 
  


Historia Rossica
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Copyright  1994 by Cornell University The edition is authorized by Cornell University Press



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[  [1 -    ,  ,       ,     . [  (Paul Werth)   At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russias Volga Kama Region, 18271905 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002)           . . .]] ]


             1994.         ,        .       ,          ,             -.   ,     젖        .

          (1989.)    堖     ,          1993-[2 - Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture / Ed. Galia Diment and Yuri Slezkine. New York, 1993.].                     . ,   ,   ,       Slavic Review       [3 - Slezkine Yuri. The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism // Slavic Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. P. 414452.  :  .     //  :    . .   / . . -. , 2001. . 329374.].  ,   ,     ,    ,          ,     , ,  19201930-,         .            .

 , ,     ,      ,                    . -,    ,             XVI.  .                  ,        ;      蠖          ,         . ,        19201930- ,                 .        , ,    ,     ,              [4 - ., .: Edgar Adrienne Lynn. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, 2004.].           (longue dure)   (  )       , , ,      ,           .           -   ,    .

-,              .    1990- .       [5 - ,         ; ,     : Humphry Caroline. Karl Marx Collective: Economy, Society, and Religion in a Siberian Collective Farm. Cambridge, 1983.    1990- .          .],    ,                ,    [6 -     : Grant Bruce. In the House of Soviet Culture: A Century of Perestroikas. Princeton, 1995.             .].         [7 -   : Golovnev Andrei V. and Ocherenko, Gail. Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story. Ithaca, 1999; Kerttula Anna M. Antler on the Sea: The Yupik and Chukchi of the Russian Far East. Ithaca, 2000; Ssorin-Chaikov Nikolai. The Social Life of the State in Subarctic Siberia. Stanford, 2003.].            , , ,          ,   .     ,          ,            (    ) [8 - .   .].   , ,     ( )      .  ,                  (,   ..), ,  ,         ,                 ,    , ,         . ,        -        (. 344),      -      ,    ,      .   ,    ,          ,  ,     .              ,    ,      (   )     .

               .  ,  ,                 ,      .         ,    XVIII.         ,  ,   [9 - .,  ,  2  ,   :  .   :   XVIII      //     .   .  / . . , .. , .. . ., 2005. . 120154.].           ,      , ,     蠖                           . ,      ,   .             ,      ;       , ,   ,     [10 - Knight Nathaniel. Constructing the Science of Nationality: Ethnography in Mid-Nineteenth Century Russia (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1994).  P. ,    1995.,     : Geraci, Robert. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. Ithaca, 2001.   .  ,   :     , 18451855 .   ,        :   18921896             (. . 8).]. , ,          ,               ,    .    ո           ,            [11 - Hirsch Francine. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, 2005.].  ,           ,             [12 -    , , ,         ,   N. Ia. Marr and the National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics: Slavic Review. 1996. Vol. 55. 4. . 826862.  :  . ..       //   . 1999. 36.].

-,          ,    .         ,   ,   ,      .     ,        19201930- .   ,       . ,       [13 -       ,      1996.  堖    ,      ,    2001.: Martin Terry. Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923939. Ithaca, 2001.],    ,    ,         (   ),  ,  ,     .      ,            ..      ,      .

,         .       ,        ,         .         ,      ,          [14 - Forsyth James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russias North Asian Colony, 15811990. Cambridge, 1992.    ,       .].        ,       ,  ,         ,      .  ,      ,    ,               ,               .   ,             [15 - ., .: Znamenski Andrei A. Shamanism and Christianity: Native Encounters with Russian Orthodox Missions in Siberia and Alaska, 18201917. Westport, CT, 1999.],   ,           .

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               .   ,  - ,    ,      ,   ,           .       :         ,          (, )         .                     .       XVIII.               .       ,   ,            ,         ,    .      ,         ,         .

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 , ,    ,   ,           ;             ;               ( ) ,                     .  ,       ,          ; ,    ,    ,       ,    ,     .

  7     Current Anthropology, vol. 32, 4 (August October 1991), p. 476484,  Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research,   ;    Slavic Review, vol. 51, 1 (Spring 1992), p. 5276.      ,          (AAASS)       .

        - ,      ,         . 堖   ;  ꠖ   ;     ;     ࠖ      ;  ,  ,  ,  ,  , . . ,        ;  ,  ,  ,                   蠖   ;  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,         ࠖ     ;     ;  렖   .    蠖    .



 
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    ,   ()          ,     , ,   .   (),  (),  (),  (, ),  ( ),  (-),  (-), ,  ( ),  (),  (), , , , ,  (), , ,  (), ,  (),  (), , ,  ()   ()[16 -         (3- . ., 19701978),       (.:     , 1994).    ,          ,     ,          .].

  1920-      ,            ,       .             ,                [17 - ,     ,        ,  ,    .].       ,      ,  ,        ,          [18 - ., .:     (1822) // -1. . 38. 29126, . 1; [-] ..    // . 1922. 1;            // . 1927. 2. . 8591.].  (),  ()       ,     , ,      ,       ,        ,         , ,       , , , ,    [19 -   ,       ,    ,  ,   ,           .].

   -      (-  )   (  )  ,      ,        [20 -        .        ,       .     , .: Comry Bernard. The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge, 1981; Krauss Michel E. Many Tongues Ancient Tales // Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska / d. William W. Fitzhugh and Aron Crowell. Washington, D.C., 1988. P. 145150;  ..     . ., 1969; Hajdu Peter. Finno-Ugrian Languages and Peoples. London, 1975; The Samoed Peoples and Languages. Bloomington, Ind., 1963;   / . .. , ..   .. . ., 1969. . 1 ().].          (  -,     )          ,                   ,    (  𻠖  ).     -   , ,   ,         .  ,    ,  ,   ,         ,   ,      .           , ,      .

        .      ( ,   )       - ,            , , ,   ,     .    ,        ,    XVIII.   ,   ()    -   ,    .

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,    蠖    -  (       ).        ,         ;            ;  ()     蠖  ,   .

,   ,      :     .      ;        ,   ,     .       ,   ,   .   蠖     ,       .         .             ,       [21 - Dunbar Moira. The Arctic Setting // The Arctic Frontier / d. R. St. J. Macdonald. Toronto, 1966. P. 325; Graburn, Nelson H.H. and Strong B. Steven. Circumpolar Peoples: An Anthropological Perspective. Pacific Palisades, Calif., 1973. P. 14.].

      [22 -      .: Graburn and Strong. Circumpolar Peoples; Ingold Tim. Hunters, Pastoralists, and Ranchers: Reindeer Economies and Their Transformations. Cambridge, 1980;  ..  . ., 1989.          (,  ,       ,    ) .: Forsyth James. A History of the peoples of Siberia: Russias north Asian Colony, 15811990. Cambridge, 1992.].    ,     ,    (     ),         蠖  ?      .           .           ,         ,      ;               .  XVIII.,      ,  ,           .     ,       ,   ( ,       )    ,         ,  .      ,              ,         ໠   [23 -     :  ..    . ., 1971; Bogoras Waldemar G. The Chukchee. New York, 1904; [-] .. . . 1. ., 1934;  ..   - . ., 1966;       XVII   . /. ..   .. . ., 1970; Hajdu Peter. The Samoed Peoples and Languages. Bloomington, 1963; Jochelson Waldemar. The Koryak. New York, 1913; Idem, The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus. New York, 1910;  .. : - . ., 1966;  ..,  ..  : , , . , 1979;   / . .. , .. . ., 1956; Popov A.A. The Nganasan: The Material Culture of the Tavgi Samoeds. Bloomington, 1966;  .. :    . ., 1984;  ..     . ., 1965;  .    . ., 1973.].

