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* * *

          ,    -   ,      .   ,       ,     ,      -     .     ,       -,        ,    .    ,              ,    [12 - J.V.Ferraro et al., Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory, PLoS One 8 (2013): e62174.].   ,    ,      .  ,           .           ,  ,     ,    .  ,       .

  ?          :   Homo ,   ,   2,5   ,   ,          [13 - Craig B.Stanford and Henry T.Bunn, eds., Meat-Eating and Human Evolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).].    ,         ,          [14 - L.Werdelin and M.E.Lewis, Temporal change in functional richness and evenness in the eastern African Plio-Pleistocene carnivoran guild, PLoS One 8 (2013): e57944.].        ,          ,  ,    :             .        :      ,               .        ,     ,    ,    ,       ,   .      - ,         ,          .    ,      ,   . ,         ,  , ,   [15 - Ferraro et al., Earliest archaeological evidence.].

    ,       ,  ,        ,   ,  ,      ,    , ,  ;      .                     ,      .  -                 ,      [16 - Mario Batali, Calves Brain Ravioli with Oxtail Ragu by Grandma Leonetta Batali, http://www.mariobatali.com/recipes/calves-brain-ravioli/].      posole        :       ,       [17 - Diana Kennedy, The Cuisines of Mexico (New York: William Morrow Cookbooks, 1989).]. ,   !                -    ,          [18 - ,      , ,   ()      ,   ().].  : -, ,    ,                 ,      ,    . , ,             ,            ! ,           ,   ,  ,    ,   :     [19 - Ian Crofton, A Curious History of Food and Drink (New York: Quercus, 2014).].


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          .  ,   ,      ,   ,    .    ,      ,     ,   ?    [22 - Shirley Lindenbaum, Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2013).].      ,   .          ,     .    (    )    ,        ,     .      , ,      ,         .       ,                 ,       ,    70-.

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 ed. (New York: Routledge, 2017).].        :      .    ,      ,  :     ,               ,     .

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             .            ,  ,     ,   ,   . ,           (   )[47 - Carly Stockwell, Same As It Ever Was: Top 10 Most Popular College Majors, USA Today, 26  2014 .].  ,    ,        1970     38000,       100000 [48 - Table 322.10: Bachelors Degrees Conferred by Postsecondary Institutions, by Field of Study: Selected Years, 197071 Through 201415, National Center for Education Statistics, nces.ed.gov.].      ,        ,    ,       1600 -         [49 - Karen W. Arenson, Lining Up to Get a Lecture: A Class with 1,600 Students and One Popular Teacher, New York Times, November 17, 2000.].   - -                      .

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       ,       .  軠    ,   1963 ,       ,     ,   ,     [54 - Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W.W. Norton, 1963).].   ,                  .          .  ,    ,   -     .                   [55 - Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).]. - ,         .      ,           ,    .      ,        ,      ,     .        ,      ,      -  .       ,      ,      ,       ,     .   ,     ,    ,    ,   ,     .  ,               [56 - Sigmund Freud, An Autobiographical Study, translated and ed. James Strachey, Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989).].

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         .  ,     ,   ,    400     [58 - Stanley Finger, Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).],        ,   ,     ,     .          ,   :    ,   .            ,           :    ,  ,     [59 -     ,  -      ,           ,     .         .].

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        [61 - Edwin Clarke and Kenneth Dewhurst, An Illustrated History of Brain Function: Imaging the Brain from Antiquity to the Present (San Francisco: Norman Publishing, 1996).].  ,      ,                  .     rete mirabile    ,     -.    ,      ,     .           De Humani Corporis Fabrica (   ),   1543 ,  ,            plexus reticularis,    [62 - Andreas Vesalius, De Humani Corporis Fabrica, . : Charles J. Singer, Vesalius on the Human Brain: Introduction, Translation of Text, Translation of Descriptions of Figures, Notes to the Translations, Figures (London: Oxford University Press, 1952).].          ,      -    .  rete mirabile          ,     .  100             :   ,    //  ,  , //      , //     ? (. . ).

