     
  


          ,   .   ,            .     ,    ,  , ?  .  , ,     ,    ,    .





.. 

     





  


  


   XVIII .       ,   .                  .                  XVIII .,            .          ,     ,  ,    ,      ,      .

      , , .     .       ,    ,   ,    . ,     .

,    ,        25          , , .   ,  ,   ,       . ,           ,      (, . , . , . ).        ,    ,             .

      ,         XX    XXI .  :           ,      , ,   .                    (, , . , . , .   . ).            (. , . , . , . );      ,          ,         (. , . . , . ).   ,            ,     ,  ,  .

           ,  , ,  . , .   . ,             . ,  .      ?,    .    ,    ?    . .      .         .  ,                    .  ,     .           18561857 .  ,         ,         ,        ,      .  (,  ,    )         1973 .       .    . .     XIX .,        . ,                  , ,      .,      XXI.

 ,     ,    ,     ,      ?    .            ,              .          ,        .  ,    ,         ,      ,    ,  ,         ,     .          ,     (. , . , . ),    ?  . .   ,      . .   . . ,    :  XVIII  X IX .              ,        .

       ,    ,       ,            .      . . ,         . . ,      . . ,      .            ,           ,   ,            .

,     ?,    ,     , ,    .  ,    ,     ,           .




 1.

   XX   XXI .: , , 





 1.     


          ,  .   1971 .,     ,      .  ,             , , ,         [Bradbury, . 325]. .   1998 .         :             :   ,             ,       .       ,   ,         .             ,     .   ,       ,         ,      [, . 279]. ,   ,    20  ,       .        ,    (,  );     ;     , ,       ()      ,        .   ,            ,     ,  ,          ,       ,         . ,   ,  .      .,       , , ,          .

          ,          .     ,   ,   ,  1980? .  . ,             ,    ,     , ,   ,       ,        .

     ?          ?            .           . . ,     (   2 000 .,   2 007 ., .: [Alexander, 2007]), :         .

          ,       [Alexander, 2000, . 6]. ,  .      ,     .     ,             .   ,          ,  ,      ,      .               ,     .   .      :    (2001) [Carter, McRae].     .             (,      ),      XXI .

          :             ,            ,              .        ,       . ,           (  condition?of?England novel),              .     ,    ,     : ,      .     (   2 004 .,   2 007 . [Tew])     (Britishness): , ,   .       ,  ,       (1990).           ,        (   )  .    :



   ,        . .       ,      .   ,  ,     ,     ,      [, . 3].


      .           (2000).     ,   . ,  . , . , . , .                 ,         .

  . , 19801990? .              . [Bently]. ,            ,          [Morrison, . 34].      ,   . ,    .   ,        ,           [Bently, . 6].       ,  fin de siecle (  ),     .

,       .,        XXI .  ,    . ,      ,       . ,          ?  (, , ,  ),     ,   ,   ,        :   (),  ( [1 -  . chicklit   .  chicken literature, .   .]), ,   .  , ,         .     ,  ,         .

  , .  :         ,                 [Mengham, . 1]. ,       ,       ,    .  2010 . .   :     ,        ,   .    ,  ,      ,      [Groot, . 2].       .   ,             ,      . ,     (  ,      ,       ,    .)       .       (2010), ,  ,     ,            .   ,              (perspectives),    ,      XVIII    XIX .            .  .  ,      (bicultural novel),                 [The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet].     .    (2009)    (2012)                VIII  .         ,    ,     ,   ,  ,       .

  ,     ,        :         :  , , ,  ,  ,   ,  , , , ?, ,  .   ,               [Groot, . 3],    ,   ,   ,  ,         ()   (),   (othered)    [, . 217].  ,  ,      [ ],             ,           [Groot, . 2].  ,   ,           .

   ,          .       .        ,      ,     ,           ,   .    (  ,   ,        )       ,   ,      ,     ( ,   )   .

         ,         . ,          ,    ,   ,    .       ,  ,    ,          XIX .    (, , ,   . .). , ,          ,       XIX .,  ,         ,   . ,  ,     1857 .  ?       (1973), . .   ,   ,             ,    XIX .              .           .     (1966)  .     (1969),                   (      .   ),        . .         ,    ,        (    ,        ),   .          ,    ,     .     (.: [Hutcheon; Gulleben]),       ,       ,       .

