. . XVIXXI .
 


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. . XVIXXI.



  

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        ,    .   14  2011 .     -      23 .         ,        .      , -      -       .    ,            ,        .    2011               ,       .

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 ,       ,   .      ,         ,         ,         .      ,         .       ,      [1 -       : "Controversy over 'the Slap' That Brought Down a Government," Asharq Al-Awsat, 2  2011 ;      : Karem Yehia, "Tunisian Policewoman Who 'Slapped' Bouaziz Says 'I Was Scapegoated by Ben Ali,'" Ahram Online, 16  2014 . . : Yasmine Ryan, "The Tragic Life of a Street Vendor: Al-Jazeera Travels to the Birthplace of Tunisia's Uprisingand Speaks to Mohamed Bouazizi's Family," AlJazeera.com, January 20, 2011; Kareem Fahim, "Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia," New York Times, January 21, 2011.].

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4  2011    .      ,          .           .    , ,   ,     ,      .      ,   ,    ,     .     ,   [2 -         . .: Yehia, "Tunisian Policewoman Who 'Slapped' Bouazizi,"; Radhouane Addala and Richard Spencer, "I Started the Arab Spring. Now Death Is Everywhere, and Extremism Is Blooming," Daily Telegraph, December 17, 2015.].

          .    ,       ;   .    ,          .    ,               ,       : 14  2011            .   , , :   ,     ,           .

       .      ,           .       .         1969 ,       1978 ,       1981 ,        .     ,     :    ,     1970 ,    2000      .      ,  ,     [3 - Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012); Joseph Sassoon, Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).].

  ,         ,   .    ,    2005 ,         .     젖  ,  .  , ,     .            ,        2011 [4 - Samir Kassir, Being Arab (London: Verso, 2006),   .].

         .  2004       ,     ( !),               .    2004   ,       ,   - ().       2005        ,       :                   .  2008           6 .           ,     ..         ,         .

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  2011    .                 . ,          ,   .         ,    ,  ,      .            .      ,    - "",  ,     [6 - George Will, "Take Time to Understand Mideast Asia," Washington Post, October 29, 2001.].    .          ,             ,       2011 .

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 1

   


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     ,      .       ,      ,     .          ,      ,     .             ,      [11 -       (. 14481524)       (Bada'i' al-zuhur fi waqa'i' al-duhur)       18931894 .    ,      : W. H. Salmon, An Account of the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt in the Year A. H. 922 (A. D. 1516) (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1921)        : Gaston Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire: Chronique d'Ibn Iy?s, vol. 2 (Paris: S. E. V. P. E. N., 1960).         : Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 4146,  Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 6567.].       ,           .



         .      ,      .         , 14  1516 .          ,    .     - -,       :        .

     - ,   :          ,      .   , -   ,     .        .   , -  ,   ,      . ,   ,                   [12 - Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 9295; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 117120.].          ,     ,    .   1517           .

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       ,      .  , ,  - ,       .        .           1517 ,   ,    -,   .   -    ,       ,      .     -,    -        .    ,    ,        .     ,    ,        .          , ![15 - Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 171172.]

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               [17 -    , ,   蠖     ,      VII .     ,      661750 .].            ,   ,    .        .       .    ,      .     ,   ,   蠖      ,   .        ;     ,       [18 - Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., 'Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), 33.].


          .   ,    ,         ,             ,   .       ,     ,      ,     ,   ,      [19 - Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 4649; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 6972.].       (14751546),        .     ,      ,  ,   ,   ,         ,    [20 -   -      (. 14851546)                : Henri Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans (6581156/12601744) (Damascus: Institut Fran?ais de Damas, 1952).].     , ,  , ,         ,     .

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 ,       ,        .        ,        .       .         ,  ,              .

            .       ,  .            ,   .    ,     .             .        ,         ,    XVIII .            .        80,      ,    ,           [21 - Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 16001750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988).].          :   ""     ( I,  3),     ,    .

        .  ,          .     -,     ,          .          ,     ,     .            -    . ,           ,         .   1518               230 000 [22 - Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, 151.]. ,               , , ,      .

      -,    .       -           .   -            .    -     .      -        .     ,  -     , ,    ,   -   [23 - Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 49; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 72.].

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    蠖 , ,       ( )             .       ;        ,             ,         [28 - Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1982), 91118.].         ,          .

,         ,  ,   .    ,        ⠖   .     .    ,    ,  ,     ,      ,       .          (      ).     ,          .

       :    ,        .            -     .           .               -.     ,      ,      ,  ,          [29 - I.Metin Kunt, The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 15501650 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 3233.].

