   .      
 


   ()
 ,     ,            ?    XX ,   . ,          ,    .    ,    ,  ,   ,  .    ,  ,     ,     ?    ,     ,   ,  ?

     .         , , , ,          .      , , ,                .     XX ,  ,  ,         .





 

   .      



Julia Boyd

Travelers in the Third Reich: The Rise of Fascism Through the Eyes of Everyday People



 Julia Boyd 2017

 .,    , 2019

 .   , 2020


* * *


 , , , , , , , , ,   










 ,    1936.        .  ,  ,   .       ,    , ,      ,     .         GB ()     ,     .

      .    ,      -.          ,   :  , ,        .               .    ?   ?   ,  ,     ?       ?

    .           ,  -      .                .    ,      ,  ,  .        .     ,    ?  ,         ,          . ,     ,   ,     ?     ,       ?

           .     ,    ,    ,    .              .  ,              . ,      ,     ,      .        .      ,  ,     ?     ,     ,    -?         ,     ?     ,    ?           ?

       .      .     (    ,  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,       ),    . , , , , , , , ,  (      ),  , -          .     , ,       .           .

      ,      .   ,     ,           .            ,   ,        :  ,        .

           .     ,    ,    .    ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,         .        ,   ,             . ,  ,   ,       .    ,       ,  , ,   ,   ,   (     )    - .

          .    ,         ,     ,   .               :        ,    , ,   [1 - Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes (London: Gollancz, 1939), p. 25.].

       :  ,       ,         .  ,  ,       .  ,   ,        ,           .

 1936.     ,         .  ,     -  .        :  ,        ,  , ,  [2 - Pegler syndicated column, Fair Enough, 2 April 1936.].

 1937.         [3 - Quoted in Dirk Voss, Travel into the Heart of Evil: American Tourists in Nazi Germany, 19331939; Ernst Schmitz Gives Talk on German Travel Facilities, Daily Boston Globe, 29 March 1938. For more detailed statistics regarding British and American travel to Germany, see Rudy Koshar, German Travel Cultures (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000), p. 129.].        ,             .        ,     ,         .  ,    ,         ,  ,     .                .       [4 -   ,       ,    ,      .].

 ,     ,  ,       .    ,     ,     ,         .

,      , ,  ,     .   ,      . ,   ,   ,        .  ,      .       ,            .   ,           ,     .       :

		 ,   ,    .
		,   ,  -,
		   ,    .
		  ,    ,
		       [5 - Louis MacNeice, from Autumn Journal, IV (London: Faber & Faber, 1939).].

    .    ,          ,      ?           ,  .       ?         ,               .

     (  ,     )  ,    . ,           .   ,    ,                .        ,    ,      .  ,       ,      ,     .     ,       .

      .  ,          ,           . , ,   ,                  .

,        ,             .     , ,   ,     .   ,          .  -            .              ,                  .

    , ,  ,       .       ,     ,     ,       .      ,    . ,     ,  ,       ,  ,    ,    . ,     ,       ,       .

,           ,      .       ,          .  ,  -     .     ,     ,     ,    .    ( ,     )   ,          .      ,       ,        .








            .      ,    ,    ,     ,      [6 -        ,        ,          .].

,     ,            / .     ,     ,         .      ,      .

       -  . , , ,       ,          .     ,        ,     ,                    ,   .    :       .    ,    ,     ,    .   ,    [7 - Nancy Mitford, Pigeon Pie (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1940), p. 43.].

  1937.,       ,          ,    .            ,    .       ,       ,   .       ,    .    ,              .         ,         ,     ,   .  ,  ,      ,    ,   .                .

,      ,   ,      1930- .,  - . , ,   ,       ,      .              .        ,    -    ,    .   , , ,   ,        ,     .




1. 


            .            ()     .     .     ,          .          :    -    ,    ,     .