          XX   XXI .,        .                        ,         . , ,     ,        .,     , ,    ,        ,        ,      .  . .  [Leavis].

    ,        ,            .       ,       XIX .    (. , . , .   .) ,  ,     ,       (  ,   )    .   ,        ,  ,    .          . ?,     ,        ,           .    (1989).  ,    , ,   , , ,      .         ,   ,     ,       ,  ,      , ,  , . .  ,          1970? .             .: 1985 .   .  ,  1989 .     ,  2000 . .    : .   XXI .         ,   ( , 2000, , 2012),   (, 2008),   (  , 2009)    . , ,      XXI .    .     ( )    .  (   ,            ),   ( , . , 2003),         , , ,         (. , . , . , . , . .    ).          ,  ,          . ,   .      , , ,  ,       ,        ,        .  ,  .       ,            ?.     :   capital          ,   (     . ),       , , 黠        .

         ,     ,     .    .      ,          ,        , , . ,              ,  ,    . , . , . , . , . , . , . .  ,     . ,          , ,    .      ,   .   . ,       .    ,  ,     [, . 132],     .  ,  ,           ,        ,     ,     .   ,    ,         [].   ,               ,        .  , ,           ,       ,   ,  ,  .           , , ,   . ,            , ,        . ,        (1996)      ,  .         򻠖         .  XIX .            ,       .     .       .    ,        (1992)   ,           .  ,          ,         . ,           ,   : ,   .   .  ?1990: , ,           : ,  , .           ,    .    ,      ,          ,       , ,    ,     [Tolan, . 286]. ,         , ,         , ,   ,          .  1996 . .          :         [Todd].           .      ,     :           ,                    ,      .  ,    ,  .    ,      .           . .   . ,    .

 ,    XXI .       ,         ,  ,    (. , . , .   .)   ,  .   .      , , ,      (. , .   .) [Lane, Tew]. , ,         XXI .    , ,      ,  ,         .



2018

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Gutleben Ch. Nostalgic Postmodernism : The Victorian Tradition and the Contemporary British Novel. Amsterdam ; NY : Rodopi, 2001. 248 .

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Todd R. Consuming Fiction : the Booker Prize and Fiction in Britain today. L. :Bloomsberry, 1996. 340 .




 2.    ? (     : . ,   )


        XVIII    XIX .,       .   XIX  XX .    ,   ,           ,       .  ,                  ,   ,    , ,        .     ,     ?,     ,  ,        ,      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   [, c. 6].

 ,  . . ,     ,  :   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .    ,         ,           ,    .        . .    . .

        (Helen Fielding)    (1996)   :   (1999)   .          ,      (., 2002, . . ),   2001 . .      ,   .      .

   : .       ,           .               ,    ,      .   ,          .

  ,      ,         ,      .  ,    ( ?)  ,    :    ,    ,   ,  ,   .  ,   ,   90? .  .                 .        . ,                ,           ,    ,      ,                      .          ,       [    , c. 312].

     , ,     ,     ,      .      :



 ?     ,    ,            ,     :   ,  , ,   ,      [, 2002, c. 281].


     :



      [?]      :  ,  []     ?,   ,   [, 2002, c. 341].


 .       ,        ,    .      :         ,    ,              ,        ,  ,    .        :



, ???                         ,     .  ,           ,  !     [, 2002, c. 17].


           .     XIX .,     , ,    (!)          ( .      16?  ,      ).   ,         ,      , ,     (         .).  ,         ,    ( )  ,    ,         ,          .

 ,  .     XIX .     ,       .  ,         ,     ?,    :     .     ,          .     . . . ,    ,    ,   ,       ,     , ,   ,   .   ,                  ,  ,  ,    ,          [, c. 64],              ,     ,                .

,   ,   ,    :   , ,    ,              ,     ,         .



2002

 . .   ,   . .     //  : , ,    .  : ? . . ?, 2001. . 6364.

 . .    //   . . :, 1992. . 526.

    ? // . . 2001. 9. . 312315 ( ).

 .  :  . . ;. :   , 2002. 367 .

 .   . . :  , 2002. 287 .