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  ,     ,      .      ,   (  )   ,     :      ,     [63 - , ,  .. // . . . 4 .  2. .: , 1993.].  1940     ,       ,      ,          ,   ,   -[64 - Charles S. Sherrington, Man on His Nature (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1940).].         ,        .      ,    ,          ,     ,   ,         ,    [65 - K.L.Kirkland, High-tech brains: A history of technology-based analogies and models of nerve and brain function, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45 (2002): 212223.].          (1920)        ,           [66 - Arthur Keith, The Engines of the Human Body: Being the Substance of Christmas Lectures Given at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Christmas, 19161917 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1920).].

          .   :  ,    ,       .    ,              [67 - J.R.Searle, Minds, brains, and programs, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980): 417457;  ,   .  ,     (:  , , 2015).].              ,  ,      ,      .           ,      ,     .     :        ,    ,    , ,    .

                       ,  .       ,          .       .            ,            ,       [68 -  ,  , 3 ,  1,   , CBS Television, 20  1968 .].   - ,  ,      -,   -      ,      ,    , -,      2005 [69 -  , ,  (: , 1964);   , .   (Buena Vista Pictures, 2005).]. ,   , , ,   DARPA (    -    ),                    ,     [70 - M.Raibert, K.Blankespoor, G.Nelson, R.Playter, and the BigDog Team, BigDog, the rough-terrain quadruped robot, Proceedings of the 17th World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control (2008): 1082210825; S.Colombano, F.Kirchner, D.Spenneberg, and J.Hanratty, Exploration of planetary terrains with a legged robot as a scout adjunct to a rover, Space 2004 Conference and Exhibit, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (2004): 19.]. -       :               .

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      ,             ,   1957 ,    ,      ,   Computer and the Brain (  ).   ,        , ,       [71 - John von Neumann, The Computer and the Brain (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1958).].  ,      , .  ,  ,  ,   .           ,        ,          .   -   (),       :      (    ),        .     ,    .

        ,  ,      (. .2). ,    ,    ( )      ,           .       20   ,     ,            ,  .       -     ,       100          .        ,  ,   .                    ,      [72 - R.D.Fields, A new mechanism of nervous system plasticity: Activity-dependent myelination, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16 (2015): 756767; Mark Carwardine, Natural History Museum Book of Animal Records (Richmond Hill, ON: Firefly Books, 2013).].              100  [73 - A.Roxin, N.Brunel, D.Hansel, G.Mongillo, and C. van Vreeswijk, On the distribution of firing rates in networks of cortical neurons, Journal of Neuroscience 31 (2011): 1621716226.].         ,                       .        ,      ,            lingua franca[74 - Lingua franca    ,        ,     .].






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notes



1


Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth, and History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).




2


Amy Harmon, A Dying Young Womans Hope in Cryonics and a Future, New York Times, 12  2015.




3


  Alcor Life Extension Foundation, ,       ,    ,      .




4


. : Stanley Finger, Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and Their Discoveries (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).




5


Introduction to Neuroanatomy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001.




6


L.L.Moroz, On the independent origins of complex brains and neurons, Brain, Behavior and Evolution 74 (2009): 177190.




7


S.Kumar and S.B. Hedges, A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution, Nature 392 (1998): 917920.




8


N.D.Leipzig and M.S.Shoichet, The effect of substrate stiffness on adult neural stem cell behavior, Biomaterials 30 (2009): 68676878.




9


Jennifer Hay, Complex Shear Modulus of Commercial Gelatin by Instrumented Indentation, Agilent Technologies, 2011.




10


Henry McIlwain and Herman S.Bachelard, Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System, 5th ed. (Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1985).




11


National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28, Entry for Raw Beef Brain, US Department of Agriculture, 18  2017.




12


J.V.Ferraro et al., Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory, PLoS One 8 (2013): e62174.




13


Craig B.Stanford and Henry T.Bunn, eds., Meat-Eating and Human Evolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).




14


L.Werdelin and M.E.Lewis, Temporal change in functional richness and evenness in the eastern African Plio-Pleistocene carnivoran guild, PLoS One 8 (2013): e57944.




15


Ferraro et al., Earliest archaeological evidence.