      ,          .          ,         (  Hotel Bristol    Englischer Hof  --),      .        ,         ,   ,  .  , ,     .       ,      .     ,      (     ,       )      .        ,                  ,   , ,  , ,   .

       ,  -[8 -  1918.     ,          .].       1919.,         .         .      ,           .   ,     ,         .         .    ,      ,       : ,          .

11              .     .         ,   ,    .    [9 -   ,      ,         .      ,             ,     .          ,       .],    ,     .      ,       [10 -        ,    :   ,  ,         .],     ,     ,       .                   ,    1919.    ,   .      ,   ,      ,      .     ,     -   .  1919.       ,       [11 -   ,   ,   ,     -  ,       -   .       ,       .   1916.              .   ,   ,  .                 ,    .].

      1918.      -  .           .         ,      ,       II.   ,    ,  ,     ,       .   ,          [12 - W.Stewart Roddie, Peace Patrol (London: Christophers, 1932), p. 97.]. 10  1918.     ,        .  ,    ,   ,     .   ,  ,    .           ,     .            (     ). ,      ,          :   [13 - Hedda Adlon, Hotel Adlon: The Life and Death of a Great Hotel (London: Barrie Books, 1958), pp. 7475.].   ,  ,     ,   .

,     ,     .       ,       , -       .          .      ,           .  ,    -    ,         ,    .

        ,     ,       .        ,  .        .       ,        [14 - Harry A.Franck, Vagabonding Through Changing Germany (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1920), p. 172.].  ,      .  ,   ,          :  ,      -   ,   .     ,     ,       [15 - Ibid., p. 37.].

              ,     ,     :               ,    ,     .   ,        ,           ,   ,    ,     [16 - Ibid., pp. 2526.].

   ,  , ,       .                .   ,            .         ,    [17 - Ibid., pp. 2829.].           ,    ,   ,      ,     ,       .       [18 - Violet R.Markham, A Womans Watch on the Rhine (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1920), p. 181.]         , ,     .

      -.          .         :     Gott mit uns (  )     .            ,         ,    .     ,               ,  ,    .   [19 -   (18011859)  .   1827.       .        .],    ,       ,   1919.[20 - Franck, p. 74.].

  ,   ,          ,   ,      ,     ,      ,     ,          [21 - 20 December 1918, Truman Smith papers (TSP), Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.].

              (),     : ,      ,       .    - .  ,   [22 - Ibid.].      , ,      ,     .   , ,  ,   ,     ,         ,        [23 - Ibid., 23 December.].

       ,    .  ,      ,     ( ,    )   .      ,     .  ,        ,    :

    .     ,          ,   .          .      .       ,     ,    .       ,        ,        .   [24 - The American Watch on the Rhine by an American, Society of Friends Library, London, Friends Emergency War Victims Relief Committee (FEWVRC) 19141924, 10/3/7.].

       ,   ,        .          ,        .          ,          .      ,      .        ,         ,   ?    ,    ,     ,   :   .          [25 - Truman Smith to his wife Kay, 20 December 1918, TSP.].

      ,    ,           .   1919.    -       .       ,    ,  .   :    ,    ,     ,   ?[26 - Markham, pp. 1516.]     ,            ,        ,    .    ,  ,             ?    1919.,     ,  ,         ,    ,   [27 - Ibid., pp. 5657.].

          ( ,       ,   ).         ,   , ,  .       ,  .            [28 - Ibid., p. 71.].  ,     ,   ,      ,     .        .        ,       :

    ,     .            .         .     ,    .           ,    .       [29 - Alice Holtby and J.McWilliam (eds.), Winifred Holtby: Letters to a Friend (London: Collins, 1937), p. 280.].


* * *

          ,    .  ,      ,  ,     ,      .   ,     ,   [30 - Truman Smith to his wife Kay.].       1919.  :

 ,          .       ,          .  ,    . ,        ,  ,       15    .        ,     [31 - Truman Smith to his mother-in-law, 16 March 1919.].

 ,     - ,  ,       .              .

