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      ,              [8 -           . , .: Wallerstein I. Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991; Idem. After Liberalism. New York: New Press, 1995.          - ,           .           .].     ,       (. 1. 2).

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        .       ,       .    ;      .        ,  .

       [9 -     .:  . .   :   . : , 1999; :  . -      (      ) //  . 1998. 6. . 8092;  . -         // . 1999. 1. . 163173;  .        //         . .: , 1999. . 116125;  .  .        //  . 1999. 10. . 8290;  .  :    //    . 2000. 1. . 107115;  .      -  //  . 2000. 1. . 7881; .]   ,   ,      .      ,       - .       (-) ,    .

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 .    ,     ?   ,   ,    [10 - .:    /  . . .   . . . .: , 2001; Robertson R. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London, Newbury Park, and New Delhi: Sage, 1992; Buell F. National Culture and the New Global System. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994; Friedman J. Cultural Identity and Global Process. London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: Sage, 1994; Global Modernities / Eds. by M. Featherstone, S. Lash and R. Robertson. London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: Sage, 1995; Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London and New York: Routledge, 1996; Culture, Globalization and the World-System. Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity / Ed. by A. D. King. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997  .]  [11 - .: Global/Local: Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary / Eds. by R. Wilson and W. Dissanayake. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1996; Hall S. The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity // Culture, Globalization and the World-System. Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity / Ed. by A. D. King. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. P. 1941; Hannerz U. Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures // Ibid. P. 107129.].           [12 - ., : Olwig K. F. Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis. Philadelphia: Harwood, 1993.       ,    ; ., :  . .     .    . .: , 1999; Hampden-Turner Ch., Trompenaars F. The Seven Cultures of Capitalism. London: Piatkus, 1995; Friedman T. The Lexus and Okive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Anchor Book, 2000.].       ,          .   ,    ,          .         ;           ().          .  ,   ,       .

      ,     , , ,          /    .         ,    ,        () . ,          ,  ,    , .        ;        ,       ,    .  . ,     , -                        .         ()         , ,       [13 - .:  . .,  . .,  . .         . .: . . . . - , 1987;  . . .   . .: - , 1998.].

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     ,    ,        XX   XXI .   ,         ,       ?,  ,   ,   .    ,   ,                  , ,   ,                ,             ,     [18 -  . . :     //  . 2002. 2. . 513;  .     :      -  // .   .      . .: , 2003. . 213256; .:  . .   . .:  i, 2006.].   ,              -    ; ,  ,   ,                  ,       .

      , ,          ,             ,          [19 - .         : Lefebvre H. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.].     ,   ,   ;              19001930- .,     -  -      , , , ,            [20 - .,  :  . .   //  .          . .: : 2000. . 274296;  .      -  //  .          . .: , 2000. . 81259;  .   //  .          . .: : 2000. . 272274;  .   //  . . 2- . . 2.   . .: , 1990. . 43109;  .   // :    . .: ,  , 1993. . 283307;  . . . .: , 2002;  .    .    . .: -, 2004;  .    / . . . . . .: Ad Marginem, 1997;  .      //  .  :     .   .  . .: , 2003. . 3239, 135145;  .  . .: -, 2004;  . .   . .: , 2000;  .       . .: , 1996;  .    . .: , 1993;  . .       //  .    . .: . ., 1975. . 234 408;  .   . .: , 1986; .       XX . .: - RA, 2000  .        , , , ;  , , , , ,  - (.    ).      ظ.     . , . ;    . , . ;    . .   . .     , , , .         ,     . ,     ,             .].         ,    ,   ,                  XX . [21 - .:  .,  .   . .: , 1988.            ,     XIX         ,   1920- .   , .:  .     //    .  ,   . . II. ., 1853. . 353556;  . .  ,   . /. . . . ;  . . . .; .: . -, 1930;  . .       //  .  . 1999. 5. . 716.];    ,            ,                .

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  :                   (   [23 - .       :  . . .: , 2005;     :  .   (1893) //  . . 116129.]),    ,       ,    (       )        ( ) ,   ,       (  ),           [24 -  ,            ,              .    .:  .       . - 3-. .: , 1975;  . .   1839 .  2 . .: - . , 1996. .     :  .   (     ,    19281978). .: , 2001.].        ,    ,   ,  ,           - , ,    -    .   ,          (          , ,                  [25 - ., :  .   . 17201830. .:     - , 1972.]),         ,   ,          .

          .             -,  -,       -  -  (- [26 -  . .   :   . .: , 2006. . 118140.]),  ,   ,      .        , ,   ,     [27 - .:  . .    -    // . 2000. . 3 (17). . 116122;  .     //    . 2001. 1. . 125138;  .      //  . 2003. 1. . 82103.];      , ,   ,     , , ,  ,     ,    [28 - .:  .  . .: --,  , 2001.    . :  .          //   . 1993. 1. . : 14921992.        . . 6585.].  ,   ,           ,     ; ,       ,   .     ,   ,   ,      ,  -       ,   .




1.3.2.        


,   ,    ,             .        ( )[29 -  . . . :     / . . .:     , 1996; - .   / . .  .  . . . ; . . . .   . . . .: . . .  , 1985;  .  . : ; .: , 1999;  . .: , 2000;  .  . .: , 1994;  .  . .: , 1982;  .  . .: , 2001;  .  :   . .: , 2005;  .  . .: , 2004; Geertz . Local knowledge. New York: Basic Books, 1983.],   [30 -  . .    //  . . .:    (), 2000. . 804807;  . .  . . IIII. .: , 19931994;  .  . .: , 2000;  .  . .: Machina; Axioma, 2002; -- .   . .: , 2000;  . .  . . 12. .: -,  , 2004, 2006;  .   //  .   :   ,   . . 3. .: , 2006. . 191205;  .   :    / . . . . . .: , 1990;  . .   :   . .: Ad Marginem, 1995;  .   :      . .:   , 2003;  .      . .:   , 2001;  . .  :  -  //  .  . 2003. 3. . 114121; Foucault M. Questions on Geography // Foucault M. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 19721977 / Ed. by G. Gordon. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1980. P. 6377; Tuan Yi-Fu. Space and place: The perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977; Soja E. W. Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social theory. London: Verso, 1990; Schama S. Landscape and Memory. New York: Vintage Books, 1996; Jackson J. B. Landscape in Sight: Looking at America / Ed. by H. L. Horowitz. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997; Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity / Ed. by F. Driver and D. Gilbert. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999; Tuan Yi-Fu. Perceptual & Cultural Geography // Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 2003. Vol. 93. No. 4. P. 878881  .],   -     -     - ,      , ,   (      [31 - ., :  . .,  . .      . .  //  . . . . . 3. .:     - , 1988. . 110143;  . .      //  . 1991. 8. . 102116;  .     //  . 1992. 1. . 5260;  .     (1989) //  .  . .:  , 2003. . 150168;  . .     //  . 1992. 5. . 7487;  . .      //  . .87100;  . .      (- ). .: , 2001;  . .   .         . , 2001;  .  :       XVIIIXX . ., 2005;  . .  .    . 1992206. .:    (), 2007;  . .   :    (XIIIXVIII .). .:  , 2003; . :   : : .     / ., . . . . . . .:  , 1998.]).       ,     ,     ;  ,     ,              ,             ,      [32 - ., : Castree N. Commodity fetishism, geographical imaginations & imaginative geographies // Environment and Planning A. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 15191525.].

