 R.  3.5.2(2018-12-20) DRAFT
  


         ,     R,         R.





 R

 3.5.2(2018-12-20) DRAFT


 3.5.2(2018-12-20) DRAFT

  R



   



  , ,2019



ISBN978-5-4496-6029-9

     Ridero




R Language Definition


Version 3.5.2(2018-12-20) DRAFT

R Development CoreTeam

   :

http://www.aafomenko@yandex.ru (http://www.aafomenko@yandex.ru/)



Copyright  20002012R Development CoreTeam

        ,    ,      .

             ,  ,        ,  .

               ,  ,       ,    R.




1.


R     .  ,  ,  ,  ,     .     R.

 R  S,    1980-       .   ,  . ,       ACM 1998 S.

Ӡ     C,    FPL (  )    Lisp APL.  ,   ,     ,     , -,       .

     R  ,     .   , ,   ,                   .

      .  ,  ,    ,    ,       R.     ,   ,        .

      S,     ,   ,  R.

      ,    .    -     ,   .      ,        .        .        ,     ,      .      .

   R.    R,   .     :     R   R,        R   R,  .




2.



       ,  . R     ,      ,   .       .  R, ,           .          .

        ,  R.         .   typeof R    R. ,   C,   R,        SEXPREC;    R  C SEXPTYPE,  ,      .

    ,  typeof,  .

		NULL

NULL


		symbol

 


		pairlist

  ( )


		closure




		environment

 


		promise

,    


		language

 R


		special

 ,    


		builtin

 ,    


		char ascalar

  ( )***


		logical

,   


		integer

,   


		double

,   


		complex

,   


		character

,   


		

   ***


		any

 ,    :   


		expression

 


		list




		bytecode

  ( )***


		externalptr

  


		weakref



  




raw


,  


		S4



 S4,    


    ,  ***.



       Becker, Chambers & Wilks (1988),       S. ,  storage.mode        . (1988).      ,   ,   C    ,   R   ,    . ( S         ,  ,     .)

		> x <1:3
		> typeof(x)
		[1] integer
		> mode(x)
		[1] numeric
		> storage.mode (x) [1] integer

 R      .         .    R     , ,       ,      .




2.1. 


2.1.1. 

     ,  .      , ,  x [5].     3.4[].

R    ()  : logical, integer, real, complex, string (or character) raw.          .








 ,   4.2, ,   four point two,   ,  1;    .  ()   .

Ӡ      character.         .

2.1.2. 

 ( )     . Ӡ  ,        R,        . ʠ        .     3.4[].

蠖 ,       ,    .

2.1.3.  

   ,    R, : call (), expressions () name ().   R    ,        .          .

Ӡ    call, expression 蠫name, .

     ,      蠫   as.call  as.list.       ,    .

2.1.4.  

   R.     R .       as.name .

   name,   symbol  symbol.      蠫  ,  as.character  as.name.       , , , as.list (quote (x +y)).

2.1.5.  

 R     expression.      .     .     ,   ,   R.    ,        .      ,    expression      ,           .

      ,          .

2.1.6 

 R 蠖          . Ӡ (  ,  )    :   ,   .  ⠖     .    ,   symbol = default,    .          ,        - ,    .         .   ,      ,      .

    R,     ,     ,    .

    ,      .      ,   .          ,    .     ,  ,     .

      ,   formals, body environment (       ).         .

      (  ),   (.  2.1.10[ ])    .       ;   ,     .

       蠫  ,  as.list as. function.      S   .

2.1.7.NULL

  ,  NULL.    ,        .        .

 NULL   -   .  R     NULL,    .   NULL  is.null.     NULL.

2.1.8.    

       R,  , ,    . Primitive   (  ,     . Internal , ,    ).      .            ,         .

  R      .  is.primitive     .

2.1.9.  

      R.    : ,   .     ,       . ,      ,       .




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