       :      .  ,       , -   ,          [32 - Truman Smith to his wife Kay, 14 February 1919.]. , ,  ,  ,        [33 - Ibid., 23 December 1918.]. ,          ,          ,     .

       ,            .  ,     , ,         - .               .        ,      .      .     ,    ,     .       .

       .  ,         . ,        ,       ,                .     ,    ,        [34 - Franck, p. 114.].

     ,     .       .       (    )     ,    ,    ,       [35 - Stewart Roddie to Lord Stamfordhaven, 30 January 1920, Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George papers, F/29/4/6.].

       ,   ,    .    - (   ),              .       ,      ,  .        .

      ,      .       :  :       ,         ,      ,       .   . ,       .    .       [36 - Stewart Roddie, pp. 2223.].

  ,       .              .     --   ,          -,  .

           ,          .        ,   ,     .       ,       .

      ,        .            :   ,     ,  -  ,     ,     [37 - Ibid., p. 1.].    ,            [38 -    (18641916)  ,    - .      . ..],    ,     [39 -   ,           (    1921.),    .         ,     .].

 ,    1919.     ,  ,          :



  ,   ,    ,       .    ,     .    ,          .        ?



 !

,   ,    !

,     ?

    ? !

      ?

!

      ?

       ?

      ,        ?

, ,   , ,      !            !

  !



 ,     ,        ,   ,      :                    [40 - Franck, pp. 115, 130, 132133.].

      ,        1919.      .    ,       ,     .     ,       .    ,      ,       ,   .

        ,    1914.          .

   - ,    ,        .         .   , ,      ,   ,      ,    .        ,     ,            .        ,  , ,       .  , ,   .            ,     ,      [41 - Ibid., p. 102.].

       ,      .    ,     .   ,       ,         :   .       .   :  , ,   [42 - Stewart Roddie, p. 20.].

      :     !  ,           .     ,      .   ,   ,     -   .     ,      ,    .  ,     ,            [43 - Ibid., pp. 138, 139.].

       ,    ,   .      -.   ,   1915.,        . ,       ![44 - Franck, p. 19.]   .

        ,   .          ,       . ,       ,           .    ,  ,    .  ,     .

     .    1919.     ,      , ,  , ,    .       :             ,    [45 - The Friend, 2 May 1919.].

  , 5 ,         (    ).    ,     .             ,        [46 - Joan Mary Fry, In Downcast Germany (London: James Clarke, 1944), p. 13.].    ,                .

       .        [47 -   ,       ,   ,    ,     .]      .           .                   (          ),                    .

,  ,  , ,   ,      .            .      ,            .




2. 


   .           ,      ,    Glaxo   ,          Dorothy Perkins.            ,     [48 - The Friend, 8 August 1919.].              ,    .   ,     ,  1,75  .

        . 28  1919.,       ,    ,         .   ,      .           ,    .   ,      ,         ,   .    ?     .       ,     [49 - 2 August 1919, Society of Friends Library, Relief Mission Germany, Joan M.Fry, FEWVRC/Missions/10/1/6/7.].

       .    ,        ,  ,   ;  ,    ,     .      .        ,          .    ,      ,     ,  .

 , ,      ,   1919.      ,            .   ,     ,  ,        .           .

        (      ),                ,       .       100  ,       [50 - ,      -    ,    .].      ,    (  ,  ,  )  [51 -        -,  ,     .             , , -, .  , ,          ,     .].      ,     .       ,         .        ,                    . ,         .

    ,   ,     .     ,         ,       :   ,   ,       .  ,     .   ,        -,         [52 - Ibid., 2 August 1919.].   ,        ,        :    ,               ,    .         :         ,    ,   [53 - Franck, pp. 190, 195.].

                 .          .        :     .         .  ,    ,   ,             [54 - Truman Smith to his wife Kay, 11 May 1919, TSP.].