      ,          ,   .    蠖    軠       .   ,  ,   ,     ,             :      -,           .               ,         .    ,  ,       [24 -             : Bogoras Waldemar G. The Chukchee and the Eskimo of Siberia. New York, 1913; Chard Chester S. Kamchadal Culture and Its Relationships in the Old and New Worlds // Archives of Archaeology. 15. Madison, 1961;  ..   - ;       XVII   .;     / . .. , .. . ., 1990; Jochelson W. The Koryak;  ..   .   ,     . ., 1949;   / . .. , ..;  ..    . ., 1975;  .. . , 1959;  ..    .].

     (   ,  , , ,    )       [25 -       :  .. : - . ., 1967; Black Lydia. The Nivkh (Giliak) of Sakhalin and the Lower Amur // ArA. 10 (1973). P. 1110;       XVII   . /. ..   .. ;  .. :     . ., 1973;  .. : -    XIX.   . ., 1964;   / . .. , .. ; Shirokogorov S.M. Social Organization of the Northern Tungus. Shanghai, 1933; Idem. Psychomental Complex of the Tungus. London, 1935;  .. , , , , . , 1933;  ..          :  . ., 1984;  . : ,       . ., 1966;  .. :  ,   . ., 1967;  .. . -  (XVIII   .). ., 1969.].           ;        , ,      .

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        ,        ,     ,     .              , ,     (    )        ;    .  ,    -,            .

     ,    , ,    -      ,         (  , ,  ). -   ,    ,  ,  ,           .   ,    ,         ,   ,    [27 -  ..      XVI  XVII. //  . ., 1965. . 3, . 2. . 95;  ..          -  //   . ., 1957. . 2.;  .. . . 145146;  ..   . . 403;  ..      XIX . , 1920. . 1. . 205;         / . ..   . ., 1968. . 1. . 399.].

      ,       ,   ,   /         .         ,         -      ,             ,          [28 -  ..          - . . 168;  .. . . 2729; Bogoras W.G. The Chukchee. P. 53.].   ,    ,          (  ) ,      .

       :    ,    -    - [29 - Black L. The Nivkh. P. 4950.].         ;  ,    ,  ; ,    ,      .         ,    ,    (   ).        ,   堖 .

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         , a   -    .  1096          ,            .         ,   ,         ,         [31 - ..    (, 1: 235).               ,       ,    . .:  ..       , XIIIXVII. , 1941. . 1, . 2. . 45; Chekin Leonid S. The Godless Ishmaelites: Image of the Steppe in Pre-Muskovite Rus ( :      . ,          /, 8001800.  ,  1992.).].        ( , , ,  堖    ), a        .    ,                .   1200-           [32 - Martin Janet. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia/ Cambridge, 1986. P. 911, 44, 52, 54, 6167; Idem. Russian Expansion in the Far North // Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917 / Ed. by Michael Rywkin. London, 1988. P. 2334; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade, 15501700. Berkeley, Calif., 1943. P. 37; , 10: 22;  ..       XVI  XVII. //  ..  . . 3, . 1. . 138;  ..       (-     ) //     /. .. . ., 1885. . 442444.].

 XIV.        ,           ,      ,      ,     [33 - Martin Janet. Treasure of the Land of Darkness. . 9092, 102;  ..    . ., 1894.].  1383. ,  ,     ;       ;  1499.   III                [34 - , 12: 249; Martin Janet. Muscovys Northeastern Expansion: The Context and a Cause // Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique. Vol. 24. 4 (1983). P. 459470;  ..   . , 1982. . 99104;  ..        // . . 273 (1891). . 257264.].

    XVI.       -   ;          ;   (1552)   (1556)           ,               .                   .  . ,          , , , ,            [35 - . : Hakliut Richard. The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. Glasgow, 1903. P. 365. . :  ..    . . 140; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 21; Bassin Mark. Expansion and Colonialism on the Eastern Frontier: Views of Siberia and the Far East in the Pre-Petrine Russia // Journal of Historical Geography. Vol. 14. 1 (1988). P. 11; Martin Janet. Treasure of the Land of Darkness. P. 109.].

   XVI.            ,         ,    ,       ,      ,     ,       ,          [36 - . :  ..  . ., 1937. . 1. . 339. . :  ..    XVIXVII. ., 1962. . 79;  ..   . . 113118;  . .  . ., 1907. . 56, 53.].  15811582.      ,  ,        ,             .              ,   ,        [37 -  . . 24, 70, 131, 201, 208, 331;  ..   . . 142222;  ..  . . 1. . 236.].  ,       ,    .      ,  ,           .

     [38 -  ..     XVII. //  ..  . . 3, . 1. . 200210.]. ,        ,   ,         [39 -         ,    .            ,    XVII.          (Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Colonial Administration. Berkeley, Calif., 1943. P. 6369; Armstrong Terence. Russian Settlement in the North. Cambridge, 1965. P. 6568; Dmytryshin Basil. The Administrative Apparatus of the Russian Colony in Syberia and Northern Asia, 15811700 // The History of Siberia from Russian Conquest to Revolution / Ed. Alan Wood. London, 1991. P. 22;  ..   -   XVII  XIX.: ,  , ,  . ., 1978. . 68; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 32).].      ,    ,    ()     ()   .          ,        ,  ,   [40 -     .,  :  ..     (  XVII.). ., 1969;  ..     ; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade; Gibson, James R. Feeding the Russian Fur Trade: Provisionment of the Okhotsk Seaboard and the Kamchatka Peninsula, 16391856. Madison, 1969; Kerner Robert J. The Urge to the Sea: The Course of Russian History: The Role of Rivers, Portages, Ostrogs, Monasteries, and Furs. Berkeley, Calif., 1946; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century; Lantzeff George V. and Pierce Richard A. Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier to 1750. Montreal, 1973;  ..   - .].            ,     ,     .         ,               .   ,  -,    ,    ,   [41 -    XVII.     .].

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      :   ,     []   ,      ;    ,    ,      ,   ,         ;     , ,     ,       ,      .          ,   ,      ; - ,   ,              (       );            ,   1662  1678.   230 [49 - , 2:850;  ..  . . 2. . 184; , 1:457;  . . 333334;  ..  . . 1. . 242, 287;   . . 81;  .. - : - . ., 1900. . 2. . 1213;  ..     XVII.   //      ( ) / . ... ., 1973.].

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  ,    , a   ,   .              [53 -  ..     . . 18, 68;  ..   - . . 115.     XIX.,        . .: Bogoras W.G. The Chukchee. C. 691.].  1747.          , ,   ,           ,       [54 -  ..     . . 119.].   ,   ,            ,    [55 -       :    / . .. , .. . ., 1935. . 170171;  .. - . . 3847.].  1769.     ,             .              .

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     ,       .  1589  1605. (         )     ,   1680-      125.  (   15.   1589.)[84 - Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 114, 119; Bassin Mark. Expansion and Colonialism. . 11; Gibson Games R. The Significance of Siberia to Tsarist Russia // Canadian Slavonic Papers. Vol. 14. 3 (1972). . 443.].         ( )        . ,   a ,          .     ,        ,     [85 -  ..       . , 1889. . 313;  ..     XVII. . 58.].  ,  ,    .     ,         ,  ,       ,   [86 -  ..  . . 2. . 170.].

    .            .   ,   a     ࠖ     .   ,  ,    ,     ,       .          ,     .      ,         ,             [87 -  ..  . . 314318; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 105106;  ..     XVII. . 83.].           ,   .  -        ,        .  , ,    ,    ,      . (           [88 -  ..  . . 314318.].)    ,   ,           .    ,   . ,      [89 -  . . 316;  ..     XVII. . 26, 46.].

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       ,  ,  .         .             .          ,    [94 - Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 105; . . 2. . 146147;  ..  . . 1. . 307, 380; . 2. . 152;  ..   - . . 21.].    :                .