 3.        (. )


          (18371901)        ,   ,  .      ,          :     ,       ,      ,    .  ,      ,      ,      ,     [Cook, p. 335].

    (       . , . . ,  , . , . , .   .)             .          , ,            ,       .        , ?        .      ;     ,   ,           .          , ,  , ,   . .       ,  :



     ,         ,     ,      ,          ,  .     ,   ,   ,            ,           . ,         ,  ,       , ,       ,    ? ,  . ,          : ,          ,   ,      ?  , ?   [, . 103104].


  ,             ,     ,    ,      (,     ,    .  1853 .  ).

     .     ,      ,            .            .     (1969),       ,       ,          .             ,          XIX .         , ,      XIX .,    ,   , , ,         . , .     ( , 1990),  (  , 1992),        (  , 1992).       ?, ,        (1994),    .         .    (1988),      .   ,      .    ? (. , . , . , . , .   .),         .      .

    (Beryl Bainbridge, 19322010)    1968 .        ,     .            ,  ,          ,    [Bradbery, p. 338].          (1998) .     .

      , 1846 .,   ,   , 1854 .    ,             ,      :              ,        .      ,     ,      ,         , ,          ,   .      軠             ,      :  ,     ?,   ?,   ,      ,           ?   ,  ,     .            ,     ,         :



 ,  ,     . <> ,  ,   .     ,           ,      ,      ,            ,  ?     [, . 70].


  ,      ;  ,      ,    ,       ,          ;       ,    :



    ,  .  ,  ,       !    ,          [, . 68].


          ,         . ,  ,   ,            .    (?)             .        ,  ,     ,   .         ,    ,       ,   .

 ,          ,  ?,           .



2001

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Bradbury M. The Modern British Novel. L. :Penguin Books, 1993. 315 p.

Cook C. Dictionary of Historical Terms. 2?nd ed. NY : Gramercy Books, 1998. 350 p.




 4.  ,       .  ()


 ,    ,     (        ,        ,          ),         XIX . [, . 331332].             ,     ,         . ,      ,      ,          ,   .  .  (    ), . ?, .          ,       ,  ,   .  ,   ,              ,      ,   ,       .   ?             XIX .

             7080? . XIX .                              .         ? (    .       ), ?         .      ,    ,     , , ,      ,    .          : 18801900? . (  1910 .)       ,                  [, , . 145].      ,   ,     ,      ,        .   :  ,             .          .      ,   , , ,      ,     .       ,       ,   [, . 5960].

,  :       (  )       , ,     (. . , . ),           . ,         (18651936).

  .  (Rudyard Kipling)        ,    (., : []).              [2 - , ,      (1906)    (1910)         1996 . (. :).  1990? .         .].               ,            . ,   .   (1901)       .

     . ?  ( Β),   ,     ,    ()   ,      ,     [, . 198][3 -        .             .].              ,             . , ,      ,    ,     . ,   ,          ,  ,   :       ,      ;      ,       , ,         ,    .       , .      .      .          ,   , , , .    , , ,  ,  ,   .     ,      ,    .       ,   ,   :



    ,     ,       ,   ,     []      ?,   ,       ,            .     .           ;      ;          ;      ;     ;    ;   ; , ,        (. 17).


   ,    :



  ! <>  ,      ,     ,          ,    ,   .              .  ,    ,        ,    (. 206).


       .       ,         ,    .       ,       ,         :



    ,          (    .  . .),   .       .  .  .   ,    .   ?     ,     ,      .            ,  ,     (. 104).


                .          :  , , ,  ,  ,   (,             ).        ,   ,         , ,   ,       ,           .   ,  ,     ,      .

     .       .    ,     ,        :



  ,      ,        .         , ,    ,      ,   ,     .  ,    ,      ,    ,             ,   (. 42).


 1857 .        ,         ?      .         ,        (, . sepoy,        ,          ).           (novels on Mutiny)   ,    .              XIX .[4 - ,           ,  1973 . . .     ,   1857 .         .]  .       40   ,      .

     1857 .:



     ?

    ,     .    ,      .       ,         .        .  ?         .

!  ,   ,     

     .  .      ,  , ? .     

       .   , ,    .  :   .         軅                               ,     (. 4748).


        , . ,   ,               ,   :          .  ,   ,  ?,         ,     .