         .                (    ,       ;     ?      ,     ;         -   ,             ),              ,            .   ,        ,         ,   ,           . ,     ,       ,                    ,           ,  ,  .

        ,  ,         .  / (  /)     , , ;     -          . ,          ,       ,  ,          ,             .

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1.4.     





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          ,   , ,       , ,   ,    ,      [37 - Lefebvre H. The Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.].   ,    ,       , ,     ,     . ,     ,  ,              .           ,      ,   .          ,   , , , , ,  [38 -  . .  , -     // Proect International. 15.  2007. . 127141.].         ,    ,      ,       .

,      ,     . ,        ;              ,       ,       [39 -  .   / . .; . . . . . . :   ; .: , 2001;  .   . : -  ; .: , 2007.].   ,            ,    ,     ,          . ,                    /  .

        ; , ,         ,      , ,          .           , , ,   ,          [40 - Culture, Globalization and the World-System. Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity / Ed. by A. D. King. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997;  .  . : , 2008.]. , ,     , ,   ,                ,      , , ,    .  ,      ,    -,   ,     ,         ;   , ,         .




1.4.3.       . 


  ,  (  )             (  )   .   ,           ,        ,     ;  ,          , , , , , ,   . .  ,  ,   ,    ,   - ,     .     ,          ,   .  ,               ,    ,           ,    ,       .        ,      ,    ,   ,       , , ,     (),     ( ,       ).  ,   ,          ,          ,   ,   - .

   ,     -   , ,     ,    ,    ,    .     .

  ,    ,             .         ,               .      .   1874 .                   (  1967,    1984 .)[41 -  .   //  .   .  3.   . 19701984. .: , 2006. . 191205.].  ,  ,  .      ,       (, , )  ,     ,              (, , , ,   . .)[42 -  ., .  . .:  , 1999.].  ,     ,           ,    ,     (  ,   ).  ,       , ,     ;     ,     (, , ,  ,  , ,  , , ,     ),       , ,  ,    -    (          ,      ).

 -         ,   , ,           ,      ,         ,       [43 -  . .  .      XIXXX . .: , 1993.].              XIX   XXI ,  ,   ,    ,             ,             -     ,   ,  (   )     [44 - Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity, 2000; Bauman Z. Liquid Arts // Theory Culture & Society. Vol. 24. Number 1. January 2007. P. 117127; Bryant A. Liquid Modernity.complexity and Turbulence //Theory Culture & Society. Vol. 24. Number 1. January 2007. P. 127137; Pollock G. Liquid Modernity and Cultural Analysis: An Introduction to a Trandisciplinary Encounter // Theory Culture & Society. Vol. 24. Number 1. January 2007. P. 111117;  .    //  . 2006. 1.].   ,           ,       ,       (      -  ,    )[45 - Lefebvre H. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991;  . .    //  . 2002. 6 (7). . 4863;  . .    //  . 2005. 2;  .     ,    //  .   - . . 2. .:  , 2005.].

       ,           , , , , [46 -   (   ,    . . 1). .:  , 1993;  . .   //      . .: , 1995. . 234240.].                ,      ,       (   ,  ,  ,   ,     )[47 -  . .     .    // . 2003. . 3. 2;  . .  . , ,  -  //  . 2004. . 3. 4.    :     .     - // http://www.cfs-leviathan.ru/content/view/14/26/; Urry J. Consuming Places. L. & N. Y.: Routledge, 1995.].             ,         [48 -  .   .      . : -  -, 1997.].         ()        ,    , ,  (, , , , ,  ,  , -  . .)[49 -  .    // http://www.nlobooks. ru/rus/magazines/nlo/196/722/754/].

       , ,    () ,  [50 -  . ,   .    //  . 2001. . 1. 2. . 2546; Soja E. W. Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social theory. London: Verso, 1990; Thrift N. Spatial formations. L. etc.: SAGE, 1996.],  , , , .             , ,          .

 ,    ,      ,           ,             ,        .      ,    ,  ,   ,  , ,       .       ,         ,  ;       ,        ,         .  ,    ,          ,       -   / ,              ,    ,  ,       .

                  , ,                ;  ,  ?           , ,  .

    ,   , .    ,           ,     -    .        ,   ,   ,     / .    ,   ,  ,  .    ,   ,     ,    ,   .         ,  -.

     - . , , , ,  ,      , ,     .    ,    , ,       (  ) ,   ,  ,    .          ,    ,     ,              ,   ,  , ,      .       ,   .        .




1.4.4. ,    



          

     ,  ,    ,    ,     -,      (  n + 1, 2, 3  . .).        (,     ,     ), , ,              (    ).   ,             ,      ,         (,       ).  ,   ,   , -         ().

        (   ),      ,           -  ,        .   ,           ,      .    ,     ()   :  ,              - ,      ,    -              () .         , , ,         / ,    . , ,      () ,            ,         -       .   ,  ,  , ,  ,  ,          ,     () - ,       ,   ,   .  ,      ,       ,       ,      ,  , , -- -.


  /  

   /                 .        ,      ,  , , ,   . .,                ,        ().  ,             ;  ,   ,  ,       ,        .

         (   ) , , , ,   .        ,    .    ,    ,  , ,        ,    -  .  ,        - .

  ,         ,        .        ,     ,      .  ,    ,    /      ,    ,          -   ,       ().       ,    ,   .   ,  ,  ,        ;       ,     .         ,        ,  ,  ,      .

  ,   ,  ,    ,       .       ,     ,         -   , ,     ;     ,       ,     .      -             /  .  ,    ,            ,       /        .          , ,   ,    (    ,          ), ,   ,                   .   ,       / .




1.5.  ,   





1.5.1. ,     


     ,      (   XV .,        XIIXIII .)  ,            ,          ,     ,        .     ,       (XVII    XX .)[51 -  .  . .: --,  , 2001;  . .   :        / . . . .   .; . . . . . .: , 2004; Hage G. The spatial imaginary of national practices: dwelling  domesticating/being  exterminating // Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 1996. Vol. 14. P. 463485. .:  . .   //  . . . . .:   , 1995. . 417428.]    [52 - ., :  .    . .: -, 2004.],  ,   ,       ,       ,  ,   ,        ( ,   . . [53 -  . .  . .: , 1997.])     .   XX .  (   )                ,     [54 - . : Hage G. The spatial imaginary of national practices: dwelling  domesticating/being  exterminating // Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 1996. Vol. 14. P. 463485.].