  ,     ,       1920.:      ,     .              ,  ,     ,   ,       ,       [55 - Stewart Roddie, p. 96.].

        .   ,             :   .  ,          .     ,     [56 -      (18741936)       .  1912.    ,          .  1920.        ,   1923.         ,   ,    .    1933.            .  1934.           -.       1936.]      .                    , - [57 - Essen, 28 July 1919, Friends Library, FEWVRC/Missions/10/1/6/7.].

          .    .              .     ,   ,       [58 - Markham, p. 128.].

                      .    ,  ,      ,         ,         .  ,            ,      [59 - Franck, p. 268.].

     ,           - ,   -      .  -        ,    ,       .        ,         .     :              .         .   ,      .   ,               [60 - Ibid., pp. 272273.].


* * *

28 1923.             -      .      , -   19081916.    .    ,       ,    .

11  60        .     ,     :       . ,    ,   ,   [61 -         132  .      ,          .               ,      .].         ( 1923.      6,6   ,   280     2013.).     ,        .

     .       ,        .    ,    , , .      200        ,      .    ,  ,       -.      ,    : 5      5 .            ,             .  ,           ,  .    ,  .       [62 - Bonham Carter, Diary, 12 March 1923, vol. 15, University of Oxford, Bodleian Library (Bod.), Special Collections, MSS. Quoted in Mark Pottle (ed.), Champion Redoubtable: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter 19141945 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), p. 141.].

1   10.30                  .        Ē    .            ,     .       ,       ,    .            .          ,     [63 - Ibid. (not quoted in Pottle).].         .   ,        .

 Ē    1920.       .   ,     .     ,   Ē   ,   ,     ,            .            .              .    ,       ,       ,    [64 - Ibid., 5 March 1923.].

 '          ,    :      -  .           :       ,      ,      29  1920.  '         ,       ,     .       .  ,      ,  ,  ,  ,   [65 - Viscountess DAbernon, Red Cross and Berlin Embassy, 19151926 (London: John Murray, 1946), p. 69.]. ,   ,       ,  :

     ,           ,    -,    .       - ,            ,     XVIII[66 - Ibid., p. 83.].

     ,  Ē    .           ,    ,          , ,      ,         [67 - Ibid., pp. 6869.]. ,     ,   ,    :  '  ,        .    .     - .      ,      ,         .    ,    ,   .     ,          .     Ē ,          ,     ,   ,   ,       [68 - Ibid., p. 71.].

    ,          .       ,      '  :        .       .         [69 - Ibid., p. 78.].

 Ē        .       :  ,     ,  .    . 95     ,   .          ,     Ē   .     ,       .    ,       ,   [70 - Bonham Carter, Diary, 3 March 1923.].

,     ,      ,      .            .      ,      .  ,    ,     ,      .  ,   ,    ,  ,        [71 - Ibid.].      1923.   Ē    ,           ,   [72 - DAbernon, p. 112.].    ,           ,   .  Ē ,       ,       .   ,              .      ,     [73 - Ibid., p. 73.].

         ,   1924       .  ,         ,      :  ,   . ,            .   ,                 .         :   ,    15       .      ,    .   ,   ,     ,          250       .     .   [74 - Tom Mann to his wife, 2 April 1924, University of Warwick Archives, Tom Mann papers, MSS 334/3/6/14.].

    ,     ,      .    :               .   ,    -        [75 - Bonham Carter, Diary, 3 March 1923.].

     .   ,  ,   Ē    ,     .   ,      .       : ,     ,       .   ,    ,    ,     [76 - Ibid., 5 March.].                  .       :    ,      ,  -  [77 - Ibid., 10 March.].


* * *

 1920.              -   .    ,           ,     .

     -       .            II,   ,   ,  ,      .       ,       .            ,      ,  .  ,         .

 1919.     ,        .         -           (    ),      .       ,       [78 -     ,       .       (   10)   ,     ,    1925.              .].      ,      - .   ,    ,         :                [79 - Stewart Roddie, p. 50.].