      I         ()   .      ,        ,        ( ).       ,    -        :       ,        .  ,           .             [30 - Philipp and Perlmann, Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 33.].          ,   -,  .                ,          .

             -  1525 .    I -   -      .    ,              .         ,      .     ,   ,      .   ,          (   ,         )[31 - Michael Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 15171798 (London: Routledge, 1992), 1617.].

   ,           .          ,  ,    ,    .    .   ,  ,       500  1000 ,     ,     .   ,   ,       XVI       8000 [32 - Bakhit, Ottoman Province of Damascus, 105106.].    -       .

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 1519   -              ,          .      ,        .   -         2000 .           ,        .

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           ,   1532     .    44 ,     ,          18  ,      .   ,     ,       .      ,      , .. -,    .        -            - .                 -                 [33 -    XVI    --          : Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Fondation de la rgence d'Alger: Histoire de Barberousse (Paris: J. Ang, 1837).      1, 306.].

     -      蠖  .    10-     1534     .         ,        .     V    .        .    , , , ,       , ,         24 000   15 000 頖   .    ,          酠   V,      ,        [34 - John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria Under the Turks (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), 20.].

     ,  -  ,      ,       .     .     V ,    20 000  .   ,          .            () ,     ,          .

 1541   V     ,       - .     65      400  ,   36 000    .        .      ,      ,   .    ,      .     1500  , 6000     .           ,    -   .      ,     :   .   ,          [35 -  , 27.].    ,    .

     .   ,           .           ,         .           .  150   12 000    ,      .      , ,        .     ,              .

 -     ,  1546 ,   80 .         ,     XVI      ,    .           ,      .            ,        .   XVII      ,         .    .  1671     ,            , [36 - ,  ,     . . . .].          ,      (),      .  1710      ,        ,             .

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  1516         [37 -   (. -,   -)  ,      , , , , ,     - .       . . . .]         ,          ,   ,              .     ,     ,       .          - II.

 - II (15721635),   ,      .        ,   .      ,  -             .     ,       [38 -   - -.     - - (Kitab tarikh al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma'ni);          -        - II - (Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustan, Lubnan fi 'ahd al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma'ni al-Thani, Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1936, reprinted 1985).].

 -    1591    ,      ,        (     ).    30       蠖       ,     .    -       .        .            -,       .     -         ,     ,          .  1607            ,     [39 - Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 15751650 (Beirut: American University in Beirut Press, 1985), 8187.].

        .      -          ,     .                .      ,  1608       ,    .    -            .

    -      .                 .   -    ,    -         -.  1613               -    -.      ,              . ,   ,  -           .        ,    [40 - Al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Amir Fakhr al-Din, 1719.].

 53-       -    .       ,                .  -          ,   ,      .     ,  ,             ,  ,       .      ---,         蠖       [41 -  , 214215.].       -          ,           .

 1618   -   .    :            .       .               ,       ,          .

  -    ,      .         ,                    .    -      ,        .    ,      ,    ,             .

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 1600-          .    ,        ,            .       ,   ,     .

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   ,       .  1729        -   ,         .          ,   -  .    ,    .  ,   .      ,         .       !    -.     .  ,     ,    ,             .                  .           [43 - Daniel Crecelius and 'Abd al-Wahhab Bakr, trans., Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 16881755 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), 286.].

     .  1730   ,      ,    .         -.    ,    ,     .        -  ,      .   ,   -,      :    !          [44 -  , 291.].          ,     .      .

     - .          -,   .      -, -    ,    .     ,            .          ,        .    ,       1730 .

-    ,     -,        373 , ,   ,     .        . -     ,  ,     ,  -.      .         ,     . -     , ,          [45 -  , 296.].

     ,   -.  1736    ,      .     -.      -    ,      . -  -        ,      ,    .   - ,          .          ,              [46 -  , 310312.].   ,           [47 - Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 24.].

  ,        ,         ,    .             ,     XVIII .       ,         .                       ,   .         ,    ,    ,       .  ,  ,    ,   ,       .



  ,     ,           .    .                     ,       .    ,      ,      ,   -    .  ,            ,  -  .

  XVIII         . ,      ,       ,    ,      ,           .     XVIII          .       ,           ,       .  XIX           ,    .




 2

    


   ,    ?  , .      ,    ,   :  ,  ,   ,      ,     .      ,  - - ()   ,          XVIII .

         .     ,       .         .  XVIII      ,     ,      . -    ,    .   ,     ,  ,  ,    1741  1762 ,   .  , -    .   ,  ,       .    ,     ,    ,    ,     .