  ,              .               ,     .       ,  ,    ,      .        ,           [95 - Gibson James R. Russia on the Pacific: The Role of the Amur // Canadian Geographer. Vol. 12. 1 (1968). P. 17; Idem. Feeding the Russian Fur Trade. P. 4647;  ..   - . . 107109;  ..       XVII  XVIII. ., 1946. . 1156.].         ,                 [96 -  ..  . . 311312.].  , ,     1598.,         ,  , ,    ,     ,    [97 -  ..  . . 2. . 512; . . 2. . 146148.].      a,  , ,   ,        .   , ,     ,        [98 - . . 2. . 146148.].    e ,   ,                 .

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     ,     -    .         ;        ; a             ,    .    ,  ,      ,                                 ,  ,   .               ,     ,           (       )[102 -  ..      . ., 1955. . 33;  ..      XVIXIX. // ,     XVIXIX. /. .. . , 1965. . 133;  ..  . .317318.].

   XVII.    [103 - Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 94107; . . 3. . 214; . 7. . 193194.]. (     ,               .)      ,       .           , , ,             .   e ,  , ,       ,  , ,  ,   , ,        ; , ,     .  , ,           [104 -  ..  . . 2. . 152.].

     ,      .  1633.             ,   ,          ,    140- [1632]  ,  ,   ,   ,    [105 -  . . 403; .  . 387.].   ,                 [106 -  ..        XVII. //    . .. -.  .  . . 55. ., 1960. . 128129, 143144. . : . 88, 9293, 141, 155, 158, 169, 187, 306, 451521, 561, 571,  :  ..   . . 115.].    : 1694.        ,           .                     [107 -  ..    . . 410.].             4500   1450.   ,    : 1670-  1680-   10%        (  , , ), a 6%       .          ,   ,            (    )[108 -  ..   - . . 69, 1923;  ..        XVII. . 440.].

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    - , a      .  1607.          .             ,        ,   [115 -  ..  . . 2. . 202205.].  ,   : 1609.      ,  a         [116 -  . . 212;  ..    . . 136.].             e      .  1649.      ,          a; 1679.       ;  1714.       ,         [117 - . . 3. . 176; . 7. . 277304; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 113; . . 2. . 9293.].           ,   1730.      .     ,   ,         ,   ,    [118 -  ..   . . 479, 496. ,  ,    ,   1780-         3   (    13    ). .:  ..   - . . 101103;  ..    . . 571.].

   ,      [119 - ., .:  .. . . 14; . . 3. . 322; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 110;  ..         . ., 1935. . 39;  ..   . . 115.],           .    ,           , , ,         . ,  ,  ,          ,    .          ,      ,     ,   



          .     ,        [] , ,   .     -  ,  ,  ,  ,          [120 -  ..     XVII. . 69.].


  ,  , ,   ,        ,                   (        ).   , ,  ,  -              (    ).  ,   e a        ,        [121 - Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 100; . . 2. . 157;  ..  . . 306;  ..   . . 122.].

     ,   e   .  a  a.    ,     ,    ,     ,    .   ,      ,     ,    ,          (        ,            )[122 - . . 7. . 147, 154.]. ,            .

 ,     XVII.     ,     .    a  oe,  ,           [123 -  ..    XVIII. //      / . .. . , 1968. . 109.].   ,   ,       .          ,   ,      ,    ,     ,    ,       .   , ,    ,         ,       ,    , ,              [124 - . . 3. . 176.].        ,                    [125 -  ..   . . 120.].      ,  ,     



                  .             ,     ,   ,      ,  ,  ,         ,          [126 -  ..  . . 2. . 169170.].


 ,         (  )   .      oe;   e ;  e    .     e    ;          ;        ,   [ ]    [127 - . . 2. . 263. . : . 2. . 270, 274; . 4. . 362363; . 7. . 347; . . 3. . 545, 574; . . 2. . 70, 176, 766, 831; . 8. . 494;  ..     . . 6566;  ..  . . 331332;  ..  . . 1. . 381; . 2. . 169170, 174, 176, 191;   . . 237.].

        ,  .           ,       [128 - Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 34, 114; Gibson James R. Sables to Sea Otters: Russia Enthers the Pacific // Alaska Review. Vol. 111 (Fall/Winter 1968). P. 204, 207.].     :         ,           [129 - Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 98;  ..   . . 119.]   .   ,             .  o  ,   ,                   .  1680.



           , ,       ,                            ,         ,  ,                            ,  , ,        ,  ,     ,   ,    [130 - . . 7. . 365.].


        .                 ,    ,    .                  a  a,     XVIII     ,   ,        .




 


, o       ,     terra incognita,          .  ,                . , ,  ,     ,      ,      ,     ,  ,  ,         .    ,  ,  ,      ,  ; ,    ,            ;     ,  ,          ;    ,         ,         ; ,    ,  ,      [131 -        //  ..        // . 4. 1887. . 113114.  .:  ..        //     . 1890. . 14. . 230236;   XVII.            / . .. . ., 1890. . 45;  ..   . ., 1892. . 4. . 187.].

 XV.,    ,          ,     ,    a [132 -  ..       . . 122123.   ,    , .:  ..       ;  ..       .    .: Pliguzov A.I. Skazanie o chelovetsekh neznaemykh v Vostochnei strane // Russian History/Histoire russe. 1992. Vol. 19. 1/4. P. 401.].      ⻠           ,       ,                [133 -  ..       . . 12; White David Gordon. Myths of the Dog-Men. Chicago, 1991.].  ( ,       ,        )[134 -         . .: . 4.2527.], ,  , ,              ,   (  o   )   ,      [135 - Hodgen Margaret T. Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Philadelphia, 1971. P. 1777; Bernheimer Richard. Wild Man in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology. New York, 1970. P. 8593; White David Gordon. Myths of the Dog-Men. P. 4770;  ..       . C. 1920.].  XIII. ,   ,        ,        .       ,    ,           ;  ,   ()   ,          ,    ,   [136 - Beazley Raymond C. The Texts and Versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis. London, 1903. P. 122123; Marco Polo. The Travels of Marco Polo. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1988. P. 331. [ . . . :  ..       . C. 36. . .]].    XVI. a    ,    (      )   e.         ,   , -  ,    ;                ;      -,       ,    ,  -;      ,    ,        [137 -  .    . ., 1908. . 129133;  ..       . . 105106, 127, 134135, 150.].

    ,      .       蠖          ,      (     ,    ).             ,        ,      ( , /, ).        (savages,  silva, );  (,  ; ,  );  (,    ,   );  o (黠 pagan    ,    )[138 - Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Mythology. Cambridge, 1982. P. 1619, 203; Todorov Tzvetan. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York, 1984. P. 76; Bernheimer Richard. Wild Man in the Middle Ages. P. 20.].        ,      ,         [139 - White Haiden. The Forms of Wildness: Archaeology of an Idea // The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism / Ed. by Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak. Pittsburg, 1972. P. 1922.].   ,     (    ),    (a   仠 --);    (  )           .    ,       e.              ,  ,     [140 - A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity / Ed. by George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy. Baltimore, 1935; Bernheimer Richard. Wild Man in the Middle Ages. P. 102119; Baudet Henri. Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man. New Haven, 1965. P. 1022; Fairchild Hoxie Neale. The Noble Savage: A Study in Romantic Naturalism. New York, 1928. P. 28.].      a     (   ,          );    ,          (     ),     e,   [141 - White Haiden. The Forms of Wildness. . 28; A Documentary History of Primitivism. . 122.].    ,         ,    ;  - ,     ,    (politia, humanita et commertio)      ,          ;      ,         [142 -  ..       . . 69, 8889, 297.].

            e .       ,    ,   ,   .   ,           .    , a  ;      ,           .     ,               [143 - Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New: 14921650. Cambridge, 1970. P. 1822; Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 1012.].   ,    ,  ,   ,            ,  e,   ,  ,           .   ,        [144 - Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 5; Foucault Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York, 1973. P. 51.].   -,     ,  ,  ,       [145 - Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 21.].  -,        ,   , ,    ,      [146 - Ibid. P. 41; Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 12.].    ,  ,         (  ,    ,        ), ,   ,          [147 - Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 22; Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 12.]. o,     ,     ,       ,    , , ,   .   XVI.            , ,   [148 - Hodgen Margaret T. Early Anthropology. . 111161.].    ,    ,    ()     (),  o    ,      ,     [149 - Ibid. . 129.].         ,     ?    ,   ?        ,   ;   ,       ;   , ,    ,   ,        ,   [150 - Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 33.].    ,      ;   , , ,   ;  ,     [151 - Ibid. P. 3637; Hodgen Margaret T. Early Anthropology. . 131206.].  ,       ,     ,                .    ()?        (   )?        ()?      ()?

