  :        
 


 ,   ,    China Economic Quarterly.      20 ,        ,            .     ?     ,   ,    ,    ,    ,        .   ,  , ,        ,         .      ,      ,      .      ,      ,         2014 .





 

  :        



 . 

 . 

  . 

- . 

 . 

  . 



 Joe Studwell, 2013

    , , .   , 2017



  .      .                        ,         ,           .             5.  (. 49 ),            6  (. 146  ).


* * *


   







   



15 1942. ,             .    60-        130-    ,      ,    .    ,  ,                  .

 1819.,         - ,  蠖   蠖      ,  ,        ,             .   ,        . .

         ,  , ,  ,      .     ,    ,  .    : ,     .      .        ,  ,    ,     .    :    ,      .

  ,    ,    ,          .   -  19041905.      ,   ,   []  .  ,   ,     ,     .

   , ,        ,           .     ?        ,   ,   ,    ,    ,        .

   ,     ,               200 , ,       ,          ( . . ).   ,     ,        (    70),   ,   .       .  ,           . ,     : ,  , ,   .         ꠖ .       ,     ,     ,       ,    ,  , ,        ,         .      ,     .




 1.    


             ,       .         .

 ,     ,      ,         (1868). ,   51    ,  , ⠖    15    18711873.   ,   , , ,  , ,  .,   12-       ,   ,       .       :    XIX.            ,         .  ,     , ,           ,    .  ,          , , ,     XIX.   :          .  ,              []   . ,    ,         ,      . ,    ,   ,            ,        ,     .     ,       ,     .   -    . ,   ,       ,     infant industries (.:   軠 ,    ,            ),       .  ,      (    1825  1832.)       ,        :         ,    ,    . ,  ,  ( ) - ,     ,     ,   ,   ,        1890-    ,              .        ,    ,              (.:  )  - ,   Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo.            (.:  ),              .

,    ,    19611979.    ,       .         , -         ,         . (      ,   ,  .            ,    .)  ,     ,   1970-     ,       .        ,    ,        1974.,                 (  ,   1970-     : 1) ; 2) ; 3) !).   ,    ,       , ,      .

  19261927.                           1980-.     黠 ,  ,   蠖  ,     ,   : ,  ,    .     (  )         .        ,        (MITI)               ,      .    ,     1979.       蠖        .   ,          -  18941895.,   ,             .          2200       ,      . -,              :    , , ,  .  ---           Mercedes Toyota Hyundai Geely,   Siemens Sony Samsung Xiaomi.




 2.    


              1945.,    c  ,  ,         ,      .      ,         :

a)          .  , ,       ,          . , ,      -  -       ,  ,        -, ,    -  3 ,            200 , 600 .

b) .  , .. sub-scale agriculture      .          (      anchor points, )    ,    . ,           ( ,    )        ,          .  ,      ,  ,                ,  .    ,   ,    -  ,      ,  30- , -.     ,              . ,  ,      6848  ,   ,   ,  ,     ,   13%      (   ,     ),       75% ,    堖 78%.

c)       .  ,   ,            .      ,      ,      . -, ,   ,  name of the game (.:  ).          . ,       ,       ,   .     Deutsche Bank,    ,    ,  40 (!)      ,       .    , ,         ,        .




 3.     


        ,         .  ,  ,   蠖       ,       .   :            1985.               ,         1990-.     , ,     1998.,  ,         ,      hot money (.:  ),       (     2016.).

   ,         2008.,       ,     .  :            ,  $ 800  $ 4 .    (   ,   ,        )     :          .   , ,       :               ,  ,       ,    , -       ( ,     ,    ,       ).      , ,  ,      capital highway  ,         (     overfunding issue    ),          .               ,                 ,       .

        ?     ,  ,        , ,  .   ,             ,      .   .   .



 




 


   ,  ,    1980.         (World Economic Outlook)    ()    1960.      (World Development Indicators)  .       , ,       .      ,      ,        .

,           ()      ().   , ,     ,     .    ,      .      :       ,     () ,     Ϡ    () .

       ,    ,            ,       .   ,       .           ,        .   ,     ,                .        www.howasiaworks.com (http://www.howasiaworks.com/).