   .    1857 .  ,  ,  ,       .    ,              1857 .   ,     .     .     ,        .

     ,    ,           ,   , , ,            . ,    ,         , ? ,   ,  ,             ,        ,   ,     .

,  :    .      ,     ,        .      ?   ,             ,    :      ,    ,       ,       [Rushdie, p. 80]. .  ,         ,  .         ,    :    ,            ,      ,      ,     ,    [Ibid., p. 74],          ,      .   ,             ,   ,          .                  .



2004

 . .,  . .   ,   . . :, 1995. 360 .

 .  //   : .  : 2 . / . . . . . :, 1997. . 1. . 363370.

 . . . :. , 1991. 255 .

 . .           19  : . . . . . : [. .], 1997. 240 .

 . .  . . :. ., 2000. 460 .

Rushdie S. Kipling // Rushdie S. Imaginary Homelands. L. :Granta books ; Penguin Books, 1992. P. 7480.




 5.     (. , . , . )


       : ,     ,      .        1603 .,             ,   .       ,  1707 .,     .

  XIXXX .    : ,       ,    11 % ,   70 %   .         .    ,  ,  , .  1930? .     ,     ,          .        .          .           .    ,       ,      .  1980? .            ,      ,     .

,  :      (     XI .),          (  ?         ),          .   ,        ,      (  )  (. , . , . . , . ?, .    ),             .

       , , ,              ,    , , ,    .              ,      (     ;       ,    ),                .      ,  .

    .  :          .    ,           ,    :            .         .         ,     [Lodge, p. 57].   . ,             ,                   .          .



        ,           ,          .    ,  .       ?      ,    ,  .     :    ,      .



   , , , ?.        ,     ,        , ,   ,  .       ,          .     ? ,  ,  ,     ,    ,   .   . ,  ,     .       ,   , ,   ,     , ,  ,      .            .   ,    .   ,     [Gray, p. 243].


             (Muriel Spark, 19182006).    1918 . ?    (   ,    )     18  ,     ,       ,     .  1951 .    ? ,      ,     .   .     :        1950? .,   軠  1957 .  .    20  , , ,  .  1992 .      Curriculum Vitae.    .          (1961),    ,   ,   ,            ?.   ,    (. , .   ., .: [Bold; Kemp]),      .

      , 1930? .  ,   ,      .     ,    ,    ,      .     ,        , ,        ,    , ,    ,    ,     .      ,        ,          .             ,       ,       .     ,      . ,          ,                                ,     [, . 4].

.      ,       ,         .         ,     ,     ,     .



  ,              ,   ,  :     ,             ,        ,         , , , ,  ,   ,      ,     [, . 210].


    ,  :



     ,   ,     ,   ,    ,              ,    [, . 204].


   :       , , ,  , ,       .      ,        ,    .          ,   (),  ,    :



  ,   ?   ,       ,   .

      ,    ,    ,             ,       [, . 194].


           .       . , .    . . .         .  ,  ,   XVIII .,     :     ,      ,    . ,       .          ,    ,  ,   .       :  . .          , ,         ,   .     . .

 ,   1992 .,      .       ,  , ,          ,    .   ,  ,       , ,   ,       .

,      ,          ,        (, ,  ),      ,         ,        . ,          (Ian Rankin)      ( ,             ).

 ,          1960 .,        ,      .         .   :        ,         ,       ,          ?.         :    ( )  . ,  (op. cit.: [Rankin]).

 ,  ,             . , ,         ,      ,             ,  ,  ?    .     ( )      : , ,    ?         ,    (   ),        ,            ,      XX .        50 ,             .

  ,      ,         :  ,    , , ,   , ,  ,     ,    .         ,    ,  .       ,       , ?,   ,          ,    ,      ,      ,   .

    :



         .  ,      . ?  .   ,     ,        .     ,  .       .   : , .     .      ꅻ        ?   ,  ,  ,  ,   . ,      .   ,  ,      .         ,  ,     [Rankin, p. 5152].


             , , ,       ,   .

       ,     ,     . .       ? (Hide and seek  .   ). Hide  Hyde (  )         .       ,        ,      ,  ,       .             .    ,     ,    .  ,  ,          .

