        ,  :



  ,     ,                      ,          [10 - Leon Eisenberg, M.D. The Human Nature of Human Nature // Science, vol. 176, April 14, 1972.].


         ,      ,     ,       ,             .            .           .

,        ,     ,  -      .           (  ,   ..)      (  - ) ,     .

 ,                  .             , ,     .       -   ,    .       ,   .         .

     -  , ..,    , :



  ,   10  30%       ,             .  ,            .           ,  (  )           ,      .  ,   ,        .  ,          ,             ,     .  ,  ,      ,      ,      [11 -   ,  17  1976. ..,    .].


, ,    ,      -              ,   .      ,           ,   ,         .

         ,  ,  ,  ,     ,     .  .,       ,          ,       ,                .      ,  ,       .    ,   ,  ,       (123 .)      1969.[12 - Arthur R.Jensen. How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Scholastic Achievement? // Harvard Educational Review, vol. 39, February 1969, pp. 1123.] ,  ,             ?       ,      - (IQ)       ,       ,   ,           .    ,  ,   ,        .

          ,  ,        [13 - John Near. A Scientists Variations on a Disturbing Racial Theme // Life, June 12, 1970.].

,     1970., ,              .                       .        ,     ,      .    ,         , ,      .  ,               .    ,  , ,    [  ]             ,     ,            [14 - Ibid.].

       19751976.,        ,      :            ?.                  ,      ,  ,   ,         ,   ,   ,             [15 -  1977. , -,  -            .    ,          653 ,  ,                .  ,       , , ,                   .  ,      ( 1977.),  :     ,    ,           .    ,    ,          .].

   ,    ,      , ,        -   .    ,    ,      (       )   [16 -    ..  1977.].  ,        ,  ,           ,     .

  -   ,     .      , ,       ,          ,       ,      [17 - Alexander Thomas, Samuel Sillen. Racism and Psychiatry. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972, p. 37.].

-,           ,     -       .       ,              ,                ,   .

 ,    ,     , , ,  ..   ,   ,         ,                  .    ,    ,                 ,    ,            .

    ( ,    ,   ,       )     ,          ,      .  ,     ,     ,  ,  ,         ,        .

         ,  ,   [18 -   (18201903),    ,    . . .] ,   ,  ,    ,       [19 - Herbert Spencer. Principles of Biology. New York: D.Appleton & Co., 1901.]. ,         ,   ,     .  .,      , - ,            ,     铅       [20 - R.Hofstadter. Social Darwinism in American Thought. New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1959, p. 45.].

         ,    -          ,     ,  ,    ,        ,   .        ..,  ,      ,     (  )    ,  ,   .  ,  ,    ,     , ,     [21 -      (17431794)  -, ,    . . .],        [22 - ..Medawar. Unnatural Science // New York Review of Books, February 3, 1977.].

           ,          .          ,     -    .         ,     ,              ,      (  , ,   ),       .

 1970.  30%        18  34    [23 - Judge David L.Bazelon. No, Not Tougher Sentencing // New York Times, February 15, 1977.].    6       .          ,             , - ,  ,    ,         .

                       ,   .   , ,    ,     ,       . ,    ,         ,     ,       -  .        ,        .           ,   .       ,             ,      .

 ,       12 ,    . ,      ,     ,       .        (    )       -.     ,  [24 - ,         .        . . .],    (,   ,   ).

     ,      ,  ,       ,     ,   . -  ,    ,    .  ,       蓻,  :



 ,             ,          

     ,          ,     .               ,   ,     ,     ,           ,       -       [25 - James V.McConnell. Criminals Can Be Brainwashed Now // Psychology Today, vol. 3, 11, April 1970.].


  ,    .,            ,             , ,      [26 - Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, p. v.].

    ,    1974.,  ,                        .   ,   ,     ,                 ,     ,  ,             ,   [27 - Ibid.].

 ., -         ( ), ,       ,      ,           .  V      ,    1974. ,    :      ,          ,           ?   ,                     ,     .  ,  ,                     .

    ,    -     ,                       .        [28 - Robert J.Grimm. Brain Control in a Democratic Society. ,   5-         1974.].

,     ,     :     ,        ,                   . ,       (-,   -   ),  .  3  1977.    ,   ,    , ,                .     ,    ,    .        ,     , ,     ,     . , ,         -, -        .        ,   .          .

           185    80 : ,  ,   44    .