         :         .    ,       ,      .            ,    ,        .  ,     ,    ,    .  ,     ,    ,   녻[80 - 3 June 1921, Joan M.Fry papers, TEMP MSS 66/6.].

     ,       .    ,     ,    [81 -      ,    .]  1924.        ,          .       ?       , , ,    [82 - Princess Margaret of Prussia to Lady Corkran, 21 October 1924, Bod., MSS Eng. Lett. d. 364.].    ,  ,   ,      ,    .        ,   :      .    .        West Electric.       :  ,  ?      ?   [83 - Ibid.].

         ,     .         ,       .     ,            .   ,         :       ,        ,         [84 - 25 July 1922, Fry papers, TEMP MSS 66/8.].             :

          .     ,        ,   .        ,   ,        .     .      ,   ,    ,    ,      ,     ,     .    ,  ,   .   ,      .

         ,    -       .       ,     ,   ,   .   ,  ,    ,    [85 - Dorothy Detzer, 3 September, 1923, Society of Friends Library, FEWVRC 191424, 10/3/7.].

     1923.    -,     ,           .       .    ,       ?   -[86 - Jacques Benoist-Mechin,  l?preuve du temps [The Test of Time] (Paris: Julliard, 1989), p. 167.].

    ,  -    ,   .   ,  -    ,    ,      -    .     ,     .        .  ,  ,         :      . , ,   .

1  1923.  -  1083  .        .             :   .    ,     .    .        .  .   [87 - Ibid., p. 164.].


* * *

      ,    (  ,    )    .        ,      ,   ,    . -     , , ,  ,  , .     ,      ,         [88 -        .].   ,    ,   [89 -                    .]        [90 - For contemporary evidence rebutting such allegations, see Sally Marks, Black Watch on the Rhine: A Study in Propaganda, Prejudice and Prurience, European Studies Review, vol. 13, no. 3 (1983), pp. 297333.].        ,  ,               ?

 ,       ,       ,   .          ,   .      ,    -   .

15  1922.        ,   -        .             .     ,      -.          ,          .               ,       .            : !         ,       .

    :  .     ,   -    ,                 .  .      [91 - Truman Smith, Berlin Alert (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1984), p. 57.].

     ,        . 20         42   .  ,  ,      ,      - ,    [92 - Ibid., p. 46.].      ,  ,       ,        .

        -   ,     -   ,      [93 -    ,    1903.] .   -     .   ,  , ,     ,    ,  .  -          ,      .

     .      ,  ,  -     ,   .     ,            . ,    ,       [94 -              .],            . ,     ,   ,   [95 - Benoist-Mechin, pp. 172173.].

10  1923.,         ,  Ē    ,            ,          .    ,    Ē,    [96 - DAbernon, p. 117.]    .




3.  


     .             .      ,    ,     [97 -       ,  ,     ,     ,        ,        ,   ,  .].           . 15  1923.     12369000 . 9  1923. (     ) 2,8 ,        18 [98 - Horace Finlayson, Diary, University of Cambridge, Churchill College, Churchill Archives Centre (CAC) GBR/0014/FLYN.].   ,     ,    :

   . ,      ,     .    ,    ,   .   ,      ,    ,  .     .    ,    .        .      , , ,  [99 - Rene Juvet, Ich war dabei [I was there] (Zurich: Europa Verlag, 1944), p. 5; Rene Juvet was the pseudonym of Numa Tetaz.].

       89  1923. ,  ,             ,      ,      .     ,    .          .    ,          .           .      ,        [100 -                  .       ,     ,        .]   .        :     ,    ,       ,      .

     ,   ,    :    ,    ,  .  ,     .     ,      ,    .            :       ! , , !    ,      .         ,   .      ,   ,      ,  !   .  ,   ,   .      .   , ,   . Jamais, jamais![101 - Jamais  . . ..]     ![102 - Dorothy Bogen, Diary, 26 September 1922, Farrington Historical Society, San Jose, CA.]