     ,        .








   ,        .    ,        ,       .     ,        ,  ,  ,     ,         ,  -   .                (  )  ,     ,           ,     .

 젖          ,           .       ,                     .                      ,          .       堖    , ,   ,      .

   (    )           .   ,          ,       ,        .       ,  ,        .  ,                   ,       .    ,   ,            .

,                         .      ,       ,                ,       .          ,   ,   , , .

       -          , , ,     ,  ,   .  1980-  1990- .              ,          ,     - ,  :           ,    .

   ,              ,   ,      ,                     1987.[1 - World Development Report 1987 (Washington: World Bank, 1987).               ,         ,     .              ,   ,          .            .  ,           XIX.,          ,      ,   ,      . ,           XIX   XX.,    ;  ,     1857.  蠖  24%,               40%.              .        XIX.,      ,             (.  . 38  77 ). World Development Report (1983)        1987.,          ,         .]         ,        1993.     (The East Asian Miracle),           ,       .         ,    ,          ,   .   ,             . (       .)[2 - The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1993).          ,         .   ,   :         ,       .  ,    " " .              :     ,                   ,     ,      .         .]

        ,   ,            ,    ,          ,     ,     [3 -           1989.,  -        ( ).   10   , ,   ,    .   ,      ,     ,     (     ),  ,     ,     .].    ,        ,      .

,   ,    ,             ,   ,    .      . ,            (1982) : [   ]        蠖    ,        - .  ,           ,         ,   ,  ,     .     ,               頖    (The Stages of Economic Growth),        1991.  ,           ,     [4 -    : MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925 75 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), . viii.   [Alice H. Amsden]  : Escape from Empire: The Developing World's Journey through Heaven and Hell (Boston: MIT Press, 2009), . 9.   ,     -     . . .   : The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; third edition, 1991), . xvii.].                     .

    ,      ,   -  ,      .    1980- . ,         19601970- ., ,          . ,   ,       ,           7%  [5 - . Michael Spence, ed. The Growth Report (Washington: World Bank Commission on Growth and Development, 2008).       13 ,      ,    7%     25       .         (,   ),    ()     ,       ().      (   )  .].    1982.     ,       ,          . ,            ,      -    .

  1997.,       (,  , , , ,   )           7%  ,      ,     .           ,      ,     ,       ,      .  ,   , ,          .        ,            .   ,        .    ,       . ,                $ 3000  $ 5000,        .  ,              $ 20 000.             [6 -            2010.   $ 21 000  $ 19 000.          $ 8000.      World Economic Outlook (   )  ,  1962- ( ,     )  ,        ()        $ 100.       .     (  $ 610),           1962.   ($ 300)   ($ 210).].

      ,                 ,  .  ,  ,           ,              .        ,       .    - ,        ,                ,                   .       1980- . ,   -         .        ,     . ,           , ,  ,      [7 - Yoshihara Kunio, The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South-East Asia, (Singapore  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).                 ,     - ,    : Capital Accumulation Thailand (Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, 1989).].




  


,  蠖 ,   ,      ,       ,   1980 1990- .      .        .         ,  ,        1940-  1950- .              ,         ,    .    ,    ,      (  ) ,       .  ,                    .       ,     .

 -            ,          ,    .      .         ,   - .            . ,    -        ,            . ,   60          ,    .       ,   ,              .

        ,      ,            .

     .  ,  ,  ,           ,    ,      ,       ,  ,     .     ,        ,       ,          .            ,        ,    ,          . ,       ,             ,    .   ,                   .

         - ,   ,   -    젖  .        ,   ,              .        ,               .  ,             .    19801990- .              , ,           .

          -   -    .  -     ,       .  Tiger Beer,  Singha Beer  Chang Beer ,             - . ,   ,               .   , ,       -        ,  -        . ,  (  )      ,                  ,           .

     .            頖         .       ,  ,          ,              .  ,       ,   ,      ,       .        .           ,    ,         ,  ,      .

          -        ꠖ    ,        .      ,             ,    .

 ,    - ,    ,     .       ,    ,   蠖  ,      ,         ,         .         , ,    ,    ,        .      ,  ,         ,      ,    .     -      ,   ,         ,         .          ,           .                .           -        ,             .