 XVII.          ,    ,       politia, humanita et commertio      ,            .      ,     -  ,                 ,               , , , ,        [152 - ., .,   ,  ,       .:  ..       ; Harris John. A Compleat Collection of Voyages and Travels. London, 1705. Vol. 2. P. 1920, 253257; Bruyn Cornelis de. Travels into Muscovy, Persia, and Part of the East-Indies. London, 1737. Vol. 1. P. 614, 98138; Baddeley John F. Russia, Mongolia, China. New York, 1964 [1919]. Vol. 2. P. 312. . :   .   . , 1960;  . Historia de Sibiria //   XVII. . 115216.]. ,         , ,      1612.,       ,       - [153 - Baddeley John. Russia, Mongolia, China. P. 8.].             , , ,  ,    .         ,       ,     ,      [154 - Ibid. P. 10.]. ,  ,     ,  ,       ,       ,      .          , ,  ,     .

     ,          ,     (     ,    ,     ,      ,   [155 - Ordenanzas de Su Magestad hechas para los nuevos descubrimientos, conquistas y pacificaciones, Julio de 1573 // Coleccion de documentos inditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones espa?olas de Amrica y Oceania sacados de los archivos del Reino. Madrid, 1871. Vol. 16. P. 147.]), ,    ,       .   ,        -          ,           ,        .   ,        ,   ,        .



 , ,            ,        ,         .   ,                    .      ,  , ,           ,    , ,        ,   ,             [156 -   . . 238239.].


 ,             ,               .         ,     ,                    ,   ,  ,  ,    ,         ,      [157 -    / . .. . , 1979. . 70;   . . 216.  ,  ,                        ,         . .: Bassin Mark. Expansion and Colonialism. P. 15.].

        (,         ,      )     ,  -     .     ,     - 堖    ,   :   ,        ,   ,  ,    ,           ,        (  ,      []      )[158 - . . 3. . 52; . 2. . 266;   . . 100101.]. ,        ,    ,      (       ?);      (         ?);     (    ,       );    (   ,          ,     )[159 - . . 3. . 52, 55;   . . 139  .; . . 2. . 262  .].  ,  ,          ,     .  , ,     蠖         .   :            4 .  , ,     [160 -   . . 131.].      (      ),   (    ),  (        )     (        ),            ,  a  [161 -  . . 125, 140;   . . 91; . . 4. . 21.].       :    (),       , ,   .     ,           ,       .

,       .      ,     ,   XVII.         ,      [162 - .: Greenblatt Stephen. Marvelous Possessions. P. 8283; McCrane Bernard. Beyond Anthropology: Society and the Other. New York, 1989. P. 1920.].  ,        ,          .   ,    ,      .   ,     ;  蠖 ..      頖     XVIII.          -   ,      , ..  ,      (,  ,  ).     ,  ;       ;              ;        ,   ;    ,  ,       ;             ,   .

       .     , ,    , a  ,      ,        , a      ,         [163 - . : McCrane Bernard. Beyond Anthropology. . 2425.].   ,     ,  -         ,            蠖          .          ,       [164 - Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. . 2425; Todorov Tzvetan. The Conquest of America. . 108109; Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 19, 21.]. ,         ,    ,     .      -,      (          ,     .   []     ,      )[165 -   . . 142.],    ,     ,      (,  ,     )[166 -  . . 233.].  o a         XVI  XVII.,           ,    .         ,            (                  ,         )[167 - Bassin Mark. Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space // Slavic Review. 1991. Vol. 50. 1. P. 47. [. .:  .     :     //     :   .  / . . , . , . . ., 2005. . 277310. . .]].      ,   ,    , -  e  E,  o   .

,          ,       .   ,   ,  ,      [168 - . : Beazley Raymond C. The Texts and Versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis.].       , ,    ,           ,      . o ,             ,   .     o  ,         .       ,         ,     ,     ,    .          ,         ,    ,            .

,        .      1621.      ,      ,  , -    .        ;     a    a, ,  ,        .          ,      ( )       ,         ,     ,           [169 -  .   ,     , , , , ,   .].  ,   ,   ,    ,   ,  ,   ,   ,   e    ,        .      :      , 頖    .  o    ,   , 頖         : []     [170 -  . . 331.],



    [] []  ,      ,          []     ;      ,  ,    ,  ,   []     ,  , ,      ,    ,  ,       [171 -  . . 112.].


 ,            ,        [172 -  . . 312.],  ,  ,  ,         .

       ,       a . o o     ,         (    )  .    ,  ࠖ [173 - ., .:   XVII. . 85;  ..   :    . ., 1965. . 138.].             .  ,    ,      ,    .      ⠖      [174 -    , .:  ..     . . 92.].

       젖  .  ,      ,    ,    ,     .       [175 - . . 2. . 273; . 3. . 223; . 4. . 360;   . . 531534;  ..  . . 309310.].        ,    , ,   , ,       (    -),    ,    [176 -   . . 254255;  ..      XVIII. ., 1941. . 2223.].           蠖  ,             [177 -     ,            ,     (. . 2. . 184. . :  ..    . . 1617).].      ,    ,     o   ,               ,     ,   [178 - . . 2. 1117. . 662663; . . 2. . 273. . : . . 4. . 360;  ..    . . 710; . . 2. . 215;  ..  . . 1. . 416.].

          ,      ,     , .    XVII.       ,        [179 -  ..    XVII  XVIII. ., 1964. . 122.].  XVIII.        ,      ,     ,    [180 -  . . 123129.].         ,    , ,    [181 -  ..      XVII. // . . 41 (1890). . 197.].       ,           [182 - . . 7. . 303.] ,    ,   ,   ,         ,            ,     [183 -  ..  . . 2. . 276.].      ,    ( ).  (  )      ,                ,          ,    [184 -  ..    . . 11, 14;  ..    //  . ., 1872. . 113; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. P. 102103.].     a       蠖 a  ,       ()   ( ). K       ,      .

,          ,     ,  ,     ,  [185 - . . 7. . 143144;  ..    . . 1112.].        ,       .   , ,     ,          [186 -  ..  . . 325.].  ,    ,         ,      .    ,     ,      , ,             .

  ,     ,     蠖    . ,     ,      ,      ,   ,      .    ,              .         ()?  ,          ,         ,   ,    :    .     ,         [187 - . :  ..  . . 2. . 276;  . . 112.].      ,    .           ,  ,      ,    [188 -   . . 83, 98.].    ,               ,   ,   ,  ,    (, , )   o,  o    ,   ,   .         1646.,       ,  ,    ,     ,  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,       [189 -  . . 140;   . . 69.].

 ,     XVII.  ,   ,         ,     ,      ,      ,      . ,   ,    .




 2




		 ,    ,
		    ,
		 蠖  ,
		  .

 .   [190 -   .]