 ,       ,   ,               . ,         [  ],     - ,                   .  ,       .     -  :



 ,          1957.  ,          ,  ,    ,        ,    Ⓟ[29 - Private Institutions Used in CIA Effort to Control Behavior // New York Times, August 2, 1977.]


 ,     ,    .         , , ,    ?      , ,      , ,    ,     .

     ,        25 ,   ,           ,        .  -       25  1952.,      ,       ,       (.. . .)           ,    [30 - Ibid.].

  , -      :



   , -,  ,  ,            ,     .


 :



  ,               [31 - Control CIA, Not Behavior // New York Times, August 5, 1977.].


  ,             ,     .         ,             .

 ,    ,                      .  ,                ,    , ,            ,        .  ,           ,        (.  7).

, , ,         100%,          .          1953.,    ,      ,        ,          ,                   .




 2.   


       .      .       :   !..   !     ., ,    ,     ,  ,     ,   . -,    -  ,       .

     ,                [32 -   ( . limbus , )     ,     ,    .      ,  ,     ().    ,      ,   (),    ().      , ,  , , , ,   .     ,  ,  , , ,      ,     . (,        .)          1952     .],    .  ,    ( ,     )    ,     .          ,        :     ,       ,       ,   ,    .

     ,     ,     ,   ,          .

            , ,   ,     ,          .

   X.,  ,         ,   .,        ,    ,  .         -    .    -   ,            -.

                      ,        .    , ,  34- ,      [33 - Vernon .Mark, Frank R.Ervin. Violence and the Brain. New York: Harper & Row, 1970, Chapter 7, pp. 92111.],      ,            ,    14  ,   .            .

  ,    .  , ,     ,  ,           ,      .        [34 - Ibid.].

  ,     ,    .         ,          .       ,     ,       .              56 ,      ,         ,   .

  -      .           [35 - Ibid.].

           ,       .               ,     .    ()         .            ,       . -,       .

  10 .     ,   ,    ,   -    [36 -          , ,      ,        ,            .].

   ,                 ,    .             ,         .   ,    ,       ,    ,       .

   ,      ,      ( ,   , ). ,    ,        ,   ,  -    ,    [37 - Ibid.].

       - ,                   .                  .

    .    :            .      ,         .       ,         [38 - Ibid, . 97].

   .    .                2 .  ,      , ,          ,   ,      .

   ,   .,     ,        ,         :    ,  -          .  ,        ,      [39 - Peter R.Breggin, M.D. Professional Bulletin a complement to the FAS Public Interest Reports, published by Federation of American Scientists, vol. 2, 2, February 1974.].

  ,     ,     ,   ,        .  ,  ,    ,         ,    .         .             .      ,      ,      [40 - Ibid.].

   ,    .

        22 ,  ,         ,      .,     -,    -.   ,   ,      .         .     ,    ,      .       .

    ,            ,       ,        .      ,  ,      ,         [41 - Edward Hitchcock, Lauri Laitinen, Kjeld Vaernet, eds. Psychosurgery: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Psychosurgery. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas, 1972, p. 396.].  ,     ,      .     ,  ,               .         ,          ,   ,          .        ,      [42 -        .   1977.].    ,        .              ( )[43 -  ,         . . .]. ,  ,        .

       ().    20             ,      .  ,          ,    ,          .       ,      ,     [44 - Hitchcock, Laitinen, Vaernet. Psychosurgery: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Psychosurgery, p. 371.].          .   (     )       .     .

        383     ,    .     ,          .   ,  ,   ,      . ,  ,        , ,       ,          .         [45 - Ibid., p. 366.].

  ,   II       1972.,        , 



,      (    ), ,   ,     , ,  ,     , ,     [46 -  (. . ????????  ,  ???????? (????????)  ,   ???? ,  +???? , ,  )    ,     ,            (   ),  ,    ,         (    , ,       - )      (  ).],          , . , -,    ,                 [47 - Ibid.].


 ,       ,              ,          [48 - Ibid., p. 363.].    ,        ,    ,   .       :



 ,                   .            ,        [49 - Ibid., p. 373.].


           ,    ,          .        , ,    , , ,    ,        .

 ,  ,     [50 - Ibid., . 364.],                    .    ,  ,      .   1954.   550     .

  ,       , .    :     ,      .     ,      (      )     (, ,   [51 -   (:   ,  )     ,      .       .      ,   ,     ,         .]).     ,                 .      ,     .

