      
  


         .             .                 (      ).          .       .      .   ,  ,     .






 


     ,   .  ,       ,     ,     .        .     ,        ,      . ,              .

    :             ,        ,          .

     ,     ,    .




 





 .   


       ,     ,   ( ,   ),   .

      ,   .

  ?  .    .

1)    .

    ,    ,       .

2)     .

    .    "".         (   ).

,   ,   (),  (),  (),  ()    ,     .       (, ,    ).

      ,        .

         , :

)    (   );

)     ;

)           (    dare  need);

)  ,   (),  (),  (),  ()    , , , .

       : can/could, dare, may/might, must, need, ought, shall, should, will/would.

(      dare  need   ).

        to be (  ), to have  to have got (  ).

     ,     ,    : to be able, to be unable, to be allowed, to be permitted, to be obliged, to be supposed.

           .

       .

    ,     

 ,   ,    . ,     

  Continuous (), Perfect ), Perfect Continuous (-),

   (Passive Voice).

 ,  , :

)    (    dare  need)    s       ;

)    (    dare  need)          do;

)    (  ought    dare  need)       to;

)    (  may,    mayn't     )         :

must not = mustn't; cannot = can't; need not = needn't;

should not = shouldn't; dare not = daren't; shall not = shan't; will not = won't.

      

.




 .   must   ,   have to


I

   must      .

:

1.     .

I must meet my brother.

2.    .

She must wash the floor.

     ,  must   .

        .  ,    (  ),   ,  ,       ,     ?  ?       ""  "".

          to,     must (   )     .

  must      ,  ,     do.  , must     ,   ,  ,    s       .

:

She mus take it.

Must she take it?

They mustn't take it.

 ,   must    

  .     must   ,   have   

(    to!!!).

:

1    ,     

 .

I didn't come yesterday because I had to meet my

granny.

2          9 

.

We will have to be at his office at 9 a.m.

 !



  ,     must   -,      .

:

My father always told me (that) I must be nice with

girls.

   ,    

  .

  must  ,    (   )            had to.

:

The policeman said (that) we had to wait till the traffic

lights were repaired.

 ,    ()

,   .



    must      have   .   ,         ,    must     .

:

      .

      .

1. I must write a letter to my father tomorrow.

2. I will have to write a letter to my father tomorrow.

3. I have to write a letter to my father tomorrow.

 ,       have to   ,   need

   (   need   ).

:

   ? Must she do it?

.    ( )  .

1. No, she doesn't have to do it.

2. No, she doesn't need to do it.

   She mustn't do it,     "  ()  ".



 have        must.   have       (        ).

:

I didn't have time to go there by bus so I had to take a

taxi.

    ,        ,    ,  ,        (   ).

   ,      ,   have      have got   .

:

I've got to meet my brother.

    .

  ,      have got

       .

  !

    ,   must    .     -.           .

:

You must respect your neighbors.

   .

II

      must  .    must     

.

:

  ? , ,  -.

/,  ,  -.

Where's your friend? He must be in New York.

  must   ,  .

   must       .

-,    must  

  .

-,          . (    ).



 

    :      ?      ?

,        . ,        . , ,     .

:

   ( ?).

   ( )  .

      .

:

   .       .



      ,   .

         .      ,    .   to write         .

  :

1) to write ()

2) to be writing ()

3) to have written (/)

4) to have been writing (-)

  :

1) to be written ()

2) to have been written (/)



    .       to: to read, to do, to write   .

   :

1) I am glad to talk with you.

  ()  .

            .       .

  (  ).   ().

      .

     to be    ,  ,    ing: to be reading, to be doing, to be writing    .      :

2) I am glad to be talking with you.

 ,   ()  .

    ,    . ,     (  ).

     .      to have    ,  ,   : to have spoken, to have done, to have written   .

      :

3) I am glad to have talked with you.

 ,  ()   .

  ,       . ,   (  ).

,       -.       to have      (been),      ,     : to have been reading,

to have been doing, to have been writing    .

      :

4) I am glad to have been talking with you for two hours.

 ,     ()  .

  ,     ,   -          (  ).

    .      .

       to be    : to be spoken, to be done, to be written   .

:

1) I want this letter to be written as soon as possible.

 ,         .

, ,      -.

     to have      (been),       ,     : to have been spoken, to have been done, to have been written   .

     ,        to   .  

   -  .

2) I want this letter to have been typed by 10 a.m. tomorrow.

 ,         10 .

,   , , ,  ,     must.

III.

  ,       .

-,  (I must help him     ),

-, - (You must respect your neighbours      ),

-,  (You mustn't do it     ),

-,  (He must be at work now  , ,   ).

     must       (to do; to be done),     () must      .        .

:

1.      . ,  ( ), . I often see him at the library. He must be a student.

/     ,  .

2.  ? ,  ,    .

Where's John? He must be working in the garden.

   ,       (,   ).

 ,            .   ,     .  ,         He must work in the garden,         ,  .

3.       ?     . ,  .

Why hasn't she come to work today? She ran a temperature yesterday. She must have fallen ill.

 ()   ,     (  ).

4.   ,  ,   .

She must have been watching TV for about 3 hours.

-   ,        -    .

 ,  ,   must        ,          must,    .

:

,     .

He must have gone to London yesterday.

   must      .

:

 ,    .

He mustn't have noticed you.

 ,          fail (,  ).

He must have failed to notice you.

    must     (     ).

        evidently ( , ).

Evidently, he didn't notice you.

  . Must          .       to be likely   probably.

:

 ,     .

a) She will probably go to Paris by train.

b) She is likely to go to Paris by train.

.

 ,  must    ,   ,    I must be going (  /  ).

  .

      must.   .

:

1. It's a very good job but knowledge of English is a must if you want to get this job.

   ,   

,      .

2. Good library is a must for any university.





,   must   :

1) ,

2) -,

3) ,

4) .

    must    

 .      must     .       have c     to.

   () must  

  .





     ,    must   .

1.      .

2. ,  ,     .

3.       .  ,  .

4.   ?  ,    .

5.     ,      .

6.     .

7.  ,  ,     .

8.      .

9.  ,       .

10.     ,   .




 .   need


     need.   .

   . ?  ,     ,  ,      ,      to.      (   ),  ,   s       ,        do,      to.

 need     ()    .

 ,  ,       need      ,         need.    

  ,      .

I.

   need   .     need    .     ,    ,   ,     need    .

:

   .

I need this book.

    .

He needed that woman.

  - ?

Does he need any help?

    .

She will need your help.

  .

The floor needs washing.

    ,  need       ,    .

 !

 need       (continuous)  .

II.

   need   ,  ,   .

  need         .    need    :

1)      to.

2)      to.

 (  ):

Do I need to do it?

You don't need to write the letter.

Does he need to know it?

He didn't need to go there.

I need to know everything.

Will you need to do it?



    ,    ,    need      to.  ,       need      ,      do     ,  need  ,    ,          s.

 ,      need        to.

I need to know everything about it.

 : I need know

 (  ):

1) You needn't (don't have to) answer all the questions.

      .

2) You needn't be afraid of me.

    .

3) Need he do it?

 /  ?

4) Why did you go there? You needn't have done (didn't have to do) it.




  .


   .

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