  


     XVIII.    ,     ,   ,       .      , .. ,          ,         .   ,              [191 -  ..         //  ..  . ., 1979. . 70.].    ( )                      [192 - McGrane B. Beyond Anthropology. P. 5761.            (Walch Johann Georg. Philosophisches Lexicon. Leipzig, 1726). .:  ..     . ., 1913. . 2021.].      ,    ,  堖           ,        ,     .      ,        ,          .  ,  ,    ,   ,   ,  , , , ,   .,               [193 -  ..    . 104.].  ,  ,        ,              ,   [194 - . . 1. . 4. 1800. . 60.].        .         ;      .

  ,       ,  .         ,         .    ,  ,     ,        .  ,       1700.,  []                    [sic! ..] ,     [195 -  ..      . , 1914. . 1. . 848.].                       ,   1701.      ,        [196 - . . 1. . 4. 1800. . 60;  ..   . 851852.  1701  1762.     .].

   .          [197 - . . 1. . 271276.];         ( , ,       ).      ,  ,  ,  堖  ,   [198 -  ..       // . . 81. 5 (1854). . 41, 44;  ..  . . 852856.],       .  1702.   ,  ,      ,     ,   1706.       ,           . ,    ,    ,    ,   [199 -  ..    . . 26.].    ,          ,         ,          ,                 ,     [200 - . . 1. . 413414.].      ,    ,  .. ,     1711.   .      , ,     ,     ,      [201 -  . . 2. . 180. . :  ..    . . 34.].

           ,     ,  ,     [202 -  .     . . 70.].   ,          ,              .    ,           .   ,        ,       , , ,    [203 -  . . 70109; . . 1. . 5. 2863. . 133;  ..    . . 34.].     ,        ,   [204 -  .     . . 88, 92, 93, 106.].             .      [205 -  . . 7172, 75, 100103.]. (  ,      [] ,        [206 -  . . 94.]).   , ,   ,                       頖   ,   1720.           [207 - . . 1. . 5. 2863. . 133;  ..     , XVII  XIX. , 1978. . 8688;  ..    . . 39, 54/57.         13400 . .:  ..    . . 49.].

     .   ,  ,    1705.,       [208 -  ..      . . 41.].  1711.           ,          ,     ,        [209 - . . 2. . 538.].       -,      ,  ,     ,    [210 -  ..      . . 98;  ..   - . . 98.]. ,  1745.                   ,      ,        [211 -   . . 139149.].      , 



  ( ,    ,     )   .  ,      ,    ;               [212 -  ..      . . 50.].


  , ,      .       ,    XVIII.         ,     . -  ; -   ; -     (   ); -      [213 -  ..     . . 8995;    . ., 1982. . 125;   . ., 1957. . 2. . 208.],                ,      .                , ,   ,       ,     .        ,  ,           .         ,   .    (      )       ,        ,      [214 -  ..     . . 9599.].         .  1747.        :



 746 [1747]              ,          ,           .        ,                    ,               746   ,        ,               [215 -  ..    . . 91.].


   ,          .  1754.     :  ,   ,         [216 -  . . 7980.].   ,   ,    ,       .        ,       [217 -  . . 9495;  .. -   XVIII   XIX. , 1975. . 280.].

,     ,               .    ,                    [218 -  ..    . . 106113.].       ,    ,      ,         ,       [219 - . . 1. . 12. 9528. . 889;  ..     ,    . ., 18861889. . 3. . 215216.]. (      1746.             [220 -   . . 101.].)

        .    ,  ;       .      ,            .   XIX.              ,             (,  ,     ,  ,  ,    ,   ,         ,     ).  1807.      ,   ,         ,     .                  [221 -  ..     . . 9799.].

 ,      ,      ,    .      XVII. (       ,         ),             ,   .            ,        .         ,    ,     .   XIX.   . ,         ,         .  , -  -  ;  ,     ,  ,   [222 -       .      ,                   . .:  ..  //       / . .. . ., 1910. . 531532.].

         .      .       ,    XVI  XVII    ,    .           ,          , , ,     ,    [223 - . . 2. . 292293, 418420. . :  ..   . . 110, 309310.].      ,     ,  ,    ,        ,   ,           [224 - . . 1. . 242. . : . 1. . 240241; . 2. . 365367, 437442.].     ,       .         ,  ,    ,          . ,       ,        [225 -  . . 1. . 241242.].

                   ,       ,     .  1719.      ,  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   ,    [226 -  ..   . . 1. . 83.].      , ,         ,      ,    ; ,     ;       ;    ,    ,  , , , ,    [227 -  ..  . . 1. . 813;  .. . . . ., 1952. . 6. . 422, 534;        . ., 1984. . 1. . 21, 30, 35, 116  .; Black J. Lawrence. Opening Up Siberia: Russias Window on the East // The History of Siberia. P. 5768.].        ,       [228 -                / . ..  // . 1947. 1. . 84103;  ..  . ., 1979. . 811.].

        ⠖          ,        (    1735.,       ).       ,  ,         .         , ,     ,     ,   ,         [229 -  ..  :  . ., 1970. . 78;  ..  . . 1. . 30.].        黠     XVII.,     ,   ,             [230 -     ,      ,    ,     .].     ,              .          (  ,   ),          ,    XVIII.  廠      堖        .     (    ),    ,           ,     ,   ,         ,    .     :   ,     [231 -  ..  . . 1. . 31.].   ,      ,    ,         [232 - . :  ..     . . 89.].

   (            ),           ,        .   頖       ,     ,    , ,   , , ,    , , , ,  ,  ,    ,  ,   [233 - ., .:               ;  ..       . ., 1799;  ..   ;  .     ;  . . 1. . 155; . 2. . 6768, 130131;  ..     . ., 1950. . 3740;  ..     XVIII. (17711772). ., 1947.].        ;         ,   XVIII.     .         ,                  .     ,      ,     ,    ,  ;   ; a  ,         [234 -  ..       . . VIIX.].

 ,           .   XVIII.   ,         .       ,                  .  ,   ,      ,           ,         [235 - Reed, Eugene. The Ignoble Savage // Modern Language Review. Vol. 59 (1964). P. 5364;   . . 2933;  . . 2. . 93.].

      .  ,     ,     ,   ,           ,       [236 -  ..   . . 367.]. .. ,         ,   ,     :       ,             ,         ,       [237 -  ..     XVIII. . 29. . :  ..            . ., 1788. . 3. . 58.             .   ,         ,      ( ..  :  2. ., 1986. . 2. . 33).].

 ,          ,    .   ,      (   頖            ,     )[238 -  ..       XVIII. //  .      . ., 1967. . 27.]




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1


   ,  ,       ,     . [  (Paul Werth)   At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russias Volga Kama Region, 18271905 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002)           . . .]




2


Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture / Ed. Galia Diment and Yuri Slezkine. New York, 1993.




3


Slezkine Yuri. The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism // Slavic Review. 1994. Vol. 53. 2. P. 414452.  :  .     //  :    . .   / . . -. , 2001. . 329374.




4


., .: Edgar Adrienne Lynn. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, 2004.




5


,         ; ,     : Humphry Caroline. Karl Marx Collective: Economy, Society, and Religion in a Siberian Collective Farm. Cambridge, 1983.    1990- .          .




6


    : Grant Bruce. In the House of Soviet Culture: A Century of Perestroikas. Princeton, 1995.             .




7


  : Golovnev Andrei V. and Ocherenko, Gail. Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story. Ithaca, 1999; Kerttula Anna M. Antler on the Sea: The Yupik and Chukchi of the Russian Far East. Ithaca, 2000; Ssorin-Chaikov Nikolai. The Social Life of the State in Subarctic Siberia. Stanford, 2003.




8


.   .