 


     ,                .      ,         .      ,     ,      .   , , ,   ࠖ  ,           ()[8 -     ,     ,       .].        ,      ࠖ   ,           .           ,     1978.,    1989.   1991.:          ,            .

         ,   ,          蠖   . (     -  ,        .)             蠖 .    ,             , ,        .      ,        .      .       ,                   ,      ,   [9 -              ,   ,   ,      蠖 ,    .         ,          .].           .        ,      ,       ,    [10 -                 , ,   ,      , ,     ,      ..                . ,    ,     ,      .         ,    .  -        .      :   㠖 The East Asian Development Experience: The Miracle, the Crisis and the Future (London: Zed Books, 2007), . 18;   Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), . 4;  䠖 Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), . xv                . , , :  -,        c  .].

     ,        ,        .            ,   1949.        .          .    23,   , ,   ,   ,      ,   頖                       19301940- .    .         .

        , ,          : -         頖    ; -,  , ,   ;    . , ,           ,        .          ,       .

      ,            ,     ,       ,       .            ,              .     ,    ,      ,    ,    .   ,       1978.,     .       1949.    ,                        ,  .       1949.    .         .




  


   ,               ,    , , ,  .              .          ,   ,                .        ,   ,              .   ,        ,   .      .   , ,               .          ,    ,     . ,     1980- .         ,  ,       .       ,   ,     ,   ,  ,       .

     -           .        .            ,        .       ,   ,     ,     .            (     ),      .     ,            (Brave New World)[1 - -    ,   1932.  ,         ,       -. . .],               ,     . ,    -     ,      .

    ,        ,  .   ,               ,      [11 - ., : Angus Maddison, Explaining the Economic Performance of Nations, 18201989 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1993), . 117.].            , ,              ,     ,     ,          .      55%    ,    1960.    45%.       1950.  ,     . ,      ,         , ,   ,      .

    XX        ,    .  ,         -    ,   . ,      ,         .

   , ,             15   堖   .        1960.       95-        .           ,  ,  ,  25 000           [12 -          , 2009.         100,8% (    100% -   ,   ).          $ 6876      (purchasing power parity, PPP).      ,        .].               .

               .     ,           .          -      ,  ,                     - . ,   -, ,      ,    -.   1980- .   -  (    )  55%   ,    10%    .  1980-            70%     [13 -     .: Wade, Governing the Market, . 64 and 190. ,        1983., ,           1960.   .   -     11% ,   -.].     ,      ,            ,    .  - , ,   ,         .

,  -  , ,           -        .   ,   -        ,      .     [2 -   ( )   1868  1912.                . . .]       ⠖       -, -      1930- .[14 - . David Landes, Japan and Europe: Contrasts in Industrialization, : William W. Lockwood, ed., State and Economic Enterprise in Japan: Essays in the Political Economy of Growth (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), . 108.  1900. -      7%        .  1930.  9%     ,    1930-     16%.           .] ,   ,    ,    ,      .            ,            .   ,                  ,    .

             ,               ,     .        - ,                 - . ,  ,  ,  ,   1978.        -          ,   ,  (     )  ,      .   , ,        .      ,        ,          ,        ,    [15 - Masayuki Kondo, Improving Malaysian Industrial Technology Policies and Institutions : K. S. Jomo and Greg Felker, eds., Technology, Competitiveness and the State (London: Routledge, 1999).].  ,           .  ,          .      ,      ,     ,           .

  :            ,      ,             .       ,      ,     .







,                 .     ,       ,       .

       .      ,    ,    .       -   .     XIX    ,            ,             .        1920- .              ,   . ,    ,    ,             .          ,         1949.     .   - ,              ,       ,   .              ,       .         ()  1972. ,      ,    ,      ,       .

   -           ,   ,  ,   ,  .     ,        , , ,   ,   1961.               .    ,      .     1940- .              ,        ,     .     ( )    ,      ,       [16 -        .     ,     ,        .].       ,       ,   .       -             .  ,  ,   ,          ,       .

,      ,    ,        ,  ,   ,          .        ,        .     蠖 ,          ,     ,      ,    20- . ,      -   ,     .       ,           .