   ,      .    ,         .         ,      , , .        .  , ,  ,              .



2000

 .      //  . . . :, 1984. . 524.

 .       //  . . . :, 1984. . 179278.

Bold A. Modern Scottish Literature. L. :Longman, 1983. 332 p.

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Lodge D. The Art of Fiction. L. :Penguin Books, 1992. 240 p.

Rankin I. Hide and Seek. L. :Orion Books, 1999. 261 p.




 6.       . 


       . ,    .  ,        ,        ,   ,      ,   . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . . .        ,    ,                 .

           1980? .            (James Kelman), ,   ,       . , .  :           ,       .         ,    .      .              1980?  [Bohnke, p. 15]. ,     ,          . :      ,       (just junk),          ,   (op. cit.: [Toremans, p. 567]).   ,     .  ,   1980? .          ,     ,         ,      [Ibid., p. 573].

   .         :      .     ,     ,  (  ,       .    ), ,    ,       .     ,    ,   ,     (op. cit.: [McDonald]).  1994 . .              ,        [Pitchford, p. 697],     ,        :      . . ,      ,   .    ,   ,  :     ,    ,               锻 [Ibid., p. 695].   ,         ,         ,   , ,           [Ibid.].      . ,     ,       ,            ,  .    ,      ,    .  ,          ,          ,     [Ibid.].

.      1946 .     1983 .,    Not Not While the Giro,  ,   ,     .  1984 .       ,      ( , 1985, , 1989,      , 1994,  , 2001,   , 2008     ),   ,   .

 ,     . ,   . ,         ,  ,     [Bohnke].              , , :



The way ye mention Britain for instance.

What about it?

Just that theres no separation up here. Its always Scotland. No just one minute and Britain the next.

What did I say?

Aw nothing really, its only the way ye say Britain all the time.

I didnt know I was saying Britain all the time.

Aye, I mean like it was one country. See naybody does that here. Naybody.

<>

Ill tell ye something but; see down there, people wouldni know what were on about. To them Scotlands nothing at all, its just a part of England. No even a country man they think its a sort of city. Yous are all just paranoiac as far as they are concerned, a big chip on the shoulder.

From: events in yer life [Kelman, 1991, p. 78][5 -   ,    ,          .].


       ,        ,       . .       ,         :       .   ,   .      the now    now, yin  one, nah, naw  no,  didnay  couldnay, auld  old, gony  going to, aye  yes, wean   child, the morrow  tomorrow, sodjers  police, wee  small     ,   .

.          ,     ,        .  .         ,           ?   .                  :   (, ,       ),  ,   ,       ,  .   .       ,    ,       .    The Burn,    ,        .          ,   , ,   , ,  ,   ,      ,     .               ,       ,     ( !)  ,      .     ,  ,      :



The rain now definitely getting heavier. He walked as fast as he could along the peak of the bank without slipping on the fucking mud, arse over the elbow into the burn  probably he wouldnt have been able to save himself from drowning for Christ sake. Once upon a time aye, but no now [Kelman, 1991, p. 240].


,  ,        ,      (   ),     ,     (  : the fucking mud, for Christ sake).  .    ,     .             .

  :



     .        ,    .     , ,     ,   .   ,          ,        ,  ,    ,           [Kelman, 1992a, p. 18].


     ,         ,      ,  .        ?  :   ,       ,          .      19701980? .,  ,    ,    ,  8085 %       ,         [Kelman, 1992, p. 7980, 82].

,  ,       . :  ,   ,     ,      ,    .         ,                 . ,  . , , ,   ,             ,    , ,  .

   . ,  , .   , ,           ,          (Glasgow novel) 1930? .,       . .  (     ),  . ,   .   .       :     ,   ,          ,  .          (hard man),  , ,    .                    .          ;      ,      [Bohnke, p. 45].

.           :       1930?     ,       ,    [Witsci, p. 65].   ,     ,     ,      .  ,    .       ,             (,               ).   ,  .      ,  ,      ,         .               :  , ,              (     ),   ? ( ),     .          ,           :     ,  ,            [Bohnke, p. 46].                  ,        .

   , , , ,    . .        :

		     
		      
		 ,     
		  
		 
		    
		        ?
		   [Kelman, 1976, p. 83] ( . . .).

