   .     
 


         ,       ,   , ,        ,        .  ,      ,      ,       ,        ,     .     ,     ,    ,         ,       ,      ,      ,     .       .

      New York Times,     10   New York Times,        New York Times Book Review, BBC History Magazine, Mother Jones, Kirkus Reviews,   National Jewish Book Award (History).

  a4.pdf   .





 

   

    



Ronen Bergman

RISE AND KILL FIRST

The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations



 Ronen Bergman, 2018

 ..,    , 2020

    , .    -, 2020




* * *




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             [1 -        (       )       ,       ,      ,  ,        .       ,         ,    -    .       .  ,         , ,  .      ,   Y.  :          ,      ,          .   ,      ,     ( -  Y., 15  2015).].              ,     ,   50 ,    .                        [2 -    HCOJ 4801/07, Dr. Ronen Bergman and Yedioth Ahronoth v. the Prime Ministers Office, the Defense Ministry Director General, the Mossad and Director of the Mossad, the Shin Bet and Director of the Shin Bet, and the Atomic Energy Commission (    Yedioth Ahronoth   -,    ,  ,   ,      ).].    :        50  70   ,    .

      [3 -             ,  ,         (The Pit) (     ). Uri Misgav. Ex-CoS Gabi Ashkenazi Pressed the Shin Bet to Open an Investigation Against a Journalist; Haaretz, November 29, 2013. Richard Silverstein. IDF Chief Threatened Journalist with Espionage for Exposing Rampant Military Corruption; Tikun Olam. December 20, 2013, https://www.richardsilverstein.com/2013/12/20/idf-chief-threatened-journalist-with-espionage-for-exposing-rampant-military-corruption/ (https://www.richardsilverstein.com/2013/12/20/idf-chief-threatened-journalist-with-espionage-for-exposing-rampant-military-corruption/)].   2010 ,      ,    ໠ 軠   ,      .       ,     ,       . ,  2011 ,       () -               , ,      ,           ,    .                   .

                    ,       .        ,               . ,        ,       .

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     ,      ,        1970- ,    .        ,       ,     ,        .

      ,    ,      .     .            ,      .  ,       .           ,   .

-,         8  2011 ,       -.                   .

     [5 -    , 29  2013.].    ,     ,    ,        .                .   .            ,    [6 -                  ,    ,             .         ,     ,       . Ronen Bergman. Dismissal at Mossads High // Yedioth Ahronoth, 10 July 2007.].

    ,       .         Cinema City,    - ,      ,      .    ,       ,   .            .      ,   , ,  ,      .   ,  ,       -   .    -,      ,      .     ,            :      .

 .     - -            . (  ,   -,             .)     ,    -   ,    ,         ,        .

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    ,      ,    .   ,    ,    .    ,            - .  ,  ,            .      ,    ,            .

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                    ,         .        .  ,   ,            -  -,      .   15  ,      ,       .          ,      .      -       [7 -       - ,      .],    .      17  .

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     .     ,    :       ,      ,      ,    .             .

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                     .           (   ,       ),         ,     .

         2010-        [8 -   Eldy,  2014,  Nietzsche,  2007.].     27               [9 -     , , ,    ,        .         .].   :  ,   ,    - .       ,    .      -         ,       ;     ,      ;   ,                    .  ,       ,             ,              .   ,              .                  .

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       ,      ,      ,                     (,             ,      ).        ,      .     25000 .  ,       .       .

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1

   


29 1944        .,      .         ,  .  ,           .

   ,   ,     (CID)  ,       [14 -    , 26  2011   ,  1997.].      ,   ,         . ,   ,        13        .  ,    ,    ,    ,  ,   ,     , [15 - Harouvi. Palestine Investigated. P. 230 ().].

      .

      (   )    ,      ,       1940- .   (     (.)     )         ,     , -  .                  ,        (  - )  [16 -    ,  1997.].

 ,   [17 - Harouvi. Palestine Investigated. P. 191 (); Banai. Anonymous Soldiers. P. 243 ().   ,        ,       . .: Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head: Murders and Executions During the Era of the Yishuv. P. 286 ().].          . 20  1942             , 8  -.        ,     ,      .     ,               ,   .