 1926.,            ,    .            The Friend  ,      .  ,              ,    . ,     ,     ,    .  ,   ,   ,  ,   [103 - The Friend, 22 February 1924.].

            .         1923.,        1929.    [104 -   ,       ,        .     ,         .].   -,            ,   ,       :    : ,   ,              [105 - John Wheeler Bennett, Knaves, Fools and Heroes (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 21.].   ,    Ē,      ,      .   :   ,      [106 - DAbernon, 19 October 1923, p. 113.].

   [107 -          -  ,  -.],     ,     .  Ē     :  ,   [108 - Quoted in Jonathan Wright, Gustav Stresemann: Weimars Greatest Statesman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 505.].     ,      .          .  ,        ,  ,      1923.,      .       ,      ,     .        .      [109 -   (. Dawes Plan, 1924.)       ,        .    ,        . ..].      ,      .  ,         [110 - Wright, p. 271.].        .      .

 1  1925.     ,     .      .          ,    (  -)  .    .   ,                 ,      [111 - Charles Kessler (ed./trans.), Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (New York: Grove Press, 1999), 13 April 1926, p. 290.].

       1926.       ,                  [112 -        .].    ,                 :    ,    ,   [113 -      .  ,     ,  : , ,   .].   ,            [114 - Sir Ronald Lindsay to Sir Esme Howard, 17 August 1926, Cumbria Archive Centre (CAC), Carlisle, Howard papers, DHW/4/2/17.].

  ,          ,   .      ,   .     .       ,   ,         .

      [115 -        . ..]      [116 - Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind (London: Methuen, 1985), p. 10.].    ,          ,      [117 - ,             ,    -.            .].    , ,    ,     ,      .       ,     .  - (  ,    -) ,          .  1927.       ,     .   ,      ,     .    ,   ,     Hauptbahnhof[118 - ..:  . .][119 - Edward Sackville-West, commonplace book, 8 November 1927, British Library (BL) Add. MS 68906.],   -.

         ,    ,  , ,   .  1924. -          .          .  ,       .     ,    - ,       -  :   ,       ,           .  ,          . !     !     ,     ,   ,     [120 - Sackville-West, Diary, 19 March 1924, BL, Add. MS 71871C.].

  -     -[121 -  -           .  ,      .]      :   5.30   .  . ,        .      .     ,    .  .        ,    .   .      .   .      --.

       ,  ,      :   !      ,     .    !   .       .  !    , -  ,     .      ,   :  ! ,    ,    - .  -    .  -,  .        ,      .     !      ,      [122 - Ibid., 6, 9, 10, 14 March 1924.].

             ,        .  1928.      .        ,  -.      ,   ,   ,        .           :

		  ,  
		   ,   .
		  ,
		      [123 - B.H.Fry, Friends, Philosophers and Fishermen (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1932), p. 15.].

,     ,  ,     ,    .           :    ,     .     .  .    :         .    ,          :      .     ,      .   [124 - Peter Parker, Isherwood (London: Picador, 2005), pp. 153154.].

  ,    ,      ,   .       .          ,           [125 - Christopher and His Kind, p. 10.].    ,          ,     ,        ,        1929.   .        .               :         ,     [126 - Ibid., p. 17.].

   ,                     -.        ,        1919.           .      ,      .  ,        ,    .          (     ,   30  ),           .          .       ,        . ,   ,    ,   ,         [127 - Parker, p. 168.]




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1


Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes (London: Gollancz, 1939), p. 25.




2


Pegler syndicated column, Fair Enough, 2 April 1936.




3


Quoted in Dirk Voss, Travel into the Heart of Evil: American Tourists in Nazi Germany, 19331939; Ernst Schmitz Gives Talk on German Travel Facilities, Daily Boston Globe, 29 March 1938. For more detailed statistics regarding British and American travel to Germany, see Rudy Koshar, German Travel Cultures (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000), p. 129.