  .  ,          ,     (,                        ). ,    ,           :



How dyou fancy a potted history of this grey but gold city, a once mighty bastion of the Imperial Mejisteth son a centre of Worldly Enterprise. The auld man can tell you all about it. Into the libraries you shall go. And hell dig out the stuf,f the real mccoybut son the real mccoy, then the art galleries and museums son the palacies of the people, the subways and the graveyards and the fucking necropolies, the football parks then the barrows on Sunday morning youll be digging out the old books and clothes and that [Kelman, 1984, p. 90].


  ,    . ,                   . ,        XX .    No Traditions  Precedences,            ,         (    ,        . ),           [, . 13].

.        ,         ?,                ,  ,  ,   ,          . ,        . ,  ,    (      ),   ,     ,         :  ?    . ,        .      . , .  :    fucks   ,  cunts   bastard, ,    (:      .  . .),   .        ,    .  ,  ,    .         ,     ,        [Bohnke, p. 69].    .    ,      ,        ,        . , ,             ,        ,  ,  ,    .

, .    ,       ,  ,         fuck  fucking,      I did this.   ,   ,       ,   .  [Hewitt].       .  ,  ,        :    (  . . .).   ,    ,   ,   ,      ,                 .  [ ] :       ,      ,             ,   ,          .    [  ]  .         

     .      [ ],     .           .  ?      fucks.            ,     , ,   []     [Hewitt].

.   ,     . ,              .     .  [Macafee]    ,    ,        ,                    .  [Bohnke, p. 72].        ,                     ,   .  ,       ?, ,       ,           .

   . ,      ,  ,       ,    ,    , ,  ,      ,       (      ).     ,  ,    ,    ,     .      :



       ?    ,       ,         ,    ,            .   ,      .     :     ,     ,   ! !  ,    ,     . !             ;  ;               ( ,    )    ,       , ,    !     !   !   .          ,    ,   .   .   ,      .     ?      [The Importance of Glasgo, p. 82].


      , .        ,          .  , ,       ,   ,          .                     . ,       ,     :



       ,  ? 

      ?

,     

    ,  ?

.

    ?



  ,     ?

 [, 2003, . 93].


 ,     .      , ,  ,    ,         .



2005

 .    ?    // . . . 19. . :? , 2000. 3. . 717.

 .       / . . . . :, 2003. 334 .

B?hnke D. Kelman Writes Back : Literary Politics in the Work of a Scottish Writer. Berlin ; Cambridge ; Mass. Galda, 1999. 108 p.

Hewitt K.  . .   18  2005 . //   .

Kelman J. English Literature and the Small Coterie // Kelman J. Some Recent Attacks : Essays Cultural and Political. Stirling : AK Press, 1992. P. 1626.

Kelman J. The Burn. Edinburgh : Polygon, 2009. 248 p.

Kelman J. The Busconductor Hines, L. :Dent, 1985. 237 p.

Kelman J. The Importance of Glasgo in my Work. // Kelman J. Some Recent Attacks : Essays Cultural and Political. Stirling : AK Press, 1992. P. 7884.

Kelman J., Leonard T., Kelman J. Three Glasgo Writers. Glasgo : Molendinar Press, 1976. 82 p.

Macafee C. Traditional Dalect in the Modern World : A Glasgow Case Study. Frankfurt a/M : Peterland, 1994. 284 p.

McDonald G. The horrors, the horrors : ,     13.08.1999 //   .

McMillan D. Constructed out of bewilderment: stories of Scotland // Peripberal Visions. Iamges of Nationalhood in Contemporary British Fiction / ed. by I. A. Bell. Cardiff : University of Wales Press. P. 8099.

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Witchi B. Glasgo Urban Writing and Postmodernism. Frankfurt a/M : Peterland, 1991. 254 p.




 7.      .     


    .        ,         .    .     ,      .        , , , ,     .            .   ,   , .             [ , c. 465].       ,       .        (   ):    .    , , ,    ,        .       ,  ,         . , , ?     .

               ,         .  1980? .       .  ,      ,   .       ,      .       (Kazuo Ishiguro, 1954 . .),      ,   ,   ,       :



       ?.      ,      .     .        ,   ,      .  ,     .          .        ,            .

