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  a4.pdf   .





 . .,  . .

  





 


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[5]             (, );   ,    (  )     ,   . ,                ,    .

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         ,        ,    ,         .

 ,  ,             .  [33] ,            -    .  [36, 37]     [54]       ,         .      ,     ,       .

  ( )                  .      -,      ,              [54].     ,  ,                  [54: 69].      ,  ,           [54: 25] ;              .

 ,           -      ,       , . .     . ,          ,    .          [36],           .       , ,  ,          .

            [55]          .             :      .     , ,         .           .

 ,       ,    ,       (       ).   ,   -     ,       ,        .

   ,        1927 .,     ,      ,         .             .        :         ,         .           ;  ,        ,     ,      [43: 248].

          ,       .  ,       , ,        ,    : ,  ,  ,   ,     .

, ,            .       , ,        ,      ,    .    ,     ,         - . (    .)

  ,              ,     ,    .      ,        , ,       .                , , , ,  



,  ,  ,          ,  ,   -, .   .        , ,   ,    -      .   ,     ,  ,     ,      [43: 248249].


  ()  , ,  ,  ,   ,   ,  .        ,    (      )    ,    (appetitive behaviour).        ,   ,       ,        .

   ,           .   ,              ,   ,  ,   ,    .         ,     ,   ,  ,    .

        ()   ,  :



  ,             ,    .   ,               , ,   - .


   , ,             ,             [43: 247].

 ,  ,           ,      .        . ,     ,    ,      -.  ,  ,     ,                 .      ,              [43: 247].

,              .          .      , , ,   ,          .

       . ,    [40],     ,    :            ,  ,            ,        ,      . ,   . ,  ,      ,         .

,    1942 .       :         ,      . . (.  [42] ).     .                    [42].            ,        ,    - ,       - . ,            - ,  ,          ,   ,      [43: 266267].

,   ,        (  )  ,       .  ,       ,        .        , . .  ,       .         , . .         ,     軠      -,    .

,             .      ,     ,     ; ,     . <>               .                  .    ,     :             ,      ,       .


  IV


       

   . <>            :

1.             ,      .    ,     ,  (  )  ,   ,        .

2.           ,    .           ,    .        ,   .

3.        ,  -   . , ,   ,     ,   ,      .             .

4.         ,        . ,         .               .

5.                 ,     .         . <>

   .         : <>

1.               .     .             ,     .

2.           .

3.   ,       ,   ,                 .

.  ,    ,           ,    .           ,     .           .

  ,      .  , ,     ,     ,      .   ,     ,  ,    ,      ,      .  ,      ,              .      ,    ,       ,        - ,   .   ,    ,            (. .        ),   ,         ;     -   .

       ,           .    ,       [50].       ,       ,    , ,      .   ,                 ,     .            ,               -    .            .              ,            ,       .     ,    [41].     ,   [29], ,                 . , ,          ,   ,         .        ,                   [2: 31]. ,      ,                [57].

                 ,       .            ,          .          ,       [14].        ,       .            .  ,                   . ,              ,           .

        . ,    ,          R. esculenta     .       . , ,          ,   [31].       ,     [39].  ,               ,  , , ,  . ,   ,           , ,   ,         ,              .

 ,         . ,   ,       [18, 19]. ,     ,     ,              . <>


  V


      

  . <> ,           ,   , ,   ,  .     ,           (),  ,     .   , -,                .    ,                  .     ,        ,     ,                [44; 32, . III].   ,   ,           ,          . , -  ,        ,     , , -,    .

     ,               ,       -   .                .

         VIII      ?   ,          ,          VIII               .        ,           ;     VIII  ;  ,            [16, 20, 34, 45, 48, 49].

   ,           [28]         .           ,    ,         ,           .      [46]  . ,    ,  [30]           .     ,      ,         ,                 .      , , ,           [28: 424].

 ,            ,    ,    .  [48]   ,         ,         .    (,    )    .  ,     [8, 17, 35, 51],    ,             , ,      .  , ,                  (., [53] ),           .          .  ,   ,     :   ,           ,     (,  ,   ), , -,  ,   ,       , ,        .            ,     ,     . ,              [48].

         ,      ,    ()    .          ,            (., [9] ).         . ,     :              ,         .      ,                    ? ,   [15]             ;                , , -,   .   VIII  ,   ,      ,      .

   ,  ,     ()     .  ,       [1],   ,          .           , ,             [11].

      ,   ,       (  )  .       ,             ,  ,       .  ,  ,       ,  ,       . ,  ,         ,    .

     ,                 .  ,              ,  ,    , -,    VIII    .

    ,  VIII  -        .  ,     , ,  VIII  (     )      .          ( ?)  ,      ?

-,    ()         ,       ( )   .  ,             ,         .

 ,        ,   ,    .

1.   .

)           .          .

)             ,         .                   .

)  12                     .      , .        ;       .

)        ,   ,   5060 %   .

2.   .

)                  .

)   15-        (39- ), . .   3847,            ,   :  1525   136,2  21,6 %  ;  2639   122,0  10,5 %   (    ).

)        17-            .           .

3.        ,                . , -,  ,        ,         .


  VI


 

  ,      ,          ,   ,    .      ,    .

, ,        ,   ,          ,    ,          ,    ,                  [43: 253].

 ,       ,     ,      .    ,          , . .    .        .      ,          ,    ,       .

,  [38] ,              .     ,        , . .         ?  ,        .        ()     ,          ,    .

,      .           ,  ,         ? ,        ,         ,        .     ,        ()     ,        .

           . . ,     .      [10]  ,         ,   ,       .

         .              ,           .  , ,    ,        ,         (    )    ,   .    ,         .

 ,      . <>              ,          ,    .

, ,        .     :      ,  ,   ,      ,    .            ,       .  ,        ,     . -,         ,     , . . .

      ,          [42].          , ,   ,    ,       .       ;  ,    .       ,               .           ,    ,  ,  ,        ,    [42: 350].

      .  ,           .        ,       .

, , ,     ,             ?

      ,       ,       .  ,            ,     [12]         .

<>            :      ,   ,       [12: 143].    ,   ,           .



        ,               .   ,   ,          ,      ;  ,      ;  ,             ;             [12: 143].





  .


   .

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