    ()   ,            ,    ,        ,        [52 - U. S., Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Quality of Health Care Human Experimentation, 1973, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., February 23, 1973, and March 6, 1973. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973, Part II, p. 339.].        .   40-   50- . ,    ,     ,              .    .,     ,        ,   .  ,               [53 - Ibid., . 340.].

      ,          .         , -,        .




  .


   .

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notes








1


             . . .




2


Vernon .Mark, Frank R.Ervin. Violence and the Brain. New York: Harper & Row, 1970, p. 5.




3


U.S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary. Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., November 1974. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1974, pp. 28; 40.




4


Walter Freeman. American Handbook on Psychiatry, vol. 2. New York: Basic Books, 1959, p. 1526.




5


Richard Restak, M.D. The Promise and the Peril of Psychosurgery // Saturday Review, September 25, 1973; also brief of amicus curiae American Orthopsychiatric Association, State of Michigan, Circuit Court for the County of Wayne, July 1973.




6


Elliot S.Valenstein. Brain Stimulation and the Origin of Violent Behavior. ,   5-        -   1974.




7


Edward Hitchcock, Lauri Laitinen, Kjeld Vaernet, eds. Psychosurgery: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Psychosurgery. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas, 1972.




8


         . . .




9


Fredric Wertham, M. D. A Sign for Cain. New York, Warner Paperback Library, 1966, Chapter 9.




10


Leon Eisenberg, M.D. The Human Nature of Human Nature // Science, vol. 176, April 14, 1972.




11


  ,  17  1976. ..,    .




12


Arthur R.Jensen. How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Scholastic Achievement? // Harvard Educational Review, vol. 39, February 1969, pp. 1123.




13


John Near. A Scientists Variations on a Disturbing Racial Theme // Life, June 12, 1970.




14


Ibid.




15


 1977. , -,  -            .    ,          653 ,  ,                .  ,       , , ,                   .  ,      ( 1977.),  :     ,    ,           .    ,    ,          .




16


   ..  1977.




17


Alexander Thomas, Samuel Sillen. Racism and Psychiatry. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972, p. 37.




18


  (18201903),    ,    . . .




19


Herbert Spencer. Principles of Biology. New York: D.Appleton & Co., 1901.




20


R.Hofstadter. Social Darwinism in American Thought. New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1959, p. 45.




21


     (17431794)  -, ,    . . .




22


..Medawar. Unnatural Science // New York Review of Books, February 3, 1977.




23


Judge David L.Bazelon. No, Not Tougher Sentencing // New York Times, February 15, 1977.




24


,         .        . . .




25


James V.McConnell. Criminals Can Be Brainwashed Now // Psychology Today, vol. 3, 11, April 1970.




26


Individual Rights and the Federal Role in Behavior Modification, p. v.




27


Ibid.




28


Robert J.Grimm. Brain Control in a Democratic Society. ,   5-         1974.




29


Private Institutions Used in CIA Effort to Control Behavior // New York Times, August 2, 1977.




30


Ibid.




31


Control CIA, Not Behavior // New York Times, August 5, 1977.




32


  ( . limbus , )     ,     ,    .      ,  ,     ().    ,      ,   (),    ().      , ,  , , , ,   .     ,  ,  , , ,      ,     . (,        .)          1952     .




33


Vernon .Mark, Frank R.Ervin. Violence and the Brain. New York: Harper & Row, 1970, Chapter 7, pp. 92111.




34


Ibid.




35


Ibid.




36


         , ,      ,        ,            .




37


Ibid.




38


Ibid, . 97




39


Peter R.Breggin, M.D. Professional Bulletin a complement to the FAS Public Interest Reports, published by Federation of American Scientists, vol. 2, 2, February 1974.




40


Ibid.




41


Edward Hitchcock, Lauri Laitinen, Kjeld Vaernet, eds. Psychosurgery: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Psychosurgery. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas, 1972, p. 396.




42


       .   1977.




43


 ,         . . .




44


Hitchcock, Laitinen, Vaernet. Psychosurgery: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Psychosurgery, p. 371.




45


Ibid., p. 366.




46


 (. . ????????  ,  ???????? (????????)  ,   ???? ,  +???? , ,  )    ,     ,            (   ),  ,    ,         (    , ,       - )      (  ).




47


Ibid.




48


Ibid., p. 363.




49


Ibid., p. 373.




50


Ibid., . 364.




51


  (:   ,  )     ,      .       .      ,   ,     ,         .




52


U. S., Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Quality of Health Care Human Experimentation, 1973, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., February 23, 1973, and March 6, 1973. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973, Part II, p. 339.




53


Ibid., . 340.