16


Mario Batali, Calves Brain Ravioli with Oxtail Ragu by Grandma Leonetta Batali, http://www.mariobatali.com/recipes/calves-brain-ravioli/




17


Diana Kennedy, The Cuisines of Mexico (New York: William Morrow Cookbooks, 1989).




18


,      , ,   ()      ,   ().




19


Ian Crofton, A Curious History of Food and Drink (New York: Quercus, 2014).




20


P.P.Liberski et al., Kuru: Genes, cannibals and neuropathology, Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 71 (2012): 92103.




21


D.C.Gajdusek, Correspondence on the Discovery and Original Investigations on Kuru: Smadel-Gajdusek Correspondence, 19551958 (Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 1975).




22


Shirley Lindenbaum, Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2013).




23


Dimitra Karamanides, Pythagoras: Pioneering Mathematician and Musical Theorist of Ancient Greece, Library of Greek Philosophers (New York: Rosen Central, 2006).




24


Nina Edwards, Offal: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2013).




25


     www.allrecipes.com;    , , ,     4  2014 .




26


Katherine Simons, Food Preference and Compliance with Dietary Advice Among Patients of a General Practice (PhD thesis, University of Exeter, 1990).




27


S.Mennell, Food and the quantum theory of taboo, Etnofoor 4 (1991): 6377.




28


S.M.Sternson and D.Atasoy, Agouti-related protein neuron circuits that regulate appetite, Neuroendocrinology 100 (2014): 95102.




29


J.B.Ancel Keys, Austin Henschel, Olaf Mickelsen, and Henry L.Taylor, The Biology of Human Starvation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950).




30


D.Baker and N. Keramidas, The psychology of hunger, Monitor on Psychology 44 (2013): 66.




31


Stanley Finger, Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and Their Discoveries (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).




32


P.Wright, George Combe  phrenologist, philosopher, psychologist (17881858), Cortex 41 (2005): 447451.




33


William Douglas Woody and Wayne Viney, A History of Psychology: The Emergence of Science and Applications, 6


 ed. (New York: Routledge, 2017).




34


StephenJ.Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996).




35


Brian Burrell, Postcards from the Brain Museum: The Improbable Search for Meaning in the Matter of Famous Minds (New York: Broadway Books, 2004).




36


R.Schweizer, A.Wittmann, and J.Frahm, A rare anatomical variation newly identifies the brains of C.F.Gauss and C.H.Fuchs in a collection at the University of G?ttingen, Brain 137 (2014): e269.




37


Gould, The Mismeasure of Man.




38


M.D.Gregory et al., Regional variations in brain gyrification are associated with general cognitive ability in humans, Current Biology 26 (2016): 13011305.




39


 ,   ,     , hbtrc.mclean.harvard.edu




40


George H.W. Bush, Presidential Proclamation 6158, 1990.




41


R.F.Robert, W.Baughman, M.Guzman, and M.F.Huerta, The National Institutes of Health Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006): 1032910331.




42


Office of the Press Secretary, Fact Sheet: BRAIN Initiative, The White House, 2013; HBP-PS Consortium, The Human Brain Project: A Report to the European Commission, 2012.




43


Annual Meeting Attendance (19712014), Society for Neuroscience, www.sfn.org/Annual-Meeting/Past-and-Future-Annual-Meetings/Annual-Meeting-Attendance-Statistics/AM-Attendance-Totals-All-Years




44


G. E. Moore, Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 86 (1965): 8285.




45


 www.amazon.com       ,   brain (  ),  2014 .




46


       (US National Library of Medicine)   www.pubmed.com    brain  neuron,  2014 .




47


Carly Stockwell, Same As It Ever Was: Top 10 Most Popular College Majors, USA Today, 26  2014 .




48


Table 322.10: Bachelors Degrees Conferred by Postsecondary Institutions, by Field of Study: Selected Years, 197071 Through 201415, National Center for Education Statistics, nces.ed.gov.




49


Karen W. Arenson, Lining Up to Get a Lecture: A Class with 1,600 Students and One Popular Teacher, New York Times, November 17, 2000.




50


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51


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