       , ,  ,  ,  ,                    ,            [55 - .:      /  . . . . .:  , 2005.].     , ,            ,     [56 - ., :  .  . .:      , 1971;  .,  .  .      . .: , evidentis, 1999;  .   . --. .: .  񻠖 , 1995;  .   .    ,   . .:  -, 1999  .   : - / . , . , .  , . . .: - , 1999;  .    . .: -  , -  , 2004.].      -                             ,       (, -, ,   . .),    (  , ,         1990- .).




1.5.2.     :   


  ,  . ,  ,   ,           -   [57 - Nora P. Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mmoire // Representations. 1989. Vol. 26. P. 725; - / . , . , .  , . . .: - , 1999;  . -.,  .  . .: - Ȼ, 2002; Buckham S. Commemoration as an expression of personal relationships and group identities: acase study of York Cemetery // Mortality. 2003. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 160175; Ben-Amos A. War Commemoration and the Formation of Israeli National Identity // Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 2003. Vol. 31. No. 2. P. 171195;  .  .      //  .   - . . 4. .:  , 2007.].   -       ,         ,     ,    -     ,       ,    ,        [58 - Zarubavel Y. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1995;  .     :    // . 2002. 34(34). . 97108;  .     //  .   - . . 4. .:  , 2007;  .  .      //  . .   ,     :  .      // . 2002. 34(34). . 2334.].  ,    ,    - ,   ,    ,   , ,   ,       .

  ,     ,            ,        , ,   [59 -  .    //  . 2005. 4041.  ,       , ,   . ; .:  .   . .:  , 2007. . 152185; :  . . .        ,    -   .             ,          .].         ,      ;    ,                           ,        [60 -  . .: , 2000.].                     , , ,         XX   XXI [61 -  .-.      .            1945  //  . 2005. 4041;  .     // . 1 (20).  2008. . 8396.]. -,            -              , , .




1.5.3. -    


   XX .     ,      [62 - .,  :  . .   //  .          . .: : 2000. . 274296;  .      -  //  .          . .: , 2000. . 81259;  .   //  .          . .: : 2000. . 272274;  .   //  . . 2- . . 2.   . .: , 1990. . 43109;  .   // :    . .: ,  , 1993. . 283307;  .      //  .  :     .   .  . .: , 2003. . 3239, 135145;  .  . .: -, 2004;  . .   . .: , 2000;  .       . .: , 1996.].       ,    ,    ,    ,  , ,   ;     (, , ,    . .)     ,        ,      ,    .       ? , ?  ,  ,                -  -          ,      [63 - - / . , . , .  , . . .: - , 1999; Schama S. Landscape and Memory. New York: Vintage Books, 1996;  . . -  :    //  . 2007. 3.] (    XVIXX .   ,  -          ,      [64 -    .  :   / .-. . . , . . ;  . . . . ; . . . ; . . . . .: , 1994;  .    .  / . . . , . . . .:    (), 2003.]).

               ,  ,   ,       ,  -,         (    , ,   ,       ), ,   , ,    ,     ,      ,      ,        ,    [65 - . :  . .,  . .,  . .      , -   -    //   .  . . 13. .:  , 2006. . 4101.].            XX .  ,         -    ,  ,     -                            ,            [66 - ., :  .,  .   : , ,       //  :   -  / ., . . . . . . 4. .:  , 2007. . 227250; : Studing Cultural Landscapes / Ed. By I. Robertson and P. Richards. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.].  ,  ,  ,     ,    ,       -         ,   ,   ,         ,    -        ,      - ,                 - [67 - ., : Chang T. S. Configuring new tourism space: exploring Singapores regional tourism forays // Environment and planning. London, 2001. Vol. 33. 9. P. 15971620.].




1.5.4.     


,   ,             ,        [68 -  .  . .: , 2001. . 219238; :  . .  -       //  :       .  : IREX    , 2004. . 4748.].   ,  ,   , , ,  -,      ,     .  ,    ,  -  ,   ,          ,           ,    , --        ,  ,    [69 - ., ,          :  . . -   뻻 //   .  . . 13. .:  , 2006. . 147156.   :   .         .  ()            ; ,   ,        ,  ,          .]. ,         -, -   ,        ,       [70 -  .   - . . 14. .:  , 20042007.].

      ,        , ,    -   ,             ,  ,  ,    , - , , ,     ,   ,                             ,       ,   ,        [71 - .:  . . .].            :               (   ,    [72 -  .  //  . . . . 2. .: , 1996; . -- .   . .: , 2000. . 8082; - ,   .     .  . .: , 1997;  . .    // Arbor mundi /  . 2000. 7. . 73106.],    ,     [73 -  . .  . . II, III. .: , 1994. . 8997;  . .  . . 2.   . .:  , -, 2006. . 150193.],  -  [74 -  . . ,     //  .   : . .: , 2004. . 262338;  .    - //  . . . . 263272;  . .  .   - .   . .: , 1991.]),    ,   -         ,   ,      ,       ,        XIX .     ,    ,      , ,   ,       ,            ,      ,     ,          [75 - .:  ,              ,               . ,       ,     :       , ,      .           .      ,  ,    .      ,         .             滠     ,    ,      ,          ,     .   ,   ,      .                       .     ,     ,     //  .  . .: , 1982. . 163.].

 ,   - ,     -- ,   , ,                    ,  ,        -     ;          ,   .     ,        ,     , ,      :  , , ,  ,  ,  , ,   ,      . .        :  ,     ,           ,   [76 -  .  . .: , 2002;  . .     .       . .: -  .  , 1997;  . .  . .: -, 2002;  .   .      . .: , 2004; Studing Cultural Landscapes / Ed. By I. Robertson and P. Richards. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.];  ,         ( , ),     ,    .

           -,     ,        ,        ,         .   ,      ( ,   ,   )  ,                ,  ,      ,        ,     ,  ,   ,   ,             [77 - - .  . : ; .: , 1999.].                 ,     ,   ,  -  - ,       , ,   ,                     .




 2

    













2.1.        


        ,  ,   ,   ,  ,      [78 - .          :  .  . .:    , 2004.].                ,      ,   - .    ,      ,               (  )  ,         .

       ,               (   , -, ,    ).      1)         , 2)     ,    ,     ,    ; 3)   ,                     [79 - . :  . .,  . .  :    ,       //  . 2006. 2. . 6469.].

.               .

           .  ,        ,  ,   -,   ,     .   ,  ,  .               ,    .  ,     ,                .

        .     ,     ,     (  ,   ).           .   ,    ,   ,            .

                      .     ,      .     : 1)            , 2)          , 3)              ,            .




2.2.     


          ,    ,   ,      .  ,  ,  ,     ,         , ,    .                   .

  ,  ,          ,              .                .                 -  ,          .

      ,        ,       ()    . ,       ,   ,       .          .

  ,    /    ,   [80 -                     .  ,         ,  , ,        (., : Corbett P. W. M. Reservoir Geonomics  focusing of essentials of reservoir of geological modeling //First Break. 2002. Vol. 20. 5).  ,     ,     . .      -  (.:  . .      ,      // . .   . 2000. 6. . 258;  .   - ,         - //  . 2001. 2. . 3956).     ,     ,          .].     ,   /      .                    ( ),   ,          .