      .   ,  1754              I (  17301754.).       ,         III (  17541757.).       ,    .           !  -. [48 -  - -.   , 17411752. (Ahmad al-Budayri al-Hallaq, Hawadith Dimashq al-Yawmiyya 17411762, Cairo: Egyptian Association for Historical Studies, 1959, 184); George M. Haddad, "The Interests of an Eighteenth Century Chronicler of Damascus," Der Islam 38 (June 1963): 258271.].

          .      ,          ,    .    ,    .    ,    ,       .    ,        .     ,       .    .                  .    ,  -      XVIII ,      ,       .    ,   ,   ,       .

,      .   -      ,     ,       .   -   XVII ,              .   XVIII     ,          .    1724  1783       -젖    45 ,        ,   .  , -         ,      XVIII .

,  ,  ,        ,         .        .      ,    ,    ,    -                       .    ,     ,      .



-         -  . - -     14  ( 1743  1757 ),        .       ,       .      -                       .

  -     ,       ,   .        ,    (,    ),    ().       ,   .       ,        .  1756        ,          .           [49 - Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, 202.]. -            ,  .   ,   ,     ,     .   -  ,            .



-   -         .      ,    ,  ,   -,   ,          ,     . ,   , -     ,                [50 -  , 129.].

   -  ,    ,        .      ,  -   .     .          , -          .  ,         ,  -      ,          .      -.   -,      ࠖ  ,  ,  ,      ,      [51 -  , 219.].

       -,   -,     .                ,          .  ,         .

   ,    -,     .    ,      ,              .  ,  ,              ,      .       ,  .  ,    .

  ,      .  1740-             ,         .      ,      .

   , -      .    1744          ().        .     ,    .           .      .        .      ,    ,        .     ,  [52 -  , 57.].

   ,       .   ,      1748 ,    ,   ,        .      ,         . -         ,   - ,      .   :      ,    .     ,     .   ,   :



       .          .      .    ,     .      ,  .        ! [  !][53 -  , 112.].


       .        ,    ,      ,      .     ,  -,      ,           .    ,  - -            .

,    ,    ,    ,         ,    .    ,   ?



  XVIII         .

  ,     .                       - .      .      ,        .  ,        ࠖ ,      ,  .               .

       .               ,  ,     ,   XVIII                 .     -,     : , ,  ,     .        ,                     .                  XVIII    ,        .

         ,    ,    . ,    ,     .         ,     .     ,               ,             .           ,      :       . ,   ,       ,         .

       ,    ,   .             .     ,           .  ,        ,               .          :    ,   ,         .

 XVIII         .  1683       .     16831699               ,    .         .            .              .

          .                 .       ,      ,        .   ,   ,         ,      .    ,           .       :       ,         [54 -   : Albert Hourani, "The Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century," A Vision of History (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), 42.].

,     ,  .    - -,            XVIII ,  :        , -     [55 - Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., 'Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), 6.].    ,          ,         .          ,    ,     .

        ,         .    ,     ,       .   ,     , -    -  ,    ,      [56 -      : Kamal Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965).     : Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 15401830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).]. 堖  ,   堖       ,     . ,        -     ,                        .  ,   ,   ,   ,      ,         .

 ,        XVIII ,     .       ,      -.      ,    ,      ,   .           . ,  ,   ,         ,        .



         ,   XVIII    .       XVII .           -   ,    -     .        XVIII     ,     .            砖  2,1   1700    11   1789 [57 - Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 18001914 (London: Methuen, 1981), 7.].            .                ,        .

        (. 16901775),    ,      XVII           .                   .         .      ,       ,          ,     . -            ,       ,   .

        1730- ,         ,   ,        .     ,   ,         .         200       .

 ,               ,  -     .         ,      .   ,       .        ,           .

 1740         .    ,           ,         .

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 1742  -    ,  -      ,   .      ,   .  , -     , ,      ,                 .

-     ,       .   ,         ,        . -   , ,          ,            .       -,          ,      .     ,   ,            .   ,        ,        . -        ,    :       ,    ,      [58 - Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, 2729.].

  ,  1743  -       .                 .      , ,  , .     -      (),     .       ,   .      [59 -  , 4245.].

   1740-  1760-         ,     .      ,    ,     - -      .       ,        .

   ,        ,       .                 ,    . ,  1746          .         .            .            ,         [60 - Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the Eighteenth Century (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1973), 15.].  1750-        .       ,        ,            .

      ,         :   ,     .       -  :       . ,    ,      . ,    ,         ,      .       .           17681774 ,    .  1768      ,  , ,     [61 - Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 17301831 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 36.].    ,      .