9


.,  ,  2  ,   :  .   :   XVIII      //     .   .  / . . , .. , .. . ., 2005. . 120154.




10


Knight Nathaniel. Constructing the Science of Nationality: Ethnography in Mid-Nineteenth Century Russia (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1994).  P. ,    1995.,     : Geraci, Robert. Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia. Ithaca, 2001.   .  ,   :     , 18451855 .   ,        :   18921896             (. . 8).




11


Hirsch Francine. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, 2005.




12


   , , ,         ,   N. Ia. Marr and the National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics: Slavic Review. 1996. Vol. 55. 4. . 826862.  :  . ..       //   . 1999. 36.




13


      ,      1996.  堖    ,      ,    2001.: Martin Terry. Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923939. Ithaca, 2001.




14


Forsyth James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russias North Asian Colony, 15811990. Cambridge, 1992.    ,       .




15


., .: Znamenski Andrei A. Shamanism and Christianity: Native Encounters with Russian Orthodox Missions in Siberia and Alaska, 18201917. Westport, CT, 1999.




16


        (3- . ., 19701978),       (.:     , 1994).    ,          ,     ,          .




17


,     ,        ,  ,    .




18


., .:     (1822) // -1. . 38. 29126, . 1; [-] ..    // . 1922. 1;            // . 1927. 2. . 8591.




19


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20


       .        ,       .     , .: Comry Bernard. The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge, 1981; Krauss Michel E. Many Tongues Ancient Tales // Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska / d. William W. Fitzhugh and Aron Crowell. Washington, D.C., 1988. P. 145150;  ..     . ., 1969; Hajdu Peter. Finno-Ugrian Languages and Peoples. London, 1975; The Samoed Peoples and Languages. Bloomington, Ind., 1963;   / . .. , ..   .. . ., 1969. . 1 ().




21


Dunbar Moira. The Arctic Setting // The Arctic Frontier / d. R. St. J. Macdonald. Toronto, 1966. P. 325; Graburn, Nelson H.H. and Strong B. Steven. Circumpolar Peoples: An Anthropological Perspective. Pacific Palisades, Calif., 1973. P. 14.




22


     .: Graburn and Strong. Circumpolar Peoples; Ingold Tim. Hunters, Pastoralists, and Ranchers: Reindeer Economies and Their Transformations. Cambridge, 1980;  ..  . ., 1989.          (,  ,       ,    ) .: Forsyth James. A History of the peoples of Siberia: Russias north Asian Colony, 15811990. Cambridge, 1992.




23


    :  ..    . ., 1971; Bogoras Waldemar G. The Chukchee. New York, 1904; [-] .. . . 1. ., 1934;  ..   - . ., 1966;       XVII   . /. ..   .. . ., 1970; Hajdu Peter. The Samoed Peoples and Languages. Bloomington, 1963; Jochelson Waldemar. The Koryak. New York, 1913; Idem, The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus. New York, 1910;  .. : - . ., 1966;  ..,  ..  : , , . , 1979;   / . .. , .. . ., 1956; Popov A.A. The Nganasan: The Material Culture of the Tavgi Samoeds. Bloomington, 1966;  .. :    . ., 1984;  ..     . ., 1965;  .    . ., 1973.




24


            : Bogoras Waldemar G. The Chukchee and the Eskimo of Siberia. New York, 1913; Chard Chester S. Kamchadal Culture and Its Relationships in the Old and New Worlds // Archives of Archaeology. 15. Madison, 1961;  ..   - ;       XVII   .;     / . .. , .. . ., 1990; Jochelson W. The Koryak;  ..   .   ,     . ., 1949;   / . .. , ..;  ..    . ., 1975;  .. . , 1959;  ..    .




25


      :  .. : - . ., 1967; Black Lydia. The Nivkh (Giliak) of Sakhalin and the Lower Amur // ArA. 10 (1973). P. 1110;       XVII   . /. ..   .. ;  .. :     . ., 1973;  .. : -    XIX.   . ., 1964;   / . .. , .. ; Shirokogorov S.M. Social Organization of the Northern Tungus. Shanghai, 1933; Idem. Psychomental Complex of the Tungus. London, 1935;  .. , , , , . , 1933;  ..          :  . ., 1984;  . : ,       . ., 1966;  .. :  ,   . ., 1967;  .. . -  (XVIII   .). ., 1969.




26


Ingold. Hunters, Pastoralists, and Ranchers. P. 264281.




27


 ..      XVI  XVII. //  . ., 1965. . 3, . 2. . 95;  ..          -  //   . ., 1957. . 2.;  .. . . 145146;  ..   . . 403;  ..      XIX . , 1920. . 1. . 205;         / . ..   . ., 1968. . 1. . 399.




28


 ..          - . . 168;  .. . . 2729; Bogoras W.G. The Chukchee. P. 53.




29


Black L. The Nivkh. P. 4950.




30


 . , . .




31


..    (, 1: 235).               ,       ,    . .:  ..       , XIIIXVII. , 1941. . 1, . 2. . 45; Chekin Leonid S. The Godless Ishmaelites: Image of the Steppe in Pre-Muskovite Rus ( :      . ,          /, 8001800.  ,  1992.).




32


Martin Janet. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia/ Cambridge, 1986. P. 911, 44, 52, 54, 6167; Idem. Russian Expansion in the Far North // Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917 / Ed. by Michael Rywkin. London, 1988. P. 2334; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade, 15501700. Berkeley, Calif., 1943. P. 37; , 10: 22;  ..       XVI  XVII. //  ..  . . 3, . 1. . 138;  ..       (-     ) //     /. .. . ., 1885. . 442444.




33


Martin Janet. Treasure of the Land of Darkness. . 9092, 102;  ..    . ., 1894.




34


, 12: 249; Martin Janet. Muscovys Northeastern Expansion: The Context and a Cause // Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique. Vol. 24. 4 (1983). P. 459470;  ..   . , 1982. . 99104;  ..        // . . 273 (1891). . 257264.




35


. : Hakliut Richard. The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. Glasgow, 1903. P. 365. . :  ..    . . 140; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 21; Bassin Mark. Expansion and Colonialism on the Eastern Frontier: Views of Siberia and the Far East in the Pre-Petrine Russia // Journal of Historical Geography. Vol. 14. 1 (1988). P. 11; Martin Janet. Treasure of the Land of Darkness. P. 109.




36


. :  ..  . ., 1937. . 1. . 339. . :  ..    XVIXVII. ., 1962. . 79;  ..   . . 113118;  . .  . ., 1907. . 56, 53.




37


 . . 24, 70, 131, 201, 208, 331;  ..   . . 142222;  ..  . . 1. . 236.




38


 ..     XVII. //  ..  . . 3, . 1. . 200210.




39


        ,    .            ,    XVII.          (Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Colonial Administration. Berkeley, Calif., 1943. P. 6369; Armstrong Terence. Russian Settlement in the North. Cambridge, 1965. P. 6568; Dmytryshin Basil. The Administrative Apparatus of the Russian Colony in Syberia and Northern Asia, 15811700 // The History of Siberia from Russian Conquest to Revolution / Ed. Alan Wood. London, 1991. P. 22;  ..   -   XVII  XIX.: ,  , ,  . ., 1978. . 68; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 32).




40


    .,  :  ..     (  XVII.). ., 1969;  ..     ; Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade; Gibson, James R. Feeding the Russian Fur Trade: Provisionment of the Okhotsk Seaboard and the Kamchatka Peninsula, 16391856. Madison, 1969; Kerner Robert J. The Urge to the Sea: The Course of Russian History: The Role of Rivers, Portages, Ostrogs, Monasteries, and Furs. Berkeley, Calif., 1946; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century; Lantzeff George V. and Pierce Richard A. Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier to 1750. Montreal, 1973;  ..   - .