2.3.     


                  [81 - .:  .    . .: , 2004;  .  . .: , 2005;  . . .: , 2005;  . . .: , 2006;  .   .        . .:  , 2005.].         ,   ,    , ,   ,   , ,  /  .   ,          /  ,               .

   -       ,     ,  ,   [82 -  . .   (  ) //  . 1993. 5. . 624;  .    腻 (   ) //  . 1997. 6. . 3457;  .  :        //   (Acta Eurasica). 1998. 12. . 632;  .       //  . 1999. 4. . 729;  .      :    . .:  , 2000;  . . -      (      ) //  . 1998. 6. . 8092;  .         // . 2003. 3 (5). . . 4149;  . -    //  . (Acta Eurasica). 2003. 4(23). . 3446;  .     :       . .: , 2004.].         ( ,  ,  , - )                 [83 -  . .  :     . .: , 2003;  .   :   . .: , 2006;  . . -      //  .  . 2002. 5;  .   : - .   (). 2004. 5. . 8597;  .    : -    (     ). . 2005. 1. . 245256;  . .,  . .     (     -  //   .  5. . 2005. 5;  . . -       (       ).  .  . 2006. 5.].  ,           .   ,    ,     .

      .   ,            ,   ,      background .   : 1)    ( )       ,     ; 2)   ,   ,        ,      ,    ,        ; 3) ,     ,       ,          .

       ,    ,                  .      , ,  .  ,  .   ,     . .   ,           ,     ,      .




2.4.    


                ,            [84 - .:  . ,   .    //  . 2001. . 1. 2. . 2546.].      -      ,       -  ;       ,    - . ,   -                         ,        [85 -  . .  :      //   . .:  , 2001.].

 -     ( )    ,              /,     ,  ,    .      :  -       -               . ,                  ;         -  [86 - . :  . . -       (       ) //  .   - . . 3. .:  , 2006. . 4564.].

             ,           ( ,  ,   ,   ,       . .)   ,  ,  ,     .   ,              -   ,     軠  ,   ,   ,      ( ,   ,      ,         . .).         ,       ,    ;  ,   ,         .




2.5.      


              ,   ,  ,        .   ,            ,        .  , -  ,            ;        ,             ,       .

,         - .         .  ,     ,   ,       ,              ,    - , ,  ,           (           ),                 .




2.6.  ,    


,   (    )          .   ,  ,    ,      ,             , - .            ,        ,     .

 ,  ,      ,          ,         ,     .       ,      [87 - .:  .   versus  // . 2000. 6. . 48;      /  . . .   . . . ., 2002; Mapping Multiculturalism / Ed. Avery F. Gordon and Christopher Neufield. Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. P. 118.].  ,   ,   ,  ,            ,            .

      ,     .         , ,        /  /,      . ,                    -     ,            ,        ,            ,   ,         .   ,   ,   ,    ,         .   ,          ,    ,   , -   ,       .

   ?      ,          ,      -   .       ,     , ,  ,       ;  -    ,        ,        .                 ,            (         ,       ),        ,    ,        , ,      , .




2.7.      


   ()       .     : 1)                     2)              (  ). ,      .       .        - .

  , ,   .   ,   ,       ;  ,       -     ,   .   ,        ,         .            -,    ,    ,     ()       . ,                    .

,     ,  ໠       .      ,        .    ,        ,           .   : 1)     ,    ; 2)     ,     ,    ; 3)   - .




2.8. .         ?


,   -  ,      - ,   .    ,   ,     (    )    ;  ,      -   ,        .     -,     - ,         .     ( ,     ,       )     ,      ,      .   ,  ,    ,             ,         -,    .            ;                  .

 ,         ,       , ,   ,   ,        (,    ,  ,    . .),   ,   , ,    ( , , , ,   . .).   ,    -,             ,   ,      .   ,        ,           .                 ,    -            (  ,   ).




2.9.   :     


,  ,   -                    (         ).    ,            .        --  ,        ,  .        (    , )      ,    ,   (, ,    ). ,         , ,  .          ,   . ,   ,                       .

            .     , ,     , ,   ,     . ,             ,     ,  .    ,   ,         ,   ,       .    ,      -              .           .




 3

       





 


           .         ,   -  ,     ,      (2004  2012)       ,           ,       ,    . ,     ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   (    ,    ),        . ,        ,        .               ,  ,  ,         .




3.1.   


     ,           ,   () [88 -  .:  . .   :   . : , 1999;  .  :     . .: , 2003;  . :     . .: , 2004;  .     :       . .: , 2004;  .  .      //  :   - . . 2. .:  , 2005;  .   :   . .: : 2006;  . .,  . .  .      //  :   - . . 4. .:  , 2007;  :   - . . 15. .:  , 20042008.].  ,         (  ),  ,  () ,     ( ).           ,  ,  () ,  ,  [89 - Lowenthal D. Geography, experience and imagination: towards a geographical epistemology // Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1961. Vol. 51. No. 3. P. 241260; The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays / Ed. By D. W. Meinig. N. Y., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979; Tuan Yi-Fu. Topophilia: A study of environmental perception, attitudes, a. values / With a new pref. by the author. N. Y.: Columbia University Press, 1990; Daniels S. Place and Geographical Imagination // Geography. 1992. No. 4 (337). P. 310322; Jordan T. G., Domosh M., Rowntree L. The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography. Sixth Edition. N. Y.: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1994; Geography and National Identity / Ed. by Hooson D. Oxford, Cambridge (Mass.): Blackwell, 1994; Schama S. Landscape and Memory. N. Y.: Vintage Books, 1996; Cultural Turns/Geographical Turns. Perspectives of Cultural Geography / Ed. by S. Naylor, J. Ryan, I. Cook and D. Crouch. N. Y.: Prentice Hall, 2000; Studing Cultural Landscapes / Ed. by I. Robertson and P. Richards. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2003  .].

       ( XX .),       -  ( 20- . XX .).               ,  ,  ,    ,  ,  () ,  [90 - . :  .   :   . .: , 1990;  . .    . .: - ; .:  , 1997;  . .  :      //   / . . . . , . . . .: - , 2001. . 1094;  . .    :   ,     //   / . . . . , . . . .:  , 2001. . 95126;  . .    :         // . . . 2002. 4. . 1828.].

  XXI .          .     ,  : 1)      ,    ,     ; 2)     ,           ; 3)            , ,         .

 -     :  ,  () ,  [91 -  . .        //  . . . 2002. 5. . 3237.], [92 -  . .   .       . : , 2004.],  .           ,   ,  , , ,    ,    , , .




3.2.       