            ,   ,    ,      .       ,    ,        ,   ࠖ    .      ,    ,        , , ,       .         1978.,                        .     -             .      .

   ,        ,               1990- . ( ,         XIX        ).              ,      .      ,        ,   ,         .      ,  ,        ,     .     ,       .

,     ,           .    ,   ,  -        ,    ,   -     , ,    ,    .        ,       , ,    , , ,                     ,     ,  ,   ,        ,       .

                 .         ,            ,         . ,          ,    ,         - .     - ,     ,          .                ,      .

  ,     .      ,             .         ,      - .             .  ,   ,   :         .




 1

:  


     ,    .            .

 ,     [17 - W.A. Dolph Owings, ed., The Sarajevo Trial (Chapel Hill, NC, USA: Documentary Publications, 1984), pp. 54.]


       ?  :          ,  ,        .          .   ,      1870- .,       ,        -   .        ,            .

            , ,      ,   ,     .   ,      ,   ,          .     ,      .      ,             (,      ),      .         ,     ,        ,     ,          .  ,       .                       .

   ,                 ,       ,   ,       .           .

           ?            .          .      ,       .

         ,   , ,     .        ,     ,       堖        (     )   .          ,         ,                   .  ,       .

    ,   ,  ,   .   ,           .      ,      .         ,       .   ,  ,  (   )          ࠖ      .

       ,     .   , ,        .        .                     ,           .  ,          (      -     ),       .    ,          .




    


C     (      ),        ,     .    ,         . ,            ,     ,              .

    .     ⠖          ,        .       ,    ,        , ,    .    ,    ,           .          (, ,      )   [18 -            ,            ,      . .: Ronald Dore, Land Reform in Japan (London: Athlone, 1984), p. 5.].         ,          ,    . , ,   蠖            :          20 .          . ,           ,      ,     ;      .    ,     ,      ,    ,  -   .

      ,          ,               . ,         ,          -.             :     .

  :        5 10      ,        $ 1122   .  2009.  ,    Kitchen Gardeners International,        380   ,     160 . :      $ 16,50   .  ,      $ 2200,  $ 135 000   .                      ,  $ 2500    2010.[19 -          ,   8,5  ,    $ 300   .]

         ?   ,           .         ,             1000 . .        ,   $ 135 000     ,     .   ,  ,           170.  ,        (     )    XIX.     ,      .                      .

       -     ,         ,    XIX.,     -   .         . ,   ,           , ,    ,     ,       50%[20 - . Shirley Kuo, Gustav Ranis and John Fei, The Taiwan Success Story (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981), p. 57.].          ,    1950-  1960- .        ,      .      ,     ,    .

 , -  蠖     , ,           ,        ,       ,   , ,    . , ,  : ,    ,   ,     ,     . ,  ,      ,   ,     .  ,       ,   .                50%          [21 -     19532007.,        (Taiwan Council of Agriculture)        (Philippines Sugar Research Institute Foundation).       1950-  1960- .;           .].  1960- .           ,    .       ,   1920- ., ,        ,   .

  ,     ,      ,                   .

,       ,   ,   ,       ,                ,     ,  [22 -   .: Lim Teck Ghee, Peasants and Their Agricultural Economy in Colonial Malaya, 18741941, East Asian Historical Monographs (Kuala Lumpur and New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 9095.   ,      ,           .     .: Bill Freund, The Making of Contemporary Africa (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 111.         ,   ,   ,    ,     ,                  ,        .  : ,   ,          .   Klaus W. Deininger, Land Policies and Land Reform (Washington DC: World Bank Publications, 2004), p. 16,  ,                  .].     ,        ?

           ,  .   ,   ,  ,          ,       ,   , ,     ,    ,   .        ,          ,  .

    ,               -       .     , ,       :   ,     ,           .




  


   1015                    50% ( ,          )  75% ( ).      ,      ,       ,         [23 -      . .    ,            . . Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960).].

             , ,       , , ,     .                   ,      , ,     .         ,       .     Toyota  Nissan,              ,    Honda  50  ,      .                   ,     [24 -  Toyota,   Nissan                 . Huawei,         ,      ,      .].