 ,      .  ,      ,   ,    ?  ,    ? .    .  ,   : , ,  ,  [An Interview, p. 338].


  .         ?         (1982)     (1986)      ,       1960 .    .    (1989)   (1995)         ,          .      ,   ,      ,           ,      ,         .  .           (. )      ? :          .      :        ,     ,  ,       ?,     ,  ,      [Bradbury, p. 363].

,   . ,    ,       ,     .    ,   ?    ,         ,       (2000)   .

       ,     ,        .    :       ,     ,    .           ,    :    ,         .       ,       :   ,     ,    , ,  ,  ,        ,       .

   ,       ໠         .    ,      ,                  ,      .        20  ,     (      ?)        ,      .           ,   ?    :       .      ,       ,    .

       .       1910?   1950? .,    ,       ,         ,     ,     .  ,  ,    ? :    1930?,        1910?,     1937 .,                 ,      ,          . , ,    1958 .   .

   .              ,     ,     ,      .  .   ,  ,          .      30?  50? .  .,       .      ,      1940? .,            : , , , ,    ,   ( ,    )        .

    ,    ,     :     ,     ,       .      ,    .        ,     ,   .   ,     ,  ,   ,    .       ,    .   ,       ,  ,      :



      ,  .     ,       .

    , ?    ?

 , , ,   ,      , 

    , ?    ! !  ,      !   ,     .

,    , 

? .    , !      .  ,     ,  ,    ,  ,      ,    .    ,     ,  ,   .  ,  ?   ,     ,  ,   .      ,    .  , ,   .    . ,  ,    ,      ,  ? ,  ,    ,      .   ,      .  ,  ,   ? [Ishiguro, p. 288] ( . . .).


,    .     . ?      ,                          [, c. 290].          ,       ,          .  ?        XIX .,   ,  ,  ,    ,  ,     (,   ,   ,   ). ,   ,       ,           .       ,  ,     .    (,   ,   ,  )          .         ,      .  ,     ,  , ?,      ,      .   ,  ,        .   ,   ,              .       ,   ,   .         2001 .       (. : []).

    ,  ,  ,    ,    .           .  , , , , , , ,      .     , , , ,   , , ,      .    ,  ,  ,   ,      ,    (. : [, . 175]).

 .      , ? (   . ),       ,  ,  ,  .    .,  ,       ,     ,              .



2004

  : 4 . . :  ; , 2001. . 4.   /  . . . 624 .

 .  :  .  : ? . ?, 2002. 280 .

An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro conducted by Gregory Mason // Contemporary Literature. 1989. 30. P. 334347.

Bradbury M. No, Not Bloomsbury. L. :A. Dentsch Ltd, 1987. 340 p.

Ishiguro K. When We Were Orphans. L. :Faber & Faber, 2000. 368 p.

 . .   .      //      : .  XIV  . . :? , 2000. . 289290.




 8.   . :   


,   , ,   ,       . ,    ,    ,         ,             ,   ,      ,       ,      ?  [, . 192].

         XVIIXVIII . ,          :       ,      (common readers).   . , ,       ,          ,     ,   ,   ?.   .     ,               .

          :               . .        :



         ,         ,     ,         ,         ,         [, . 454455].


      :



 ,     ,   ,         ,      ,  ,    ?        ,     .      [Lodge, 1992b, p. 209]


  (David Lodge, 1935 . .)               .      ,         .       1984 .    1988 .    . .      ,      ,       ,  ,     ,       . . ,  1990 .     :      ,   1992 .     ,    ,  ,           .     50   ,   ,          ,      (      . ),     (   . ).     (. ),   ( ),  (. ),  (. ),  (. ) . .

    .        .       ,     .  1960  1987 . .        ,  ,                 .

       ,    .       ? ,     ,     .      ,  , ,   ,          .      , , ?           ,    ,   . ,  ,    ,    ,       . ,     ,   (   ,          ),     ,  .      ,               ,         :   , ?  ,   ,        .

  .        :           ,   ,   ,   (1975),   (1984),   (1987)        .

         ,       ( , )    ,           [, . 168].        ,  ,   (        ),     ,      .       (   ),    (     ,     ,       ,      ,         ),         ,       , ,  ,    .

