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     [11 - Sidorow Wiktor.       XXI  // Rocznik Prasoznawczy. Rok X/2016. S. 4154; Sidorov Viktor, Ivanyan Rusanna, Kurushkin Sergey and Nigmatullina Kamilla. Communicative Aggression in the Russian Media Sphere: Background and Manifestations // Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(36), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i36/102032, September 2016;  .   :    //  .    .  :  56-   (1314  2017 ) / . . . . . 2017. 2 : 2 .  1. .: . .    , 2017. . 165167;  . .   XXI :     //  - .   . 2018. 2.]       , -, , [12 - .   Culture and russian society,  ,  , 2123  2015 .; .   Europa XXI wieku 15  2017 .:  .   (, ); .   Europa XXI wieku 12 . 2018 .:  .   (, ); -.      . 56-   1314 . 2018 .: ,       ; V . .-.        STRATCOM2017 2223  2017 .: ,       ; .      . 57-   1920 . 2018 .: ,       ; .   Communicative aggression of the XXI century 12 . 2017 .:  ,    ().].

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Summary


Communicative aggressions are attacks on the opponent done through media channels causing ideological, political, cultural and moral damage. Aggressions in the media environment in the form of the value-based conflict around a symbol of belief lead to political and cultural polarization of society and feed society with prejudices in relation to otherness  other way of thinking, other culture, other behavior.

In this collective monograph one can find the outcomes of the research implemented within the international project Communicative Aggressions of the 21st Century initiated by scientists of the partner universities from Russia and Poland, St. Petersburg State University (St.Petersburg State University) and the University of Adam Mickiewicz (UAM). Colleagues from the Belgrad university (Serbia) headed by professor V. V. Kljaic joined the project as well.

Empirical base of research, first of all, are results of survey of students of these universities, future journalists and experts in politics. The analysis of their understanding of media aggression allows to re-evaluate the conflict in the cross-cultural information perspective, in particular, in the context of the relations of Russia and Poland.

Importance of the research topic is defined by the features of the communicative aggressions which got intensified in the media environment of the certain countries and in general in the international community. Media aggression is present in all strata of society, first of all, due to activization of their presence in the network environment. Besides that aggressive intensions of media can resonate with mood of audience. Because of that agressivity in society gets intensified, or critical relation to media raises up.

Therefore the main objectives of the research initiated by researches from Poznan and St. Petersburg were: to analyze aggressive intensions of media and the attitude of the Polish students towards Russia and Russian ones  to Poland; to identify the factors strengthening the perception of media as a source of communicative aggressions. Scientific value of a research is defined through development of a concept of communicative aggressions, understanding the reasons why students look at media propaganda as aggression source, the analysis of a media stereotype russophobia which stirs up aggression of audience. The practical value is measured by the outcomes: 1) heteronymic trends in media and their students audience  the Polish and Russian students tuned towards Russia and Poland more considerate or, more often, neutrally, in contrary to negativism of political publications in media; 2) there is danger of the excessive use by journalists and politicians of concepts with drastically negative connotations because of their ability to lead to aggressive reactions in society and escalation of political conflicts.

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Summary


The chapter is devoted to the analysis of communicative aggression and political discourse in contemporary Russia. The tradition of studying communicative aggression in political discourse has deep tradition both in Russia and abroad. Detailed studies of the aggressive behaviors and violences effects in the media in most cases pointed to the destructive consequences for the mass consciousness. Excessive use of aggressive rhetoric in political discourse usually indicates the presence of serious socio-political dysfunctions in society. In this chapter is supposed to discuss the problem of communicative aggression in the political discourse of modern Russia, as well as to analyze of the emerging effects and consequences for the stability of the political regime. The chapter also presents a study conducted at the faculty of political science and journalism of St. Petersburg State University in the autumn semester of 2017. Its conclusions serve as the basis for further discussions on the topic of communicative aggression in Russia. Analysis of the views of students makes it possible to assess the prospects for the development of communicative aggression, since it is among the students that the newest trends in media communications are manifested in the first place. This chapter proposes the study of the opinions of students of the Faculty of Political Science and the Graduate School of Journalism and Mass Communications Institute of St. Petersburg State University using questionnaires. The number of respondents was 400 people. Accordingly, the number of political respondents and journalistic respondents was 200 people each, of which a large proportion were undergraduate students: 88.50% among journalists and 79% among political scientists. Also, most of the respondents were female respondents  70.50%. This gender distribution is associated with the specifics of education in the humanities. This well-known fact confirms the representativeness of the sample. The main goal of the research was to study the opinions of students about the presence of communicative aggression in Russia in general, and in relation to Poland in particular. The study showed that student youth records the presence of hate speech in the domestic media. 55.25% of students agreed with this statement. At the same time, 35.25% of respondents believe that the current Russian politicians treat Poland rather negatively, and only 5.25% believe that the attitude is negative. Interpretation of the research results suggests that the use of communicative aggression in the political discourse of modern Russia is capable of forming a stable majority consisting of V. Putins supporters, who received 76.69% of the vote in the 2018 election. The negative consequences of the use of communicative aggression practices in the political discourse of modern Russia consist in increasing the outflow of human capital, international sanctions and semi-isolation of Russia in the international arena, as well as spikes of social tensions in local areas of the vast expanses of the country.