4


  ,       ,    ,      .




5


Louis MacNeice, from Autumn Journal, IV (London: Faber & Faber, 1939).




6


       ,        ,          .




7


Nancy Mitford, Pigeon Pie (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1940), p. 43.




8


 1918.     ,          .




9


  ,      ,         .      ,             ,     .          ,       .




10


       ,    :   ,  ,         .




11


  ,   ,   ,     -  ,       -   .       ,       .   1916.              .   ,   ,  .                 ,    .




12


W.Stewart Roddie, Peace Patrol (London: Christophers, 1932), p. 97.




13


Hedda Adlon, Hotel Adlon: The Life and Death of a Great Hotel (London: Barrie Books, 1958), pp. 7475.




14


Harry A.Franck, Vagabonding Through Changing Germany (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1920), p. 172.




15


Ibid., p. 37.




16


Ibid., pp. 2526.




17


Ibid., pp. 2829.




18


Violet R.Markham, A Womans Watch on the Rhine (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1920), p. 181.




19


  (18011859)  .   1827.       .        .




20


Franck, p. 74.




21


20 December 1918, Truman Smith papers (TSP), Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.




22


Ibid.




23


Ibid., 23 December.




24


The American Watch on the Rhine by an American, Society of Friends Library, London, Friends Emergency War Victims Relief Committee (FEWVRC) 19141924, 10/3/7.




25


Truman Smith to his wife Kay, 20 December 1918, TSP.




26


Markham, pp. 1516.




27


Ibid., pp. 5657.




28


Ibid., p. 71.




29


Alice Holtby and J.McWilliam (eds.), Winifred Holtby: Letters to a Friend (London: Collins, 1937), p. 280.




30


Truman Smith to his wife Kay.




31


Truman Smith to his mother-in-law, 16 March 1919.




32


Truman Smith to his wife Kay, 14 February 1919.




33


Ibid., 23 December 1918.




34


Franck, p. 114.




35


Stewart Roddie to Lord Stamfordhaven, 30 January 1920, Parliamentary Archives, Lloyd George papers, F/29/4/6.




36


Stewart Roddie, pp. 2223.




37


Ibid., p. 1.




38


   (18641916)  ,    - .      . ..




39


  ,           (    1921.),    .         ,     .




40


Franck, pp. 115, 130, 132133.




41


Ibid., p. 102.




42


Stewart Roddie, p. 20.




43


Ibid., pp. 138, 139.




44


Franck, p. 19.




45


The Friend, 2 May 1919.




46


Joan Mary Fry, In Downcast Germany (London: James Clarke, 1944), p. 13.




47


  ,       ,   ,    ,     .




48


The Friend, 8 August 1919.




49


2 August 1919, Society of Friends Library, Relief Mission Germany, Joan M.Fry, FEWVRC/Missions/10/1/6/7.




50


,      -    ,    .




51


       -,  ,     .             , , -, .  , ,          ,     .




52


Ibid., 2 August 1919.




53


Franck, pp. 190, 195.




54


Truman Smith to his wife Kay, 11 May 1919, TSP.




55


Stewart Roddie, p. 96.




56


     (18741936)       .  1912.    ,          .  1920.        ,   1923.         ,   ,    .    1933.            .  1934.           -.       1936.




57


Essen, 28 July 1919, Friends Library, FEWVRC/Missions/10/1/6/7.




58


Markham, p. 128.




59


Franck, p. 268.




60


Ibid., pp. 272273.




61


        132  .      ,          .               ,      .




62


Bonham Carter, Diary, 12 March 1923, vol. 15, University of Oxford, Bodleian Library (Bod.), Special Collections, MSS. Quoted in Mark Pottle (ed.), Champion Redoubtable: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter 19141945 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), p. 141.




63


Ibid. (not quoted in Pottle).




64


Ibid., 5 March 1923.