41


   XVII.     .




42


      XVII.  - :   / . .. . ., 1951. . 236237. . : . 135, 420, 423, 426; , 2:263, 269, 7:137.




43


 .. . , 1934. . 14.




44


  :    / . .. . ., 1966. . 294.




45


    / . .. . , 1958. . 129131.




46


, 3:310. . : , 2:272273, 3:222;  ..  . ., 1941. . 2. . 176;  ..     XVII :  . , 1894. . 21.




47


     / . .. . ., 1960. . 2. . 9.




48


 ..      . ., 1961. . 200. .: . 206  , 2:854.




49


, 2:850;  ..  . . 2. . 184; , 1:457;  . . 333334;  ..  . . 1. . 242, 287;   . . 81;  .. - : - . ., 1900. . 2. . 1213;  ..     XVII.   //      ( ) / . ... ., 1973.




50


 ..      . ., 1949. . 101.




51


: 2:44;  ..      . . 101.




52


, 2:513.




53


 ..     . . 18, 68;  ..   - . . 115.     XIX.,        . .: Bogoras W.G. The Chukchee. C. 691.




54


 ..     . . 119.




55


      :    / . .. , .. . ., 1935. . 170171;  .. - . . 3847.




56


 ..     XVII. //  . . 3, . 2. . 5254.




57


Lantzeff G.V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 92;  ..    . . 121, 134135, 137;  ..  . . 1. . 361.




58


          . .:  ..    . . 132, 145, 149, 150151.




59


 ..    . . 128130.




60


 . . 131.




61


 ..   . . 112.




62


 .     ,     1715. //     . ., 1884. . 21. 53. . 54.




63


 ..     XVII. . 66.




64


 ..      . . 100.




65


 ..   . . 457.




66


. . 1. . 461.




67


 . . 426.




68


 ..     XVII. . 62.




69


.. .




70


 ..   . . 108.




71


 ..     XVII. . 7677.




72


 . . 73; . . 2. . 267268; . 4. . 219, 347; . 7. . 137;  ..  . . 2. . 174; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 93;   . . 426.




73


 ..     XVII. . 74.




74


 . . 75.




75


 . . 2. . 270271; . 7. . 138, 142; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 96;  ..   - . . 87;   . . 131132;  ..     XVII. . 23.




76


. . 2. . 270; . 4. . 21;  ..  . . 1. . 399.




77


. . 2. . 273. . : . . 2. . 856.




78


         . .: Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 96.




79


 ..     XVII. . 67.




80


. . 2. . 268; . 4. . 103104.




81


. . 7. . 139, 297298;  ..   - . . 35; . . 2. . 525.




82


  . . 254255. . :  ..   - . . 49.




83


 ..   . . 112;  ..     XVII. . 64.




84


Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 114, 119; Bassin Mark. Expansion and Colonialism. . 11; Gibson Games R. The Significance of Siberia to Tsarist Russia // Canadian Slavonic Papers. Vol. 14. 3 (1972). . 443.




85


 ..       . , 1889. . 313;  ..     XVII. . 58.




86


 ..  . . 2. . 170.




87


 ..  . . 314318; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 105106;  ..     XVII. . 83.




88


 ..  . . 314318.




89


 . . 316;  ..     XVII. . 26, 46.




90


 ..             //      :   . 1969. 1. . 6465.




91


 ..    . . 122123.  蠖 .




92


 . . 119.




93


  . . 114.




94


Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 105; . . 2. . 146147;  ..  . . 1. . 307, 380; . 2. . 152;  ..   - . . 21.




95


Gibson James R. Russia on the Pacific: The Role of the Amur // Canadian Geographer. Vol. 12. 1 (1968). P. 17; Idem. Feeding the Russian Fur Trade. P. 4647;  ..   - . . 107109;  ..       XVII  XVIII. ., 1946. . 1156.




96


 ..  . . 311312.




97


 ..  . . 2. . 512; . . 2. . 146148.




98


. . 2. . 146148.




99


 . . 330, 766;  ..     . . 6475;  ..  . . 331332.




100


. . 2. . 182.




101


 ..   - . . 18. . : . . 4. . 18, 20.




102


 ..      . ., 1955. . 33;  ..      XVIXIX. // ,     XVIXIX. /. .. . , 1965. . 133;  ..  . .317318.




103


Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 94107; . . 3. . 214; . 7. . 193194.




104


 ..  . . 2. . 152.




105


 . . 403; .  . 387.




106


 ..        XVII. //    . .. -.  .  . . 55. ., 1960. . 128129, 143144. . : . 88, 9293, 141, 155, 158, 169, 187, 306, 451521, 561, 571,  :  ..   . . 115.




107


 ..    . . 410.




108


 ..   - . . 69, 1923;  ..        XVII. . 440.




109


 ..    . . 119;  ..  . . 2. . 215.




110


 ..   - . . 43; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 8990.




111


 ..    . . 135. . : . . 4. . 22;   . . 130.




112


        / . ..   . . 2. . 5658.




113


 ..     . . 68.




114


 ..   - . . 108, 112;  ..    . . 561.          . .:  ..     . . 65.




115


 ..  . . 2. . 202205.




116


 . . 212;  ..    . . 136.




117


. . 3. . 176; . 7. . 277304; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 113; . . 2. . 9293.




118


 ..   . . 479, 496. ,  ,    ,   1780-         3   (    13    ). .:  ..   - . . 101103;  ..    . . 571.




119


., .:  .. . . 14; . . 3. . 322; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 110;  ..         . ., 1935. . 39;  ..   . . 115.




120


 ..     XVII. . 69.




121


Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 100; . . 2. . 157;  ..  . . 306;  ..   . . 122.




122


. . 7. . 147, 154.




123


 ..    XVIII. //      / . .. . , 1968. . 109.




124


. . 3. . 176.




125


 ..   . . 120.




126


 ..  . . 2. . 169170.




127


. . 2. . 263. . : . 2. . 270, 274; . 4. . 362363; . 7. . 347; . . 3. . 545, 574; . . 2. . 70, 176, 766, 831; . 8. . 494;  ..     . . 6566;  ..  . . 331332;  ..  . . 1. . 381; . 2. . 169170, 174, 176, 191;   . . 237.




128


Fisher Raymond H. The Russian Fur Trade. . 34, 114; Gibson James R. Sables to Sea Otters: Russia Enthers the Pacific // Alaska Review. Vol. 111 (Fall/Winter 1968). P. 204, 207.




129


Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. . 98;  ..   . . 119.




130


. . 7. . 365.




131


       //  ..        // . 4. 1887. . 113114.  .:  ..        //     . 1890. . 14. . 230236;   XVII.            / . .. . ., 1890. . 45;  ..   . ., 1892. . 4. . 187.




132


 ..       . . 122123.   ,    , .:  ..       ;  ..       .    .: Pliguzov A.I. Skazanie o chelovetsekh neznaemykh v Vostochnei strane // Russian History/Histoire russe. 1992. Vol. 19. 1/4. P. 401.




133


 ..       . . 12; White David Gordon. Myths of the Dog-Men. Chicago, 1991.




134


        . .: . 4.2527.




135


Hodgen Margaret T. Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Philadelphia, 1971. P. 1777; Bernheimer Richard. Wild Man in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology. New York, 1970. P. 8593; White David Gordon. Myths of the Dog-Men. P. 4770;  ..       . C. 1920.




136


Beazley Raymond C. The Texts and Versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis. London, 1903. P. 122123; Marco Polo. The Travels of Marco Polo. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1988. P. 331. [ . . . :  ..       . C. 36. . .]




137


 .    . ., 1908. . 129133;  ..       . . 105106, 127, 134135, 150.




138


Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Mythology. Cambridge, 1982. P. 1619, 203; Todorov Tzvetan. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York, 1984. P. 76; Bernheimer Richard. Wild Man in the Middle Ages. P. 20.