             . ,     ,                 ,   , .  ,   ,      ,  ,         .  (       ),              ,           ,      .  ,              (   ,      ,     ),        ,    .        ,  ,   ,           .

     1950, 1960  1970-,   ,       ,    ,   ,  [25 - Michael Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1977).].     (       - )      ,       .       ,       [26 -      Land Reform in Developing Countries (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 275 ,                      .].

 ,      ,      .             .         ,   ,         .    200 000             1970-;               [27 -     : K. T. Li, Economic Transformation of Taiwan (London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 1988), chapter 21.].   ,    ,            ,    ,   ,   XVIII.   .

 -         ,       .            ,        .        ,  ,  ,      .       -      ,  -   (       ,      ).       ,      ,   .

     렖 ,       , ,           .

 1950- .               ,     , ,       .     : -       , -    .  -               :     .

 ,           ,     , ,            .     ,        (United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAO),  ,     2,5%                .  ,   ,      1980- .   -    .   ,  : )        ; )     ,   [28 - ,    ,           []    ,   [  ]       ,    .   ,       1960  1992.               2,5%        (  ,  0,7)  - (    )  . .: Klaus Deininger and Lyn Squire, New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Inequality and Growth, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 57, no. 2 (1998), pp. 259 87.].

,      ,            . ,       .    , ,   ,                .            - ,          .




  


              .        VIIVIII.,       ,                 ,        .       [29 -         ,   ,           .        . .: S. A. M. Adshead, T'angChina (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 9091.   ,       ,  750. ..,     ,         ,  ,   ,       , ,     .].     VII.       ,      .     ,   ,       .  ,     XIII.,    ,           ,     .

    -            .              ,   1868.         ,      -      .   ,    (  ),   ,   ,     .      ,      .

           ,          ,         .       109     .        .       ,         ,            .                    .      ,   ,    XIX.    (    ),      ,  ,  ,   [30 -          1873.   1876. .: Kozo Yamamura, The Meiji Land Tax Reform  Its Effects, in Marius B. Jansen and Gilbert Rozman (eds.), Japan and Transition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).].

         ,         .    蠖     堖     ,     .          [31 -     1868.  35 ,         70.         1900. .: Penelope Francks, Johanna Boestel and Choo Hyop Kim, Agriculture and Economic Development in East Asia (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 52.].        ,       (      )     蠖 ,    ,     ,     ,   .

                蠖      .            .  ,               ,   ,          ,  ,   ..

              .                 35%[32 - .: Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor, p. 35.   15 ,                       3570%.    1811.  36%  . .: C. M. Law, The Growth of Urban Populations in England and Wales, 18011911, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 41 (June 1967), p. 128.]. ,   ,             ,     ,            .

  ,        XX.      .          .          ,        (1895)   (1905),        (1902)        .       ,    ,  .     ,     :  蠖    [33 - Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor, p. 24.].




   


    ,           .     ,     ,  ,      ,           .

             ,                   .        .     ,    , , ,        .     ,       .

                     蠖     ,         .  ,     .              ,         ,              .

 ,              1,1  ,          ,     ,    .     ,       ,      ,   .

        1940.  100.  1,7        [34 - Francks et al., Agriculture and Economic Development in East Asia, p. 63.].     -      (0,01)  -     . ,        ,        ,    ,   .  ,            ,       ,          .  1920 30- .        [35 -          ࠖ   1945.,     ,           .   ,  135        ,   1000    1937.                 .   : Wolf Isaac Ladejinsky and Louis J. Walinsky (ed.), Agrarian Reform as Unfinished Business (New York: Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank, 1977), p. 570.].

      20%         ,      .               70%         .     ,      5060%    ,        , ,       ,    .  ,   1920- .       .

        1928.:   ,    ,   .  ,  , ,   ,       ,          [36 - . : Dore, Land Reform in Japan, p. 49.].     䠖        .    ,   1930- .  ,      ,          .




 :    


      ,    ,         .       -        ,      ,    .


, ,       .        ,           .        ,          ,  ,   ,     .

               ,              .          . , ,   ,  ,       .

   ,     40  -            ,      -   ,    . ,             .    ,             .        .              蠖  14%   .      20% ,   堖 25%[37 - .: Francks et al., Agriculture and Economic Development in East Asia, p. 20.].