           [93 -  . .  () .      //  .   - . . 4. .:  , 2007.].         ,   ,    ,        .       , ,  ,  ,  , , , , ,  , ,   , , .      ,  ,  ,  ,  .          ,       (       , ,   . . case-study      )[94 - .    :  .  . .: --,  , 2001;  .-.,  .  . .: - Ȼ, 2002;  .     :     //     . .:  , 2005. . 277311;  .   :      . .:   , 2003;  .  . .: , 2004;  .   //  . :  . .:    (), 2004. . 5213;  . .    . .:   , 2003;  . .,  . .,  . .      //  . 1986. 3. . 103112;  .   . --. .: -, 1995;  .  :     .   .  . .: , 2003;  .   :   . .: , 1990;  . .  .     . 18251853 . .: , 1982;   . .  , 2001;  . . .   . .:  i, 2006;  . .    :      //  .   - .  2. .:  , 2005. . 206226; Bassin M. Inventing Siberia: Visions of the Russian East in the Early Nineteenth Century // The American Historical Review. 1991. Vol. 96. Number 3. P. 763794; Bassin M. Visions of empire: nationalist imagination and geographical expansion in the Russian Far East, 18401865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Conforti J. A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001; Corbin H. Mundus imaginalis or the imaginary and the imaginal // Spring 1972. Dallas: Spring Publications, 1972. P. 119; Cosgrove D. E. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. London: Croom Helm, 1984; Cosgrove D. E. Models, descriptions and imagination in geography // Remodelling geography / Ed. by B. MacMillan. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. P. 230244.].

      .          .        - .              ,   ,  , ;         ( ),   ( ),   (,  .        - ,   (- ), - , .

         XIX   XX ,      ,    ,       , ,               . -         1920-1940- .,    ,  ,  ,  (  ),   , -  ,   (, ,     1920- ., , )       .        19501980- .:       ,              ;   ,        ;      ,        ,     , , ,  , , ;        () ;   -   ;    ,         . -      1990- 2000- .,      ,      ( , );   -  () ,      - ;     .

  XXI          , , ,  (    ), ,    .          , ,   ,     , PR,  ,  .             ,   (, ,   ), .    ,           -     .




3.3.       


       , ,   ,          -  (, , , ).       .  ,     ,   , -  ().         -  (. ).

           ( ).      ,  ,  ,  .          .             -    (, ) .

    ,   ( )   ( )  .         .      ,      ,             , , ,    .

            ().    ,              () . ,  ,  ,   ,     ,     .  ,       ,      ,   ,     ,    .   ,       , ,             ,      ,    .

             .           -,    (, , )            ().                   ,      ,   .               ,  ,         .




3.4. -         


-  (   )      -    (, , , ,  , , , ,   . .).          -  ,    -    (, , ), ,      .    -                 , ,   [95 -  .    // Diskussionsbeitr?ge zur Kartosemiotik und zur Theorie der Kartographie. Band 8. Drezden: Selbstverlag der Technichen Universit?t Drezden, 2005. S. 3446.].

-        ,      (  )   ,       .     -      () .    -            - .   -         .






-       ,         1945 . (, 1998)






-  .  ( .) (, 2004)





    






   -        -                 (. ).                    -     ()   .

 -        .              ,     .     , -     ,        ,      - .

         - .       -         -         - ,       .      - ,       / - ,              .




3.5.   


      () ,    ,     .         : 1)      2)       .              ( ,    ),    , , , , .    . . .       (,  ,  , , , ),         (,   . .).  ()    . . .         (,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   . .).

          () .             ;                 (, , ) .         ,       ;       ;      ;                  .

            () .   ,      ,      .                       (,   ,     );    -           ,          .

       :   ( ,   ),   , - ,  ,     , -,   ,   ,  .       /     : 1) ,     (,               )  2)    ,      ( ,            ).           ,   (, ,   . .)       ,            ,     .         /        ,                   ,        (,   ,   ).

             .       ,     ,    - ,  (, ) ,  ,  .             ,  , , , , .       ,               , ,  ,    ,    ,  .




3.6. -      XXI 


 ,  ,         XXI .       ,      .        , , ,  ,       .        ,          ,      XXI .

   -   (  ).     ,   ,      ( - ),   .          ,     .           .        ,     .          ,        .          ,     ,  ,        .

       XXI ?    ,         -  .     ,      -   .              .      XXI        - ,          .   -        ,    .




 4

   :  -.     



,      , ,         ,   - ,      .  ,     ,      ,  ,    ,           ,   ,   .   , ,   ,   ,            ,   , ,     ,    ,      .




4.1.       


  ,  ,  ,               .         ,   .       -       ,     ,    .     ,       .  , , ,          ,   ;          .        ?

  ,        .       ,   ,   ,                 ,       .      ,       ,    ,       ,  ,     [96 -  . .  : ,      //  . 2010. . 9. 3. . 2650.].   ,  ,           ,      .

,    ,        ,      .      ,  ,    ,    ,  ,           ,  -.  ,          ,     .   (-),    ,    , --.     ,  ,      -  .             ,          ,      .

  ,    ,               ,  -  ,              [97 -  .    / . . . . . .: Ad Marginem, 1997. . 102114.]. ,     ,     -  ,        ,     (     ),      , ,      .  ,   ;      ,           ,    .




4.2.       


, ,  ,  ,   .     , , , ,   . .   , ,  ,   ,       ,   ,      ,   . ,      , ,       (  ?),   .

     (, , ),       ,          , , , , , , ,   . .        , ,   (,   .)    ,  , ,  .  ,  ,      ( , ,   ) ,   , ,        , ,  ,          / .

  ,  ,     , , ,                (      ). ,            , ,    ,     -  ,           .  ,          ,            ,          ,      .




4.3.      


              ,    .     :   . . ,     ,    ,    ;           , ,        ,       ,       .   ,          ,        ( )   ,             ,      .         ,   ,   ,   , -,    ,     ,    ( )   ,  ,       .

  ,      ,  ,     ,   ,       ,     ,      ,   -       .                 ,     ,          ,   ,   -, -,     -      -   .    ,      ,    ,  ,     컠      [98 -  . .   ,    //  . . . 5 . . 3. .: , 2000;  . 1/48.    ( ) //  . . 4. .: , 2003. . 199217;  .         //  . . 273287.].

 ,                    ,    ,            [99 - ., :  . .       . .:   , 2005;  . . . . .     . .: -, 2001;     . . 3.          / . . . . . :  , 2008.].      ,    ;          ,     ,      () - .      ,         XX  ,   ,    ,    ,         - [100 -  . .   //    . 2009. 4. . 148159.];  ,     -         , -   .

               .   ,        ,      - .        ,        . .          (      ),        ,    ,    - ,       ;               .              ,      ,   ,   [101 - .      :  . . .     .   . .: , 2000. . 456457;  . . .  .  .  . .: , 1997. . 281282.].

      , ,        XX      [102 - - . .  . .:   , 2010. . 6165.].   ,             ,           .   ,  ,        :               ,         .   ,    ,              ,     .




4.4.   :    


,            - .  , ,        .  ,         ,          .         ,           , ,  .   ,    ,  ,   () ,             ,        ,    ,     ().

 ,      -       .  ,     (   -),         - [103 -  . .  :      //   :  . , 2009. . 155165.]. ,       ,   ,    ,   ,       ,       . ,   ,     XX  (. , .   .),    ,         [104 -  . . .   ?. .: Ad marginem, 2000.].           (  ,    .   .)       ,        ,          ( ,  . ).

