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      .              [66 - Andrade, A. & Greene, G. & Melanson, K. (2008). Eating slowly led to decreases in energy intake within meals in healthy women. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 108 (7): 11861191.].

          .    젖   .



















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     500.        1 [67 - King, B. & Townsend-Nicholson, A. (2008). Involvement of P2Y1 and P2Y11 purinoceptors in parasympathetic inhibition of colonic smooth muscle. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 324 (3): 10551063.].    ,       ,         ( ) ,     B


[68 - Abels, J. et al. (1959). The physiologic mechanism of vitamin B12 absorption. Acta Medica Scandinavica 165: 105113.].

        .         - ,      [69 - Kassarjian, Z. & Russell, R. (1989). Hypochlorhydria: afactor in nutrition. Annual Reviews Nutrition 9: 271285. Review.].  (   )     , [70 - Lau, Y. & Ahmed, N. (2012). Fracture risk and bone mineral density reduction associated with proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy 32(1): 6779.],  [71 - Tennant, S. et al. (2008). Influence of gastric acid on susceptibility to infection with ingested bacterial pathogens. Infection and Immunity 76 (2): 639645.]   .       [72 - Sarzynski, E. & Puttarajappa, C. & Xie, Y. & Grover, M. & Laird-Fick, H. (2011). Association between proton pump inhibitor use and anemia: aretrospective cohort study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 56 (8): 23492353.],   B


[73 - Lam, J. & Schneider, J. & Zhao, W. & Corley, D. (2013). Proton pump inhibitor and histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and vitamin B12 deficiency. The Journal of The American Medical Association 310 (22): 24352342.]       [74 - Theisen, J. et al. (2000). Suppression of gastric acid secretion in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease results in gastric bacterial overgrowth and deconjugation of bile acids. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 4 (1): 5054.].

















 

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       .            ,     (  .  )[77 - Miller, T. & Wolin, M. (1996). Pathways of acetate, propionate, and butyrate formation by the human fecal microbial flora. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (5): 15891592.].        .

       .   ,    ()[78 -       ,     . . . .].       [79 - Bollinger, R. et al. (2007). Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix. Journal of Theoretical Biology 249 (4): 826831. Review.]      [80 - Im, G. et al. (2011). The appendix may protect against Clostridium difficile recurrence. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9 (12): 10721077.].    ,             .   ,       [81 - Vons, C. et al. (2011). Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid versus appendicectomy for treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 377 (9777): 15731579.].

,       ()     ࠖ   15      [82 - Jussila, A. et al. (2013). High and increasing prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in Finland with a clear North-South difference. Journal of Crohns & Colitis 7 (7): e256-262.].                    [83 - Hou, J. & Abraham, B. & El-Serag, H. (2011). Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: asystematic review of the literature. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 106 (4): 563-573. Review.].         (       ).   , [84 -             .      leaky gut ( )  . . . .]         (,  [85 - Fasano, A. (2011). Leaky gut and autoimmune diseases. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 42 (1): 7178.]).

        ,       ( .  )   [86 - Olendzki, B. et al. (2014). An anti-inflammatory diet as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: acase series report. Nutrition Journal 13: 5.].       [87 - Drago, S. et al. (2006). Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 41 (4): 408419.]         [88 - Festen, E. et al. (2011) A meta-analysis of genome-wide association scans identifies IL18RAP, PTPN2, TAGAP, and PUS10 as shared risk loci for Crohns disease and celiac disease. PLoS Genetics 7 (1): e1001283.].       (2014),           [89 - Herfarth, H. & Martin, C. & Sandler, R. & Kappelman, M. & Long M. D. (2014). Prevalence of a gluten-free diet and improvement of clinical symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 20 (7): 11941197.].







 

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 C,    ( )  ̠    .  10  20%     .  ,  ,    88  .        [96 - Stahre, M. & Roeber, J. & Kanny, D. & Brewer, R. & Zhang, X. (2014). Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Preventing Chronic Diseases 11: E109.].


     .  ,    ,    .   75%  ,     [97 - Michalopoulos, G. (2007). Liver regeneration. Journal of Cellular Physiology 213 (2): 286300. Review.].     ,      P450,      .       (1  2)[98 - Grant, D. (1991). Detoxification pathways in the liver. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 14 (4): 421430. Review.].












 

      .   ,  8  ,      ,  .       ,    ,          (    )[99 - Ellis, H. (2011). Anatomy of the gallbladder and bile ducts. Surgery (Orford) 29 (12): 593596.].

          .    ,    .          (A, D, E  K)     [100 - Schmidt, D. et al. (2010). Regulation of bile acid synthesis by fat-soluble vitamins A and D. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (19): 1448614494.].     ,    ( ,      )[101 - Houten, S. & Watanabe, M. & Auwerx, J. (2006). Endocrine functions of bile acids. The EMBO Journal 25 (7): 14191425. Review.].             젖 ,    [102 - Ikemoto, S. et al. (1997). Cholate inhibits high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and obesity with acyl-CoA synthetase mRNA decrease. American Journal of Physiology 273 (1 Pt 1): E3745.].  , -              . ,                  [103 - Hofmann, A. (1999). The continuing importance of bile acids in liver and intestinal disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 159 (22): 26472658. Review.].

 ,      ,   ,   ,        (, ,    C)[104 -         . . . .][105 - Walcher, T. et al. (2009). Vitamin C supplement use may protect against gallstones: an observational study on a randomly selected population. BMC Gastroenterology 9: 74.], [106 - Koppisetti, S. et al. (2008). Reactive oxygen species and the hypomotility of the gall bladder as targets for the treatment of gallstones with melatonin: areview. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 53 (10): 25922603.].