   - ,  299   ,    , ,  ,    .           ,       1884.

      ,     :       .          ,        .          1880- .,          ,      .          .    ,     .    ,  , ,         ,   ,    ,  ,    [38 -    .: Dore, Land Reform in Japan, chapter 3.].

                 .   ,  ,   ,   ,      ,        .       ,     --        .             ,       頖   30   .

 ,   ,       ,   .           .            :            .               ,       ,     .             ,     .

    ,       50 ,       ,     :      ,    堖           .

,                .         ,          . ,        .   ,      .              .  ,    XIX  XX.,  1920- .  1370    1000 .    2800 .        -,      .       ,        ,   60 [39 -      (Northern Culture Museum)  .].

          ,   ,       .    ,   (  ),     ,     ,  ,       ,  䠖         .  ,    ,  -?      :             ,      ,           .

     80 - ,   .     - ,          ,  -          .     ,        .  ,   1885.        ,       ; ,   ,          .    ,     ,   .




   


         1946.,           .               .    XX.       ,       ,           ,   .

 1920- .,  85%      ,     2025 .        ,           70%  .    ,      ,                     ,     .  ,      ,       ,  10         .   22-            .  ,     ,    ,     ,     -   [40 -       : Louis G. Put- terman, Continuity and Change in China's Rural Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 9.     : Carl Riskin, China's Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)  William Hinton, Fanshen (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966), chapter 2.          ,    1994.].

. . ,   ,       1920- .       :   ,        ,      ,     ,   .     ,    1931.           ,     ,  400 000        [41 - R. H. Tawney, Land and Labour and China (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1932; reprinted Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1966), p. 66.].

 ,  -,    1940- .,       ,         ,      .    ,            ,    .      (  ),     , ,         ,      .      ⠖  ,  ,   .            .  ,          ;      ,        [42 - Hinton, Fanshen, chapter 1.].

    Fanshen,    .    ()          ,        .   1920- .            .                 .    1937.     ,      ,              .              ,        .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/dzho-stadvell/aziatskaya-model-upravleniya-udachi-i-provaly-samogo-dinamichnogo-regiona-v-mire/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes









1


-    ,   1932.  ,         ,       -. . .




2


  ( )   1868  1912.                . . .










1


World Development Report 1987 (Washington: World Bank, 1987).               ,         ,     .              ,   ,          .            .  ,           XIX.,          ,      ,   ,      . ,           XIX   XX.,    ;  ,     1857.  蠖  24%,               40%.              .        XIX.,      ,             (.  . 38  77 ).

 World Development Report (1983)        1987.,          ,         .




2


The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1993).          ,         .   ,   :         ,       .  ,    " " .              :     ,                   ,     ,      .         .




3


          1989.,  -        ( ).   10   , ,   ,    .   ,      ,     ,     (     ),  ,     ,     .




4


   : MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925 75 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), . viii.   [Alice H. Amsden]  : Escape from Empire: The Developing World's Journey through Heaven and Hell (Boston: MIT Press, 2009), . 9.   ,     -     . . .   : The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; third edition, 1991), . xvii.




5


. Michael Spence, ed. The Growth Report (Washington: World Bank Commission on Growth and Development, 2008).       13 ,      ,    7%     25       .         (,   ),    ()     ,       ().      (   )  .




6


           2010.   $ 21 000  $ 19 000.          $ 8000.      World Economic Outlook (   )  ,  1962- ( ,     )  ,        ()        $ 100.       .     (  $ 610),           1962.   ($ 300)   ($ 210).




7


Yoshihara Kunio, The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South-East Asia, (Singapore  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).                 ,     - ,    : Capital Accumulation Thailand (Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, 1989).




8


    ,     ,       .




9


             ,   ,   ,      蠖 ,    .         ,          .




10


                , ,   ,      , ,     ,      ..                . ,    ,     ,      .         ,    .  -        .      :   㠖 The East Asian Development Experience: The Miracle, the Crisis and the Future (London: Zed Books, 2007), . 18;   Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), . 4;  䠖 Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), . xv                . , , :  -,        c  .