              .  1770     -        .   ,         ,        .        .       .

 ,         -頖   .  ,        ,      -.      -   ,       .



   -   .      ,   , ,      ,      .      ,   ,            , ,   ,   ,      .      - -,   ,  ,    1760  1775     ,         .

-     1743    15   -    .         1755 ,    ,        .       ,      -,   .  1760  -      젖   蠖     1773 .

-   ,    .  ,   -,      ,   ,          .       ,     ,   [62 - Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 636.  - - .: Daniel Crecelius, The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Regimes of 'Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 17601775 (Minneapolis and Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).]. ,        :    ,         ,         [63 - Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 639.]. -           .    ,       .        ,       ,    .

-        ,    .         ,     ,           .              .  -      .     , -    .      ,    ,   .        3000 ,           .

    , -      .     ,     ,   ,    .   -, -         ,           . " ࠖ        蠖    ,  ,  .      ,    "[64 -  , 638.]. ,  ,  ,       .

  -     ,   ,     .            젖     .      ,          .           .      -    ,     ,         ,   .  -       ,  ,     .        ,        .

   -       ,    .    ,     ,  -.      젖 ,      .  ,      [65 -  , 639.].   -  1769        ,       .               ,        .  -          .   ,      ,      .



 1770 ,   -     ,             .      .   ,  ,  , -       .              -    [66 -             (17611835)       .           -          (Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani, Lubnan fi 'ahd al-umara' al-Shihabiyin, vol. 1, Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1984, 79).]. -             .

    ,  -        ࠖ    .    II     ,        ,             .    ,        ,        .    -    , ,         ,     .

   ,       , -      .    20- ,         , -.   1770             .        -,      ,          ,    .            ,        .

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, -     -.   1771        ,      -    -,   .   -     :  -      ,                   .         .

 -,  35 000 ,        ,     -.     .   ,    ,       .    ,   .  -      .

   : -          .   ,        -.      , -  -     ,       ,    .       -, -                .   -,          ,         .   ࠖ  ,   .

,     -, -     .  ,  -    ,       .           [-]         ,  -[67 - Shihab, Lubnan fi 'ahd al-umara' al-Shihabiyin, vol. 1, 8687.].  , - , ,     , -      ,      .  -    ,    ,  -    (, -    ),        .



             .      ,    .     -     .     ,          .   ,  ,         .   -,     .       ,        -      .  1772  -         .

 -          . -          -,          . -    ,       .

  -     .    ,      ,          ,   1773  -   .  -,  ,   ,   -      . -        ,      . ,  ,  - .    ,     [68 - Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 639.],  -.

 -    .        .         .       ,      . ,               ,  ,                 , ,      .  1774     ,       ,      .

        .   1774      ,      .     ,       .        -   ,    .   1775          .      ,    .          .         .

,      -,    ,    10  1775  .              .     .     15     -         ,     .   .   ,    ,       .       :   ,    ,    .   ,    [69 - Philipp, citing Ahmad al-Shihab's Tarikh Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, in Acre, 45.].

       .                  .     :  ,            ,       .      ,      - -,   ,      .      -,     .         . -          .

     ,     .     ,      ,  ,      .   ,    .    ,     ,    .      .   ,      .  86-     .      ,     .             .   -      ,      -.

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           ,    .     ,     ,               ,            .        -,          ,    :     -,  -   .



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 1790-         ,       .             ,   .   1798    10-     .          ;               -.   ,           .        .

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      .          :



 []      .         .        ,        ,    ,  ,   ,  .   ,    , , , , ,    .    .          ,   .        [71 -    : Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia, London: Saqi, 2000, 98. ( . .   . .: , 1982.)].


     ࠖ                堖            .       ,               .

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       ,       .   1803       -         .          .           :      ,  ,  .       ,     .   1806                 .




  .


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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      : "Controversy over 'the Slap' That Brought Down a Government," Asharq Al-Awsat, 2  2011 ;      : Karem Yehia, "Tunisian Policewoman Who 'Slapped' Bouaziz Says 'I Was Scapegoated by Ben Ali,'" Ahram Online, 16  2014 . . : Yasmine Ryan, "The Tragic Life of a Street Vendor: Al-Jazeera Travels to the Birthplace of Tunisia's Uprisingand Speaks to Mohamed Bouazizi's Family," AlJazeera.com, January 20, 2011; Kareem Fahim, "Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia," New York Times, January 21, 2011.




2


        . .: Yehia, "Tunisian Policewoman Who 'Slapped' Bouazizi,"; Radhouane Addala and Richard Spencer, "I Started the Arab Spring. Now Death Is Everywhere, and Extremism Is Blooming," Daily Telegraph, December 17, 2015.