,         , ,  ,   ,          , , .     :     ,       :     .       ( ) (1927),      - (1929),          (1934),        (19371941), , ,   (19431959)    ,   ,     - ,     ,    .       .

, , ,    ,         /   .  ,      ,      ;     .   ,   ;       .    , ,      , ,   . ,    ,    ,    , , .

 ()            .    ,   ;       ,       ,  , ,   (, ,          , ,   ).         ,   ,  ,  ,     -.                    ,     .      ,          ,         [105 - . :  . .         //  .     . . 5 (21) / . . . . . . .: - , 1999. . 1826;  . .     . (  ) //  . . 7 (23).      / .-. . . . .: , 2001. . 33 (    ).].

         ,    ,      ; ,   ,   .  ,    ,   , -   - .           , ,   (  ,  ,  ,    . .),    ,          ,        .

    .               .      ,   [106 - . :  . .  .        //  . 1999. 10. . 8290.].   :          ,   .    ,   ,       .      - .        ,      .             ,              -  ,   .




4.5.   


   XX ,      ,   ,          .   ,       -,         ,          ,      .       --    ,        .  ,          ,    -.                            ,         , ,  ,            .                                 . ,         --;          ;      - .

           .    ?      -.  ,  ,   .        .            . ,            : ,         ,       ?

 ,      .          .  , ,      ,        ,          -,     .          ,       - -    , ,  ,          .

          -  (,  ),    -   ,    ,        ,      -  (  - ). ,            - :       ,           [107 -  . .   . .: ; , 2003;  . .       XIV . .: , 2007.],      ,         ,   ,   ,     .          .




Summa summarum


,             ,         ,        .        ,       .    ()    ,      ,    ,     .

 ,       ,        / .             (           ).            , , ,      .

     ,     ,  ,     ,              ,       ,    .            ,  ,      ,        ,      .


* * *




 2

        





 1

    





1.1.  :   



   ,   .     ,      , ,    .




1.1.1.     


 ,    ,    ,     .            .       .

      ,    ,      .  , , ,  , , ,      - .

      .      ,  ,     ,          .

 ,       ,   ,    .         ,       .    ,    ,  ,             .

 ,        ,  .    ,       .   ,          -    .    .




1.1.2.  :    / 


 ,  ,    .   ?    ,      ,     ,    ,    .       ,     ,   . .  ,            ,  , .   , ,    - .

,    ?   ,    .        . , ,  ,    ,   .      ,   ,    ,  ,         ,  ,   ,         .

      ,  . ,    , ,         .          . ,    ,    ,      .        .        ,         7580 % .

, ,     ,   ,    .       , ,      ,      ,     .    ,   ,       ,     .

 ,      ,        .   ,     ,   ,     ,  ,    ,          ,  ,    .     ,         .  ,     ,     .       , ,   - , - ,     ,    .  ,         ,  ,       .

, ,     ,  -.       .    1,    ,  ,    ,  ,    ,    .    2,      ,     ,     ,  ,   , - . :    ,   ,    ,  .

  ,           ,      .   , ,       ,   , ,  , ,    . , ,      ,  ,     ,      ,     ,    .

, ,           ,  ,  . ,       ,      ,       ,  , ,        .             .




1.2.  :      





1.2.1.     


        .  , , ,  ,       ,  ,    . .       , ,  .  ,     ,        -      .

         ,     .     ,     ,   .        . ,   ,     ,  ,       ,  - ,    .       .

 ,      ,   . , ,    ,    ,   .      ,             ,          .           ,     ,  ,     .   ,  , ,    ,      ,       .      ,         ,       ,   ,     .




1.2 2.      :    


   ,    - : , , , ,    ,    .         ,        ;  ,     (, , , ,   . .);    .    ,    [108 -  . .   .        . : -  , 2000;  . .        //  :    . .:  , 2004. . 7385;  .   :     ()    //     : . . /. . . . . .: . . . -, 1999. . 7290; - .    :     //  : . . 4. .:  , 2000. . 83102;  .,  . .       (, 1930- ) //   :  . .: , 2000. . 127154;  .         // Sign System Studies (   ). Vol. 26. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 1998. P. 151185; -  .  :     //  : . . . . .   / . . . . . : , 1999. . 443466;  .   //  . 1997. . 16.     . . 69;  . :       ( ) //    . .   . .: , 2002. . 97111;  .  :   . , , . .: , 2000;  . .  -    IV //    . . 8.     ,   - . .: , 1998. . 7479;  . .     . (  ) //  . . 7 (23).      / .-. . . . .: , 2001. . 1112;  .   .     // Ex libris .     . 24. 05. 2001. . 3;  .   .   . // Ex libris .     . 10.10.2002. . 45;  . .      //    . .: , 1991. . 200279;  . .       (  ) // . . . .    : . .:  -, 1995. . 214273;  . .  :    .         . .: , 1999;  .   //  . 1991. 1. . 4146;  . . - ()  - (, ):   //  .  . . /. . . . . .: -   , 2000. . 253259;  . .  ,    (   ) //  . . 2 / . . . . .: - ; -, 1997. . 599615;  . .  . .: -, 2002; Appleton J. The Symbolism of Habitat: An Interpretation of Landscape in the Arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990; Cosgrove D. E. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books, 1984; Cosgrove D., Atkinson D. Urban rhetoric and embodied identities: city, nation and empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II monument in Rome, 18701945 // Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1998. Vol. 88. No. 1. P. 2849; Gilbert D. Heart of Empire? Landscape, space and performance in imperial London // Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 1998. No. 16. P. 1128; Nastopka K. Two approaches to the myth of city foundation: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic // Sign System Studies (   ). Vol. 30. 2. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 2002. P. 503512; Schama S. Landscape and Memory. N. Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.].      ,   -     .       ,   ,       (         ).         . .   (, ,   . .).   :    ;        .       .     ,     .          ,  .

    (, , , ),         (,         )[109 -  .      -   //  .   - . . 2. .:  , 2005. C. 276323;  .,  .   : , ,       //  .   - . . 4. .:  , 2007. C. 227250;  . .         //  .   - . . 1. .:  , 2004. . 311327.].             ,  /  .      ( ,    , , ;      ),   ,   (,   ,   . .),   (,      ,    . .),  , ,   , ,   (), ,     , -         ,     (,  ),  ,   (, , ,  , ,   . .)   ,   ,  (  )   -, , ,         (,  ,   ,      , ,     ,     ,  . .).

      [110 - Cosgrove D. E. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books, 1984; Studing Cultural Landscapes / Ed. By I. Robertson and P. Richards. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2003;  . .      . .:   , 2001.];         ,      ,   - .            ;   ,  ,  ,         .          ,     / ,    (       ,      ),          () ,          (     , /  )  - , ,    ,     ,      (     ,  ,     ,   , )[111 - Tuan Yi-Fu. Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience. 9th ed. Minneapolis  London: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.].     -   (, ) [112 -  .   .     // Ex libris .     . 24. 05. 2001. . 3;  .    //  .   - . . 1. .:  , 2004. . 210218;  . .     :    //  . 2004. 3. . 140161;  . .  :   //  . 2007. 1 (35). . 527.],          ,          (      , ,  ,  ,   ,    / ,     , /   . .).             ,         ,  ,     ( ,   )      , ,  , ,    ,   [113 - - / . , . , .  , . . .: - , 1999.].