11


., : Angus Maddison, Explaining the Economic Performance of Nations, 18201989 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1993), . 117.




12


         , 2009.         100,8% (    100% -   ,   ).          $ 6876      (purchasing power parity, PPP).      ,        .




13


    .: Wade, Governing the Market, . 64 and 190. ,        1983., ,           1960.   .   -     11% ,   -.




14


. David Landes, Japan and Europe: Contrasts in Industrialization, : William W. Lockwood, ed., State and Economic Enterprise in Japan: Essays in the Political Economy of Growth (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), . 108.  1900. -      7%        .  1930.  9%     ,    1930-     16%.           .




15


Masayuki Kondo, Improving Malaysian Industrial Technology Policies and Institutions : K. S. Jomo and Greg Felker, eds., Technology, Competitiveness and the State (London: Routledge, 1999).




16


       .     ,     ,        .




17


W.A. Dolph Owings, ed., The Sarajevo Trial (Chapel Hill, NC, USA: Documentary Publications, 1984), pp. 54.




18


           ,            ,      . .: Ronald Dore, Land Reform in Japan (London: Athlone, 1984), p. 5.




19


         ,   8,5  ,    $ 300   .




20


. Shirley Kuo, Gustav Ranis and John Fei, The Taiwan Success Story (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981), p. 57.




21


    19532007.,        (Taiwan Council of Agriculture)        (Philippines Sugar Research Institute Foundation).       1950-  1960- .;           .




22


  .: Lim Teck Ghee, Peasants and Their Agricultural Economy in Colonial Malaya, 18741941, East Asian Historical Monographs (Kuala Lumpur and New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 9095.   ,      ,           .     .: Bill Freund, The Making of Contemporary Africa (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 111.         ,   ,   ,    ,     ,                  ,        .  : ,   ,          .   Klaus W. Deininger, Land Policies and Land Reform (Washington DC: World Bank Publications, 2004), p. 16,  ,                  .




23


     . .    ,            . . Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960).




24


 Toyota,   Nissan                 . Huawei,         ,      ,      .




25


Michael Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1977).




26


     Land Reform in Developing Countries (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 275 ,                      .




27


    : K. T. Li, Economic Transformation of Taiwan (London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 1988), chapter 21.




28


,    ,           []    ,   [  ]       ,    .   ,       1960  1992.               2,5%        (  ,  0,7)  - (    )  . .: Klaus Deininger and Lyn Squire, New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Inequality and Growth, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 57, no. 2 (1998), pp. 259 87.




29


        ,   ,           .        . .: S. A. M. Adshead, T'angChina (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 9091.   ,       ,  750. ..,     ,         ,  ,   ,       , ,     .




30


         1873.   1876. .: Kozo Yamamura, The Meiji Land Tax Reform  Its Effects, in Marius B. Jansen and Gilbert Rozman (eds.), Japan and Transition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).




31


    1868.  35 ,         70.         1900. .: Penelope Francks, Johanna Boestel and Choo Hyop Kim, Agriculture and Economic Development in East Asia (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 52.




32


.: Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor, p. 35.   15 ,                       3570%.    1811.  36%  . .: C. M. Law, The Growth of Urban Populations in England and Wales, 18011911, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 41 (June 1967), p. 128.




33


Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor, p. 24.




34


Francks et al., Agriculture and Economic Development in East Asia, p. 63.




35


         ࠖ   1945.,     ,           .   ,  135        ,   1000    1937.                 .   : Wolf Isaac Ladejinsky and Louis J. Walinsky (ed.), Agrarian Reform as Unfinished Business (New York: Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank, 1977), p. 570.




36


. : Dore, Land Reform in Japan, p. 49.




37


.: Francks et al., Agriculture and Economic Development in East Asia, p. 20.




38


   .: Dore, Land Reform in Japan, chapter 3.




39


     (Northern Culture Museum)  .




40


      : Louis G. Put- terman, Continuity and Change in China's Rural Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 9.     : Carl Riskin, China's Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)  William Hinton, Fanshen (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966), chapter 2.          ,    1994.




41


R. H. Tawney, Land and Labour and China (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1932; reprinted Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1966), p. 66.




42


Hinton, Fanshen, chapter 1.