139


White Haiden. The Forms of Wildness: Archaeology of an Idea // The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism / Ed. by Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak. Pittsburg, 1972. P. 1922.




140


A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity / Ed. by George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy. Baltimore, 1935; Bernheimer Richard. Wild Man in the Middle Ages. P. 102119; Baudet Henri. Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man. New Haven, 1965. P. 1022; Fairchild Hoxie Neale. The Noble Savage: A Study in Romantic Naturalism. New York, 1928. P. 28.




141


White Haiden. The Forms of Wildness. . 28; A Documentary History of Primitivism. . 122.




142


 ..       . . 69, 8889, 297.




143


Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New: 14921650. Cambridge, 1970. P. 1822; Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 1012.




144


Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 5; Foucault Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York, 1973. P. 51.




145


Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 21.




146


Ibid. P. 41; Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 12.




147


Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 22; Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. P. 12.




148


Hodgen Margaret T. Early Anthropology. . 111161.




149


Ibid. . 129.




150


Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 33.




151


Ibid. P. 3637; Hodgen Margaret T. Early Anthropology. . 131206.




152


., .,   ,  ,       .:  ..       ; Harris John. A Compleat Collection of Voyages and Travels. London, 1705. Vol. 2. P. 1920, 253257; Bruyn Cornelis de. Travels into Muscovy, Persia, and Part of the East-Indies. London, 1737. Vol. 1. P. 614, 98138; Baddeley John F. Russia, Mongolia, China. New York, 1964 [1919]. Vol. 2. P. 312. . :   .   . , 1960;  . Historia de Sibiria //   XVII. . 115216.




153


Baddeley John. Russia, Mongolia, China. P. 8.




154


Ibid. P. 10.




155


Ordenanzas de Su Magestad hechas para los nuevos descubrimientos, conquistas y pacificaciones, Julio de 1573 // Coleccion de documentos inditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones espa?olas de Amrica y Oceania sacados de los archivos del Reino. Madrid, 1871. Vol. 16. P. 147.




156


  . . 238239.




157


   / . .. . , 1979. . 70;   . . 216.  ,  ,                        ,         . .: Bassin Mark. Expansion and Colonialism. P. 15.




158


. . 3. . 52; . 2. . 266;   . . 100101.




159


. . 3. . 52, 55;   . . 139  .; . . 2. . 262  .




160


  . . 131.




161


 . . 125, 140;   . . 91; . . 4. . 21.




162


.: Greenblatt Stephen. Marvelous Possessions. P. 8283; McCrane Bernard. Beyond Anthropology: Society and the Other. New York, 1989. P. 1920.




163


. : McCrane Bernard. Beyond Anthropology. . 2425.




164


Pagden Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man. . 2425; Todorov Tzvetan. The Conquest of America. . 108109; Elliott J.H. The Old World and the New. . 19, 21.




165


  . . 142.




166


 . . 233.




167


Bassin Mark. Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space // Slavic Review. 1991. Vol. 50. 1. P. 47. [. .:  .     :     //     :   .  / . . , . , . . ., 2005. . 277310. . .]




168


. : Beazley Raymond C. The Texts and Versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis.




169


 .   ,     , , , , ,   .




170


 . . 331.




171


 . . 112.




172


 . . 312.




173


., .:   XVII. . 85;  ..   :    . ., 1965. . 138.




174


   , .:  ..     . . 92.




175


. . 2. . 273; . 3. . 223; . 4. . 360;   . . 531534;  ..  . . 309310.




176


  . . 254255;  ..      XVIII. ., 1941. . 2223.




177


    ,            ,     (. . 2. . 184. . :  ..    . . 1617).




178


. . 2. 1117. . 662663; . . 2. . 273. . : . . 4. . 360;  ..    . . 710; . . 2. . 215;  ..  . . 1. . 416.




179


 ..    XVII  XVIII. ., 1964. . 122.




180


 . . 123129.




181


 ..      XVII. // . . 41 (1890). . 197.




182


. . 7. . 303.




183


 ..  . . 2. . 276.




184


 ..    . . 11, 14;  ..    //  . ., 1872. . 113; Lantzeff George V. Siberia in the Seventeenth Century. P. 102103.




185


. . 7. . 143144;  ..    . . 1112.




186


 ..  . . 325.




187


. :  ..  . . 2. . 276;  . . 112.




188


  . . 83, 98.




189


 . . 140;   . . 69.




190


  .




191


 ..         //  ..  . ., 1979. . 70.




192


McGrane B. Beyond Anthropology. P. 5761.            (Walch Johann Georg. Philosophisches Lexicon. Leipzig, 1726). .:  ..     . ., 1913. . 2021.




193


 ..    . 104.




194


. . 1. . 4. 1800. . 60.




195


 ..      . , 1914. . 1. . 848.




196


. . 1. . 4. 1800. . 60;  ..   . 851852.  1701  1762.     .




197


. . 1. . 271276.




198


 ..       // . . 81. 5 (1854). . 41, 44;  ..  . . 852856.




199


 ..    . . 26.




200


. . 1. . 413414.




201


 . . 2. . 180. . :  ..    . . 34.




202


 .     . . 70.




203


 . . 70109; . . 1. . 5. 2863. . 133;  ..    . . 34.




204


 .     . . 88, 92, 93, 106.




205


 . . 7172, 75, 100103.




206


 . . 94.




207


. . 1. . 5. 2863. . 133;  ..     , XVII  XIX. , 1978. . 8688;  ..    . . 39, 54/57.         13400 . .:  ..    . . 49.




208


 ..      . . 41.




209


. . 2. . 538.




210


 ..      . . 98;  ..   - . . 98.




211


  . . 139149.




212


 ..      . . 50.




213


 ..     . . 8995;    . ., 1982. . 125;   . ., 1957. . 2. . 208.




214


 ..     . . 9599.




215


 ..    . . 91.




216


 . . 7980.




217


 . . 9495;  .. -   XVIII   XIX. , 1975. . 280.




218


 ..    . . 106113.




219


. . 1. . 12. 9528. . 889;  ..     ,    . ., 18861889. . 3. . 215216.




220


  . . 101.




221


 ..     . . 9799.




222


      .      ,                   . .:  ..  //       / . .. . ., 1910. . 531532.




223


. . 2. . 292293, 418420. . :  ..   . . 110, 309310.




224


. . 1. . 242. . : . 1. . 240241; . 2. . 365367, 437442.




225


 . . 1. . 241242.




226


 ..   . . 1. . 83.




227


 ..  . . 1. . 813;  .. . . . ., 1952. . 6. . 422, 534;        . ., 1984. . 1. . 21, 30, 35, 116  .; Black J. Lawrence. Opening Up Siberia: Russias Window on the East // The History of Siberia. P. 5768.




228


               / . ..  // . 1947. 1. . 84103;  ..  . ., 1979. . 811.




229


 ..  :  . ., 1970. . 78;  ..  . . 1. . 30.




230


    ,      ,    ,     .




231


 ..  . . 1. . 31.




232


. :  ..     . . 89.




233


., .:               ;  ..       . ., 1799;  ..   ;  .     ;  . . 1. . 155; . 2. . 6768, 130131;  ..     . ., 1950. . 3740;  ..     XVIII. (17711772). ., 1947.




234


 ..       . . VIIX.




235


Reed, Eugene. The Ignoble Savage // Modern Language Review. Vol. 59 (1964). P. 5364;   . . 2933;  . . 2. . 93.




236


 ..   . . 367.




237


 ..     XVIII. . 29. . :  ..            . ., 1788. . 3. . 58.             .   ,         ,      ( ..  :  2. ., 1986. . 2. . 33).




238


 ..       XVIII. //  .      . ., 1967. . 27.