65


Viscountess DAbernon, Red Cross and Berlin Embassy, 19151926 (London: John Murray, 1946), p. 69.




66


Ibid., p. 83.




67


Ibid., pp. 6869.




68


Ibid., p. 71.




69


Ibid., p. 78.




70


Bonham Carter, Diary, 3 March 1923.




71


Ibid.




72


DAbernon, p. 112.




73


Ibid., p. 73.




74


Tom Mann to his wife, 2 April 1924, University of Warwick Archives, Tom Mann papers, MSS 334/3/6/14.




75


Bonham Carter, Diary, 3 March 1923.




76


Ibid., 5 March.




77


Ibid., 10 March.




78


    ,       .       (   10)   ,     ,    1925.              .




79


Stewart Roddie, p. 50.




80


3 June 1921, Joan M.Fry papers, TEMP MSS 66/6.




81


     ,    .




82


Princess Margaret of Prussia to Lady Corkran, 21 October 1924, Bod., MSS Eng. Lett. d. 364.




83


Ibid.




84


25 July 1922, Fry papers, TEMP MSS 66/8.




85


Dorothy Detzer, 3 September, 1923, Society of Friends Library, FEWVRC 191424, 10/3/7.




86


Jacques Benoist-Mechin,  l?preuve du temps [The Test of Time] (Paris: Julliard, 1989), p. 167.




87


Ibid., p. 164.




88


       .




89


                   .




90


For contemporary evidence rebutting such allegations, see Sally Marks, Black Watch on the Rhine: A Study in Propaganda, Prejudice and Prurience, European Studies Review, vol. 13, no. 3 (1983), pp. 297333.




91


Truman Smith, Berlin Alert (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1984), p. 57.




92


Ibid., p. 46.




93


   ,    1903.




94


             .




95


Benoist-Mechin, pp. 172173.




96


DAbernon, p. 117.




97


      ,  ,     ,     ,        ,        ,   ,  .




98


Horace Finlayson, Diary, University of Cambridge, Churchill College, Churchill Archives Centre (CAC) GBR/0014/FLYN.




99


Rene Juvet, Ich war dabei [I was there] (Zurich: Europa Verlag, 1944), p. 5; Rene Juvet was the pseudonym of Numa Tetaz.




100


                 .       ,     ,        .




101


Jamais  . . ..




102


Dorothy Bogen, Diary, 26 September 1922, Farrington Historical Society, San Jose, CA.




103


The Friend, 22 February 1924.




104


  ,       ,        .     ,         .




105


John Wheeler Bennett, Knaves, Fools and Heroes (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 21.




106


DAbernon, 19 October 1923, p. 113.




107


         -  ,  -.




108


Quoted in Jonathan Wright, Gustav Stresemann: Weimars Greatest Statesman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 505.




109


  (. Dawes Plan, 1924.)       ,        .    ,        . ..




110


Wright, p. 271.




111


Charles Kessler (ed./trans.), Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (New York: Grove Press, 1999), 13 April 1926, p. 290.




112


       .




113


     .  ,     ,  : , ,   .




114


Sir Ronald Lindsay to Sir Esme Howard, 17 August 1926, Cumbria Archive Centre (CAC), Carlisle, Howard papers, DHW/4/2/17.




115


       . ..




116


Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind (London: Methuen, 1985), p. 10.




117


,             ,    -.            .




118


..:  . .




119


Edward Sackville-West, commonplace book, 8 November 1927, British Library (BL) Add. MS 68906.




120


Sackville-West, Diary, 19 March 1924, BL, Add. MS 71871C.




121


 -           .  ,      .




122


Ibid., 6, 9, 10, 14 March 1924.




123


B.H.Fry, Friends, Philosophers and Fishermen (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1932), p. 15.




124


Peter Parker, Isherwood (London: Picador, 2005), pp. 153154.




125


Christopher and His Kind, p. 10.




126


Ibid., p. 17.




127


Parker, p. 168.