         ,  ,  ,     ,     () ,     ,  [114 -  .,  .,  .,  .  .  , ,     , ,    . .:     -, 2005.],  ,    .              ,  .




1.2.3.     


         ,    ,     .    ,       ,    1918           II   .    ,        ;  ,   ,          .            . ,            ,       ,    .       ,                   (       ,   ),           ,      .

            ,      Ò.            ,      .   ,           ,    ,  ,    ,   ,    .            .




1.3.  -     


 ,      ,      -.      -    -  (, , ,   . .),     -,             -.  -        ,                   (-)   ()    .  , -, ,   ,       -   .

  ,             ()   , , , ,    .  ,   -  , - ,  ,       ,    -,       -.  ,        , ,  ,     ,  , ,           . ,  , ,       - ,    ,  -    , ,    ,   ,  100 %    (-  -), ,   ,      ( , , ,    ),    -    .               ,       -,      -  -   .




1.4.        


      ,   ,        ,     ,       ,   (  ,   ),  -,   ( ,    ),     . ,     ,         ;  ,  ,  - ,  ;  ,          ; ,   ,        ,   ,     ,            [115 -  ,           ; ., :  . . . . . .    : . .: .  񻠖 , 1995;  :  /. . .   . . . ., .: - , 2000;  . . :    //      . :  . -, 2001. . 101110;  . .   .        . : -  , 2000;  . .     . .: , 2003;   :      / . . . . ; . . . , . . , . . . .:   , 2004.]. ,      ,     .  , , , ,   ,              ,   ,     ,   ,         ,         .  ,                   ,    - ,   -    (    ,  ,       ,   ,   / ),    -    (,    ) ,  ,  ,   ,      ,     [116 - . :  . .      -   //  .   - . . 2. .:  , 2005. . 276323.].  ,              ,            ,    -   , ,  .

         ,        ,    , , ,              [117 - Daniels S. Place and Geographical Imagination // Geography. 1992. No. 4 (337). P. 310322; Studying Cultural Landscapes / Ed. By I. Robertson and P. Richards. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2003;       /  . .   . . .: : -  ,  , 2003;  . .,  . .    //         -.    . : .  , 2005. . 109144;   (.  . ). [. ., . .] (            );  :  .  . [], 2007;  . .    . :   -, 2007;  .   .    //  Ex Libris. 10  2002. . 45;  .  ,   . .: , , 2008  .]. ,     ,      ,    ,     .   ,              -       ,    , ,    .  ,  ,       (    ,  ,      ,           . .),   ,        ,         , ,   ,  ,     , -,   ,    ,      ,       ,        ,         -         .

,         .    (,   ),        ,      .    .     ,      ,    ,      .        ,        . ,       .              .         ,   , ,        .  , ,  ,        . ,   ,    7080%. ,              .

   ,    ,       ,        .      -,    ,   ,   .                   .     (    )     , ,  ,     -    .









1.5. -       :  


-  (  )    (  ) ,   ,           ( ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , - ,  ,  ()    . .).     (, , -)     .   -      ,       ()  .     .           (, , ),      ,     (, ,   . .).                  ,         .        ,    (- , ,  ,  , - ); ,  .     ,  ,  -   PR-  , ,      (,        ;     . .).

-  (  -)      , ,   ,    , , , ,    .  -           (   ) .  - ( ,  ,  )     -  ,  ,    ,    ,  .  -     ,        .    -:        ,       ,  , ?    ,        ,     - (,   ),         ,    ,    ,        , ,  ,  ,    ,    (  ).

  (  )   , , , , ,   .         ,    .        , , ,   , ,     , -  -,   ,  .       -    .           (,   ,  ,  -),    (,  -   ,   -  ).       (, ,   . .),   ()    ()  -     -  (, , , ). ,  ,     /                  ,    ,  ,  ,  ,       . .

  (  )      ()    , ,          , ,  .     ()     (, ,   . .),     .       ,     (     ,      ).       ,             ,  ,  (),    - .     .     ,          () (,         1990- .   . ;          1990-  2000- .).




1.6.            


      , ,         -  ,  ,       .         ,    ,     . ,       ,        ,            ,    ,    ,   ,       .    ,         ,          .             : ,   -,    ,     ,  . .

      , ,   ,     - ,           .          .     ?

        ,    ,        .      ,       .         .

              .        ,   ,          ( ,  ,  ,  ).

           .         ,    .             ,      ,   .

       ,              .  ,      ,     .      , ,   ,         ,      ,      (   )     ,    .          , ,       .               .







      

         .      .     ,       ,      , ,     .   ,        ,  -   ,                 -  .              ,      , ,        ,     .  2014       ,   ,   .                , -  -, ,  ,      .        , , -.      ,         . ,            ,   .            . - ,    20    ,      ,                . ,    ,     ,    ,   ,   ,       .

   ,               ,  -  ,    ,          ,     -     .   ,  ,    ,    ,     ,  .     .

         ,        .   ,      ,    ,    .  ,        .               .   ,  -, , .             .









1.7.         





1.7.1.   


          .       - ,      ,    .     ,  ,    -   ,   (soft),  ,   (hard).

         - ,  .         ,       ,  - .  ,      ,   ,         ; . .  , ,  , , .

     .     , ,         ,    ,   - [118 - .:  . .      //       . . 13. ., 1993. . 8495.].       ,    ,   ,  -     ,     ( ).    ,      - .

      ,       (    - [119 - ., :  . .   (        ) //   .   . :   ,    , 1999. . 254260;  . .   (      ) //  . . 297304.])     ( ,      - ).




1.7.2.  - 


            .           -,    (, , )            ().       ,                  .      .     , ,         ,    ,   - [120 - .:  . .      //       . . 13. ., 1993. . 8495;  .      . .:   , 2001;  . .    :         //  .  . 2002. 4. . 1829.].

                  ,      ,  . , -  .     (  )         ( ),  , ,     .            ,             .

             ,  ,        .         ,     -   .   ,             ,          . ,                ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,     .           ,       , ,   ,      ;        ,   ,      [121 - .: Mapping American Culture / Ed. by W. Franklin and M. Steiner. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992.].

       -      , ,   ,     ,             .            - ,     ,          .      - .      , ,   ,   ,    -  ,  /  ;    ,  ,           .

   -     ,         , , ,  .    ,  ,       .             /   ,   ,       -   ,   - ,   , [122 - .:  . :        //    ? / . . ; .  . .: , 1999. (.  / .  ; . 1). . 7892.] (    XVIII    XIX .  -   ).         (  컠  ,  ),  .

