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 Homo sapiens,    ,        .  ,   Homo sapiens  ,    ,           ,      ,    .





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  ,2019

  , ,2019



ISBN978-5-4485-1651-1

     Ridero










Introduction. Cultural evolution





Evolution without genes


The book is devoted tothe popular presentation ofsome questions ofthe new science ofhuman society Sociobiology ofhuman.

Sociobiology ofhuman is asystem ofSciences, the object ofstudy ofwhich is the species Homo Sapiens, its behavior insocieties, selection rules that make societies stable enough, methods ofmanipulating its behavior, conditions leading torevolutionary changes. Culture should be considered as the result ofnon-morphological, functional adaptations ofthe brain Homo Sapiens, changing human behavior inthe social environment.

Modern man inthe form as we know it, is not created byDarwinian biological evolution alone. This evolution has created species Homo sapiens, which as aresult ofcultural evolution has become amodern man. The cultural evolution ofthis species was able tomove much further than all other species from the order ofprimates. Inbiological evolution inthe process ofnatural selection, amorphology (structure) oforganisms changes with the memorization ofselected characteristics byfragments ofthe DNA molecule, genes.

ADNA molecule has the remarkable property ofcreating its own copies (replicated).

For any evolution ofthe living, replicators are needed, without which evolution is impossible.

Genes are such replicators for all biological evolution. With the advent ofnerve cells, and then the brain inmulticellular organisms, they were able toaccumulate init some experience throughout life. Experience inhigher mammals plays abig role intheir lives. This experience can not be transferred tothe next generation bygenes, as morphological properties are transmitted. Their own experience, everyone must assimilate himself and the fate ofthe individual largely depends on the success ofthis assimilation. The process ofremembering inthe brain is not aprocess ofchanging its structure, it is achange inits functions, i.e. functional transformations.

The book developed and proposed amodel ofthe mechanism ofnon-genetic inheritance offunctional adaptations ofthe brain, which manifest themselves inhuman behavior as achange inits mentality.

This mechanism is made up ofinteractive brain programs called MEMs, that can replicate. This applies toall living beings with the brain. Transfer ofskills, knowledge inpopulations is awell-known fact. However, replication ofbrain programs is possible only inindividuals inthe same population. This transfer can be called horizontal. This MEMs as replicators differ from genes that transmit information tosubsequent generations ofthe population, being replicators ofthe vertical type.

Man stands out from all the representatives ofthe order ofprimates inthat he managed tocreate asystem ofnon-genetic inheritance ofthe experience ofprevious generations. This actually allowed him tobecome the dominant species on the planet. The developed language ofcommunication, socialization, sufficient intelligence and, finally, the creation ofwriting, these are the main factors that made possible the transfer ofcultural inheritance (functional adaptations) inanon-geneticway.

The creation ofwriting should be regarded as the appearance ofexternal memory, which helps toorganize cultural inheritance inthe human society. MEMs become full-fledged replicators that allow vertical replication. The acquired experience and knowledge can now be easily transferred tosubsequent generations.

Traces ofhuman activity throughout the historical period should be seen as amanifestation ofits cultural evolution. It is not right totalk about the evolution ofculture initself. Culture is the result ofhuman activity, it is he who evolves inanon-genetic way, and therefore the evolution ofhis cultural manifestations insociety is observed. All other primates who do not have adeveloped language ofcommunication, especially ways offixing functional adaptations ofthe brain with the help ofwriting, have stopped on the halfway point ofcultural evolution.

Sometimes human behavior is suggested tobe analyzed on the basis ofthe laws established byethology (the science ofanimal behavior). But this approach does not take into account:

1.That the human mind, its communicative abilities are qualitatively different than inother animals. 2. The degree ofsocialization ofman is also much greater than even inthe eusocial communities ofants, bees and other insects from the order ofthe Hymenoptera. 3. Inaddition, todraw conclusions about the functioning ofasupercomputer based on the study ofthe device calculator is not entirely correct.

The book details the reasons why aman can not already be considered inthe evolutionary plan as arepresentative ofprimates within the framework ofbiological science, and for it, consideration within the framework ofsociobiology is required.

Therefore, sociodarvinism, as an attempt toapply exclusively biological regularities toexplain human behavior, is untenable.