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 ,          1968-.      ,   // . 22.11.2017. URL: https:// meduza.io/feature/2017/11/22/zvezda-napisala-chto-chehi-dolzhny-byt-blagodarny-sssr-za-vvod-voysk-v-1968-m-medvedevu-prishlos-ob-yasnyatsya-pered-prezidentom-chehii-statyu-udalili

  -2018:      // . 12.03.2018. URL: https://wciom.ru/index.php?id= 236&uid=8988

 .        .  - // .. 25.02.2018. URL: https://ura.news/ articles/1036274032

 .   -   :   //  . 26.05.2017. URL: http:// www.mk.ru/social/2017/05/26/tayny-politicheskogo-tokshou-epokhi-gibridnoy-voyny-vzglyad-iznutri.html

 .        ( ) // The Insider. 21.07.2015. URL: https:// theins.ru/bez-kategorii/11248

 90 %         // -. 16.04.2018 URL: https://www.levada. ru/2018/04/16/pochti-90-rossiyan-zayavili-o-nezhelanii-uchastvovat-v-lyubyh-protestah/




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 . .,  . .    :       //    . 2018. . 13. 1. . 94100.

 .,  . . .: . 2001. 352 .

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 .  ,          ,     ,    //  . 2017. 6. . 261282.

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 . .       :   -    ? // . 2009. 1. . 118129.

 . .    : , ,  //     :  . 2015. . 6. C. 108127.

 . .    :  vs  //  . 2017. 1. . 7698.

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Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V. & Salame. W. O. Cyberbullying: Review of an old problem gone viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2015.

Bandura A. Psychological mechanisms of aggression. See Geen & Donnerstein 1983.

Baron R. A., Richardson D. R. Human Aggression. New York: Plenum. 2nd ed., 1994.

Berkowitz L. Pain and aggression: some ?ndings and implications. Motiv. Emot, 1993.

Bushman B. J., Anderson C. A. Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 2001.

Coleman, G. Phreaks, Hackers, and Trolls: The Politics of Transgression and Spectacle. The Social Media Reader, 2012.

Collins A. M., Loftus E. F. 1975. A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 1975.

Collins Dictionary (No Date) Troll | Definition, Meaning & More | Collins Dictionary. Available at: http://www. collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/troll, accessed March 2, 2018.

Dahlberg, L. The Internet and Democratic Discourse: Exploring The Prospects of Online Deliberative Forums Extending the Public Sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 2001.

Datat , B. Belling the Trolls: Free Expression, Online Abuse and Gender. Open Democracy. August 30, 2016.

Eveland, W. P., & Hively, M. H. Political discussion frequency, network size, and heterogeneity of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 2009.

Farrell T. Constructivist Security Studies: Portrait of a Research Program // International Studies Review. 2002. . 4. 1. . 4972.

Hmielowski, Jay D., Hutchens Myiah J. & Cicchirillo, Vincent J. Living in an age of online incivility: examining the conditional indirect effects of online discussion on political fal ming. Information, Communication & Society. 2014, 17 (10).

Huesmann L. R. The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. See Geen & Donnerstein 1998.

Lindsay, M., & Krysik, J. Online harassment among college students. Information, Communication & Society. 2012, 15(5).

Meng?, M., Meng? S. Violence and Social Media. Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, 2015, 1 (3).

Phillips, W. This Is Why We Cant Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Information Society Series, 2015.

Roberto, A. J., & Eden, J. Cyberbullying: Aggressive communication in the digital age. In T. A. Avtgis, & A. S. Rancer (Eds.), Arguments, aggression, and con?ict: New directions in theory and research (pp. 198216). New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.

Tedeschi J. T, Felson R. B. Violence, Aggression, & Coercive Actions. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc, 1994.

Wendt A. Constructing International Politics // International Security. 1995. Vol. 20. No. 1. P. 7181.

Yanikkaya, B. G?ndelik hayatin suretinde: ?teki korkusu, g?rsel siddet ve medya [The representation of daily life: the fear of the others, visual violence and the media]. In B. ?oban (Ed.), Medya, Milliyet?ilik, Siddet [Media, Nationalism, Violence]. Istanbul: Su, 2009.

Zillmann D. Arousal and aggression. See Geen & Donnerstein 1983.




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Summary


The chapter analyzes the value-political discourse of the Russian network communities as the unity and the struggle of the sacred and profane discourses functioning within it. The result is the generation of the enabling environment for the emergence and the spread of the communicative aggressions.

The chapter examines the results of the survey of the Russian students on the problems of the communicative aggressions in the Russian-Polish relations and in various channels of the mass communication, as well as some results of the study on the sacred and profane interpretations of the social facts in the network communities. The survey of the students showed that the prospective representatives of the communicative elites (political scientists and journalists) take the presence of the communicative aggressions in the mass communication channels for granted, and the Internet is considered as the environment in which the aggressions are most pronounced. Moreover, students are confident that the categorical and harsh judgments expressed on the Internet may be expressed offline. The analysis of the user comments on the Internet confirmed the idea of the aggressive opposition of the sacred and profane discourses in the network communities, as well as the perception of the Internet as the enabling environment for the spread of the aggression. The ongoing struggle between the sacral and the profane discourses in the Russian media is the result of the aggressive ideological confrontation between the Russian and Western media with a continuous appeal to the political values.




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68


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69


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70


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71


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72


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73


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74


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75


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