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   堖   (),      .          . ,     ()  ,  ,    [111 - Wong, J. & de Souza, R. & Kendall, C. & Emam, A. & Jenkins, D. (2006). Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 40 (3): 235243. Review.].

         .        , B    (,   ),   ,      .  ,        [112 - Guarner, F. & Malagelada, J. (2003). Gut flora in health and disease. The Lancet 361 (9356): 512519. Review.].


    

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           - [114 - Beaugerie, L. & Petit, J. (2004). Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology 18 (2): 337352. Review.]   ,   Clostridium difficile[115 - Thomas, C. & Stevenson, M. & Williamson, D. & Riley, T. (2002). Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiological data from Western Australia associated with a modified antibiotic policy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35 (12): 14571462.],       [116 - Dethlefsen, L. & Huse, S. & Sogin, M. & Relman, D. (2008). The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biology 6 (11): e280.].          [117 - World Health Organization. (2014). WHOs first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health. Geneva: WHO. [date of reference: 26.8.2014]].


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 ꠖ                .   ( )     ,  [118 - Forsythe, P. & Kunze, W. (2013). Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 70 (1): 5569. Review.], [119 - Cryan, J. & Dinan, T. (2012). Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13 (10): 701712. Review.], [120 - Cryan, J & OMahony, S. (2011). The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 23 (3): 187192.], [121 - Grenham, S. & Clarke, G. & Cryan, J. & Dinan, T. (2011). Brain-gut-microbe communication in health and disease. Frontiers in Physiology 2: 94.]   ,    [122 - Foster, J. & McVey Neufeld, K. (2013). Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends in Neurosciences 36 (5): 305312. Review.].              .








   ,   ,       .    (2018),      .     ,  :  (Firmicutes),  (Proteobacteria)   (Bacteroidetes).          [123 - Roberts, R. & Farmer, C. & Walker, C. (2018). The human brain microbiome; there are bacteria in our brains!. Program No. 594.08. Neuroscience Meeting Planner. San Diego, CA: Society for Neuroscience, 2018. Online.].

         :  (-- )     ࠖ ,    [124 - Mayer, E. (2011). Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nature Revies Neuroscience 12 (8): 453466. Review.].

        ,       . , ,            [125 - Welgan, P. & Meshkinpour, H. & Beeler, M. (1988). Effect of anger on colon motor and myoelectric activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 94 (5 Pt 1): 11501156.].  ,          ,     .

         :       ,         [126 - Travagli, R. & Hermann, G. & Browning, K. & Rogers, R. (2006). Brainstem circuits regulating gastric function. Annual Review of Physiology 68: 279305. Review.].







 

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              ,   .                   [127 - Mayer, E. (2000). The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease. Gut 47: 861869.].           , ,   ,       [128 - Hughes, D. & Sperandio, V. (2008). Inter-kingdom signalling: communication between bacteria and their hosts. Nature Reviews Microbiology 6: 111120.].           (  )[129 - Fasano, A. (2012). Leaky gut and autoimmune diseases. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 42 (1): 7178.],[130 - Hollander, D. (1999). Intestinal permeability, leaky gut, and intestinal disorders. Current Gastroenterology Reports 1 (5): 410416. Review.].








         [131 - Hietbrink, F. (2009). Systemic inflammation increases intestinal permeability during experimental human endotoxemia. Shock 32 (4): 374378.],[132 - Frazier, T. & DiBaise, J. & McClain, C. (2011). Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, obesity-induced inflammation, and liver injury. Journal of Parentereral and Enteral Nutrition 35 (5 Suppl): 14S20S.].      ( )  [133 - Neurath, M. (2014). Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 14: 329342.]. -   -           ().     , ,   ,     ,    [134 - Aloisi, F. (2001) Immune function of microglia. Glia 36 (2): 165179. Review.].     ,          [135 - Foster, J. & McVey Neufeld, K. (2013). Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends in Neuroscience 36 (5): 305312. Review.].    ,     ,        (, ,    ).
























  






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          .       ,    .  ,   ,      [136 - Love, B. et al. (2013). Antibiotic exposure and risk of food allergy in children. 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. [date of reference: 20.9.2014]],   [137 - Vadas, P. & Wai, Y. & Burks, W. & Perelman, B. (2001). Detection of peanut allergens in breast milk of lactating women. The Journal of the Ameican Medical Association 285 (13): 17461748.],  [138 - Kosecka, U. & Berin, M. & Perdue, M. (1999). Pertussis adjuvant prolongs intestinal hypersensitivity. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 119 (3): 205211.],[139 - Nakayama, T. & Aizawa, C. & Kuno-Sakai, H. (1999). A clinical analysis of gelatin allergy and determination of its causal relationship to the previous administration of gelatin-containing acellular pertussis accine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 103 (2 Pt 1): 321325.] (      [140 - OHagan, D. (2000). Vaccine Adjuvants. Preparation Methods and Research Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine. New York: Humana Press. [date of reference: 20.9.2014]]),    ,  ,  [141 - Jerschow, E. et al. (2012). Dichlorophenol-containing pesticides and allergies: results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 20052006. Annals of Allergy Asthma and Immunology 109 (6): 420425.].

,     ,   (),  , , ,   ,   ,    .   90%   .           .              ,     [142 - Ortolani, C. & Pastorello, E. (2006). Food allergies and food intolerances. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology 20 (3): 46783. Review.].

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