Eusocial insects belonging tothe order ofthe Hymenoptera, which includes bees, ants, termites inthe way ofsocialization, without much intelligence, also proved tobe very successful inbiological criteria ofreproduction and survival. But they have neither areasonable mind nor adeveloped communication language, let alone writing, tocreate their own adequate human civilization.

About 50thousand years ago there were about 6species ofanthropoid apes. As aresult ofnatural selection, only one species ofHomo sapiens, which appeared about 180,000years ago inthe family ofhominids inAfrica, has survived from them. This species, which for some time has been called aman, has become the dominant species on the planet.

It differs from other species inthat the adaptations acquired byit inthe process ofevolution are not morphological (strong legs, sharp fangs, etc.) but functional adaptations ofthe brain. They are not transmitted bygenes, but only bybrain structures. This evolution is called social or cultural. This is an evolution without genes.

For the first time the idea ofreplicators ofculture was expressed byR. Dawkins. Clinton Richard Dawkins (March 26, 1941) English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, scientist and popularizer ofscience. R.Dawkins became famous in1976, when his book The Selfish Gene was published, inwhich the term mem was introduced into the lexicon, denoting aunit ofcultural information (analogous toagene ingenetics) copied and transmitted from one carrier toanother and subject tomutation, natural selection and artificial selection. Accordingto

R. Dawkins, meme is an idea inconsciousness. The new view developed inthis book is toconsider them not as ideas inthe mind, but as interactive brain programs that are localized inplaces ofthe brain that are inaccessible toconsciousness (according toFreud) inthe unconscious or inthe subconscious. Therefore, Ihad tochange the spelling ofthe term onMEM.

Developing the ideas ofR. Dawkins, Iproposed the term MEMnome, which is the whole set ofMEMs ofahuman, reminiscent ofthe sounding genome.

It is shown that the mentality ofaperson is aphenotypic manifestation ofthe MEMnom, and this is the most important factor determining the course ofthe historical process. Biological adaptations with the help ofgenes cause changes inthe morphology ofindividuals, and sociobiological adaptations with the help ofbrain structures, MEMs refer tochanges inmentality. For the species Homo sapiens, they have acquired decisive importance.

At some stage ofthe evolution ofthe HS species, when aperson himself becomes part ofasociety, genes seem todelegate their powers toMEMs. How the mutations ofMEMs occur, the changing mentality ofaperson indetail can be understood after the creation ofanother science, which we conventionally call Population MEM.

Unfortunately, at present Genetic determinism, which dominates inbiology, tries toimagine everything so that genes control all changes not only inmorphology, but also inthe social behavior ofaperson inhis mentality. At the same time, biologists are perfectly aware that the acquired signs can not be transmitted bygenes tothe next generation. They know, but insist that the genes control everything.

Mentality largely determines the behavior ofaperson, the way he thinks and priorities. Nevertheless, MEMs as replicators are rejected bymany biologists, inview ofthe fact that they do not fit into the formed paradigm ofgenetics. But infact 86billion brain cells (neurons) ofahuman being for some reason exist. Do not they code our mentality?

The book consists of3sections. Inthe first, well-known positions ofthe evolutionary theory inbiology are considered, which, inmy opinion, every person should know and which will be needed toassimilate the principles ofsociobiology. Inthe second, amodel ofcultural evolution is developed and justified with the help ofthe concept ofMEMs, and the third part is the application ofthe concept toreal social processes and some ofthe conclusions that follow from this.

Finally, the concepts ofsocialism and capitalism are discussed from the point ofview ofsociobiology. Along the way, some considerations are given on the question ofthe meaning oflife, aterm that has unequal significance indifferent contexts. This is the most polysemantic term most people do not see, and therefore everyone, from their own experience interprets intheir ownway.

The book is written inan attempt tofind some universal approaches for solving problems related tosocial evolution, i.e. development ofhuman society. The historical process can be regarded as the evolution ofaculture understood inabroad sense. At the same time, the ambiguity ofthe interpretation ofits individual elements disappears, as it happens when considering from the humanitarian and philosophical positions. Books on history, often correspond tothe prevailing mentality ofthe authorities.







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