,      ,     - . ,  ,    -       ,           ,   . ,   - , ,        (        ).               . ,       ,     ,             -   , ,   ,     [123 - .:  . . -      :   //    . .:  , 1999. . 8697;  . -     //      . .: , 2000. . 7495.].       .

,    -      /   .  ,       .         ,          .      ,     , ,  .




1.7.3.     -  ()


  :       ,       ,      .          [124 - . :  . .,  . .   . .:   , 1998.].

  :        -     .   ,   ,     ,       .     (  ,        ,        )                .

            ( ,          ).         .       ,       .    ;      .        ,  [125 - .:  .   .     . :  . . .   , 1998.].            (      ,        ).

       ,  -  , ,    (      ).            ,   :      ,   .            ( )    ( ).  ,    ,      ,   - .

        ;     .             .   ,  , ,    ,      ,    .        ,     [126 - . :  . .   //  . . :    . .: ,  , 1993. . 317351.].         ,      ;      .              ,         , ,  ,   ,       ,     [127 -          .:  . .:     ̻, 1999.].         - .

               (  - ).      , ,   . . ,              , ,   ,    , ,     ,  [128 - ., :  .          //    . 1.  1993. . 6585.].         ,   ,            .    .

       .       ,   ,   ,     ,      .       ,  ,    , ,             ,       .          ,     .    ,  ,         ,     .

   ,       .          .    ,       ,   - ,      , , ,  .       .              .      ,   .         ,    ;       ,   .

   ,      ,    ,    - .         ,  ,       ,   .

              -  .   ,        ,      . ,      ,     ,    /     .

       ,     .     ,        .    ,   ,  ,        ,      ,   . , ,    , , .  -       ,   ,   ,  . .




 2

     : ,   





2.1.    :  


                  ,       , , -,  .   ,        ,      ,    .

            ,                 .                . -               - .

      : ,         ,     ,   , . ,          ,  , -   ,     .  , ,     ,          . ,          ,                (-,  , ).

        .       ,        :  ,     ,   .        ,          .      - ,   ,    - . ,     ,   ,     ,  , , , , .  ,       ,      .

        .    ,   ,  ,   .        n- ,         ,      .  -  ,  ,          .

        .




2.2. :     


 .   ?        .      ,         ,       .        ,  ,      ,      -.  軠       ,    ,   .

   ,   ?      , ,    , ,   ,    , ,    .   ,      ,          ,   ,    .        ,          .        ,     .

   ,  ,  ,    ,     .         ,  , , , ,  ,    ,       ,   ,  , ,    , ,       , ,    . .    ,       ,      .

       ,      ,       ,       .  ,   ,    , ,    .

  .           :           ,         ,    ,            . ,        ,     ,  ,          .          ,         .

            ,   .  ,       , , ,  , .        - ,       - .    -       , ,     .

      ,      ,     ?         ,       - ,        , , , , , ,  , - (      ).       -   ,   ,  ,   .

          .     ,   ,       .    ,    ⻠ , ,    .    ,           .         ,        ,          ,      ,   .

  .      ,       .          ,      :     ,         ,   .      ,   ,         /  .

       ?   ,         -   .       ,          ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,     ,    ,      ,      .          ,           .

 ,         ,      .      ,        ,      .       ,          ,       .      ,      ,   , , .                      .

        .




2.3.      


 -      1990-   [129 - .          :  . .     . . 4.    . ., 1997;  .          //     . : - , 1998. . 4257;  . .    //  .  5. . 1992. 6;  . .  . .: , 1995;  .  . : - , 1998;  .    //     . : - , 1998. . 1323;   :     /  . . . . .: - , 1993;  . .      //  .  5. . 1992. 1;  .      (   ) //  . 1994. 3;  . .  :       ! //  :     /      / . . . . . .: - , 1993. . 2833;  .      //     . : - , 1998. . 2335;  . .        //  . . 3542  .].                   ,       .      (. . )               .               -     . , . .       . . --,        ,            ,           [130 -  . .  . : - , 1998. . 34, 216.].          .       ,          ;       . , . .  ,                [131 -  . .      //     . : - , 1998. . 2829.].       [132 - .:  . . . .;  . .     ;  . .      . 31  .]       .    ,       [133 - .:  . . . . . 33.],            ,    - .

    ,        ,     ,                .  .    -          . ,  ,       ,   ,          :     - ,         ,      ;       [134 -  . .  ,    /   . . .-.: . ., 1930. . 198.].   ,   . ,      [135 -  . . 363.] , ,           .

                [136 - .:  . .      //  :     /     . .: - , 1993. . 18.], , ,    ,       .   ,      [137 -  . . 20.],        ,         .  ,       ,   ,           ;      .

   -          ,            -, -  -  .      ,   ,           ,     , ,   .




2.4.   


  ,   ,         .         ,                 ,          [138 - .:  . .      XVIII   XX . ( ) /  . . . . .:  , 1998. . 1214.].      XVIII   XX . ,                  .     XVIII           ,   -  ;        ( )[139 -  . . 42.]. ,   ,    , -,      ,   -           . ,    XIX        ,        [140 -  . . 43.].    -                      .     XIX   ,        ,           [141 -  .].

                - ,     .      :  ,           XIX   XX .         [142 -  . . 54.].    -      -          ,          . ,           ,          (          )[143 -  . . 58.].        ,      ,     ,       -    ,             ,    - [144 -  . . 59.].

            ,         -       ,           .   , ,  ,              ,      ,               [145 - .:  . .    :  . .: , 1998. . 119120.].            ,        [146 -  . . 120121.].          ,  ,    ,              .     , ,   ,     , ,       -         ,        [147 - .:  . . 119122.]         ,      ,    ,      ,     .         ,              ,       ,           -,     [148 - .:  . . 136137. . :  . . -   . .; :  , 1993;  . .  .     . .: -, 1998.].    -  ,    , , ,               .




2.5.   


         .      ,              - .         [149 - .:  .          //    . : 14921992.  1993. 1. . 6585.],      ,        ,  , ,    - . ,             -     - ,  ,    ,      .               :  , . .    ,    ,            [150 -  . . 65.].       ,  -        ,       (, , ,  . .)[151 -  . . 6667.].                , ,        ,  .      ,     , .   ,   ,                     .      XVIXVIII  ,   ,       ,     .

        ,         ,   , ,    .      ,          ,  ,           [152 - .:  . . 75.].     ,  ,    (santos),     ,  ,  .           ,   ,       , ,  ,  ,         .              ,       [153 - .:  . . 79.].




2.6. -   -


                - . ,  ,        ( . )[154 -  . . 82.],    ,    - ,          ,   -  ,    ,    ,   ,       (        ).    -     ,            ,         .

   -                ,     - ,   -.  -       ,  ,          [155 - .:  .   //  . 1996. 1 (16). . 110128;  .   //  . 1997. 56 (2627). . 5566.]. ,  .         -  ,   ,        .           - :     ,        ;    ,      ,     ; , ,      ,       ,     (      )[156 - .:  .   . 5758.]




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notes



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