3


Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012); Joseph Sassoon, Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).




4


Samir Kassir, Being Arab (London: Verso, 2006),   .




5


          ,    CorrespondentsDotOrg  YouTube 11  2012 , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSeRkT5A8rQ.




6


George Will, "Take Time to Understand Mideast Asia," Washington Post, October 29, 2001.




7


Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, 19141920 (New York: Basic Books, 2015).   :  .   :      , 19141920. .:  -, 2018.




8


젖          . . . .




9


         ,         ,     ,  ,    .                , ,      ,    .          ,   .    ,       ,     , .. ,   .     .             ,      ,       ,         .




10


頖    ,    . . . .




11


      (. 14481524)       (Bada'i' al-zuhur fi waqa'i' al-duhur)       18931894 .    ,      : W. H. Salmon, An Account of the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt in the Year A. H. 922 (A. D. 1516) (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1921)        : Gaston Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire: Chronique d'Ibn Iy?s, vol. 2 (Paris: S. E. V. P. E. N., 1960).         : Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 4146,  Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 6567.




12


Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 9295; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 117120.




13


 , 137139.




14


 , 14043.




15


Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 171172.




16


 , 187.




17


   , ,   蠖     ,      VII .     ,      661750 .




18


Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., 'Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), 33.




19


Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 4649; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 6972.




20


  -      (. 14851546)                : Henri Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans (6581156/12601744) (Damascus: Institut Fran?ais de Damas, 1952).




21


Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 16001750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988).




22


Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, 151.




23


Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, 49; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, 72.




24


Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, 154157.




25


    (  1744 ),   : Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, 172.




26


       ;           . Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, 154159  171174.




27


Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), 318.




28


Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1982), 91118.




29


I.Metin Kunt, The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 15501650 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 3233.




30


Philipp and Perlmann, Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 33.




31


Michael Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 15171798 (London: Routledge, 1992), 1617.




32


Bakhit, Ottoman Province of Damascus, 105106.




33


   XVI    --          : Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Fondation de la rgence d'Alger: Histoire de Barberousse (Paris: J. Ang, 1837).      1, 306.




34


John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria Under the Turks (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), 20.




35


 , 27.




36


,  ,     . . . .




37


  (. -,   -)  ,      , , , , ,     - .       . . . .




38


  - -.     - - (Kitab tarikh al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma'ni);          -        - II - (Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustan, Lubnan fi 'ahd al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma'ni al-Thani, Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1936, reprinted 1985).




39


Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 15751650 (Beirut: American University in Beirut Press, 1985), 8187.




40


Al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Amir Fakhr al-Din, 1719.




41


 , 214215.




42


 , 150154.




43


Daniel Crecelius and 'Abd al-Wahhab Bakr, trans., Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 16881755 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), 286.




44


 , 291.




45


 , 296.




46


 , 310312.




47


Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 24.




48


 - -.   , 17411752. (Ahmad al-Budayri al-Hallaq, Hawadith Dimashq al-Yawmiyya 17411762, Cairo: Egyptian Association for Historical Studies, 1959, 184); George M. Haddad, "The Interests of an Eighteenth Century Chronicler of Damascus," Der Islam 38 (June 1963): 258271.




49


Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, 202.




50


 , 129.




51


 , 219.




52


 , 57.




53


 , 112.




54


  : Albert Hourani, "The Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century," A Vision of History (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), 42.




55


Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., 'Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), 6.




56


     : Kamal Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965).     : Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 15401830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).




57


Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 18001914 (London: Methuen, 1981), 7.




58


Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, 2729.




59


 , 4245.




60


Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the Eighteenth Century (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1973), 15.




61


Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 17301831 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 36.




62


Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 636.  - - .: Daniel Crecelius, The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Regimes of 'Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 17601775 (Minneapolis and Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).




63


Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 639.




64


 , 638.




65


 , 639.




66


            (17611835)       .           -          (Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani, Lubnan fi 'ahd al-umara' al-Shihabiyin, vol. 1, Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1984, 79).




67


Shihab, Lubnan fi 'ahd al-umara' al-Shihabiyin, vol. 1, 8687.




68


Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, 639.




69


Philipp, citing Ahmad al-Shihab's Tarikh Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, in Acre, 45.




70


            - (.17841816)      - (Mikha'il al-Sabbagh, Tarikh al-Shaykh Zahir l'Umar al-Zaydani, Harisa, Lebanon: Editions St. Paul, 1935, 148158).




71


   : Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia, London: Saqi, 2000, 98. ( . .   . .: , 1982.)