          .         :  ,            ,         .       . :



           (  .  16    .  . .)  ,         ,    .   , ,     [Lodge, 1985, p. 4].


     ,   : Its a small world!    !

        :  ,   ,  ,     ,         . .       :



   30        , ,                 ,         ,          ,      ,           ,     ,     .   ,   . .     軅    ,           ,          [Lodge, 1992a, p. 102].


      .  ,  ,          ,    .        , ,   ,   , ,    . .    ,     ,       ,            .       ,         , , ,  ?     .             ,   , ,  , ,    ,        a priori      ,     . ,   ,    ,    ,      . ,         .  ,      ,   . ,    ,     .

        ,         ,   ?,   ,   .    , , .        ,      : Academic romance.       ,     ,  . .  [, . 171].   . .     .    :



     ,   .     . .   .

, ,    ?,  ,  

,     ,  ,          . . .   ,    ,    ?       ,    ? [Lodge, 1985, p. 52].


              .       .    ,    , ,   ,   [, . 52]. ,               ,     ,      ,        ,               . ?,         . :  ?               (           ,     .),               . ,  ,    ,                   .    . . .

      :    .          .      ,      :      .     (      . ),  .    . .                         .  ,        ,    20          ,    .

       .   .        .    (         )   ,  ,    ,   XIX .       ,           .          ,      ,    .  ,          . ,           .             ,    ,    ,           ,   ,       .   .    .   .    . ,  :   ,            ,      ,     ,        ( ,   Vic     Victor,   Victoria)?

,   .        . ?,    ,       (   ,     ),        ,         .   ,        ,         .:    1960? .   ,  1970? .   ,     1980? .   .     .          .              : ?,     .    .        .

   ,  ,     ,          ,      ,    ,    ,     .   .     ,   ,    , .             .               ,       . ,  .       ,           , ,   .



2000

 . .         .  : ? . ? ;  : ? . . ?, 1999. 268 .

 . ?  .  / : ? . ?, 1988. 288 .

 .    // . . 1998. 12. . 191194.

 .      //  .  . . :. , 1989. . 426467.

 . .     //      XIXXX  : , .,  / ., . . . . . . :? , 1987. 512 .

Lodge D. Small World. L. :Penguin Books, 1985. 339 .

Lodge D. The Art of Fiction. L. :Penguin Books, 1992. 240 .

Lodge D. The novelist today : Still at the Crossroads // New Writing / ed. M. Bradbury and J. Cooke. L. :Minerva, 1992b. P. 1552.




 9.    :  .  


       .

          ,       (   1993 .,  ,    , 1995 .)      (1995).    ,      1972 .     , .  ,                  :       ,    ,   ,     ,         ,   .       :    ,  ?  .  ,        ?:    . ,    ,  ? ,     .          [Bradbury, p. 456].

,  ,          (  .              )        ,   ,    : ,   ,     ,  ,           ,      ,       [Bradbury, p. 458]. ,   . ,     ,         :       ,        .

   ,           .  ,      19501960? .   , .     .

   ,  .    ,  ,     :     ,      .      . .       : 15   21  1993 .      ,        :        , , ,   ,      ,        (. tubby   ,  ).              .      (   ,     ,    ,    ,  ,        ),        :       ,      ,         .

   ,         : ,       (      ,   ,    ,           [Lodge, 1998, p. 3]),    ,   ,          (    ),  , , ,    ,    ,  , ,     .        ,      :   . .       ,     .                   24   11.30   ,    .



   .     ,               ,   ? [Lodge, 1996, p. 90].


  ,         ,



    ,      .     ,      ,       :   ?,   .     ,  ?,    . ,           ,    ,     ? [Ibid., p. 91].


    ,        ,       ,         ?  .

,  ,             ,       ,      : 1.       ,   ,        ,       . 2.     ,    ,     ;  ,     ?     ,     . 3.      ,     ,         . 4.  ,   ,       ,  ,          ,            ,  . 5.          ,  ,  ,    ,       ,             . 6.  ,        ,      .




  .


   .

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notes



1


 . chicklit   .  chicken literature, .   .




2


, ,      (1906)    (1910)         1996 . (. :).  1990? .         .




3


       .             .




4


,           ,  1973 . . .     ,   1857 .         .




5


  ,    ,          .