      ,              [18 - Harouvi. Palestine Investigated. P. 235.].   ,      ,    ,        .

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,        ,      .          .        ,     ,    .

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      .

 :    ,  .     ,     .   .        14 .      ,  ,    .      ,  .      .

           ,       .

,    ,  ,       ,    ,  .  ,    ,    .  :       ,       [21 -   , 26  2011.].

 ,            ,         .

        ,  29  1907              [22 -          .       29 ,      28 .     ,          1907 ,       30 .].        ,       ,       .    -,   ,        .          ,       , -   ,     ,    .

      1896 ,           (The Jewish State).              ,    ,        .

    ,        ,            .    ,     ,     .            ,     ,      ,      .

    ,    ,       .  ,        ,           ,          .       .

, -    ,        ,   [23 -       .     ,     .    ,   ,    ,  ,       .].    ,      ,           ,   ,   .    ,      ,     ,  .

        ,     .               ,          ,     . ,                  .

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-         .           ,   ,      ,   ,      [25 -          1870- . .: Vital. A People Apart: A Political History of the Jews in Europe 17891939. P. 400415.].

   1905   ,        ,    -, -        ,    .

    ,               [26 -      ,      .                  .       , ,  ,     .        ,     ,      . .: Lazar. Six Singular Individuals. P. 5253 ().].     .      ,        .        ,       -.           .  ,         ,    ,   .       .

     -໠    ,         .             .     :      .      .

  . -       .        .

 -      .     1905  1914               35000 .           .

        ,      ,  1909  -        - (  ).  1912  -   14 .         ,   ,   ,           . -          .

 ,  -     ,    ,   [27 - Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 40 ().].    ,   .        -       -,      .     -  1916 .

, -           [28 - Ibid. P. 3339 ().].      -   ,   ,        .  - ,          .   -      ,       ,   ,      ,    ,     .

 1920  -  ,     (  ).       ,  ,         ,       . ,         ,   ,       ,    ,   -     .

-        1886 .       .    ,    ,     .  1906          ,   ,     .      -,       .        ,  -[29 -  ,   ,    -,     ,      . .: Dalia Karpel. The Untold Story About the Wrong Arab, Who Got Assassinated by Manya Shochat // Haaretz, June 5, 2009; Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 41 (); Lazar. Six Singular Individuals. P. 7893.]. 1 1921            . ,          ,     ,   . 17  1923        -.         ,   .      ,    ,   ,           ,    .

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30  1924      ,       ,             [30 - Nakdimon. De-Han: The First Political Murder. P. 171182 ().    , 18  2015.   , 29  2017.],       ,          .

 -       [31 - Israel Galili Testimony, Yad Tabenkin Archive (YTA), 5/7/1215.].  ,                       .             -    ,    . -       .  ,    ,  -     ,      .    ,  -       .        -      ,    , ,       ,       .

     -.  ,    ,      -    .          1931     ,     (   , -    IZL  Irgun).  1940-        ,   1977   - .     ,  ,  .  ,         ,      .          .

                ,   ,      [32 -     ,        . -,      ,   26    29  .  -   - ,     ,     . .: Gelber. A Budding Fleur-de-Lis: Israeli Intelligence Services During the War of Independence, 19481949. P. 553 ().        .]. -    ,       [33 - Ronen Bergman. The Scorpion File Yedioth Ahronoth, 30 , 2007.],       ,     .

    ,  ,    -.

      38000          .      ,           .

 ,     ,          .     1944            .             ,           -    .

      ,         .      1922 .     ,      -       ,   () .       1933 ,              -.

     ,       ,      .  , , ,  .      ,     ,        ,   .     [34 -    , 7  2010.].

  ,                ,  .          .      ,    ,    ,       ,   [35 - ,   ,  ,     ,         .       ,    1945         .].      1945 ,  -   .

        -,  .  : ,  ,  -          132135   ..  :        ,     .

      -,           .      -,    ?      ,     .       ,    .          ,  ,     .        (,       ),    ,  ,   ,   ,      .           Muselmann,       ,       ,    .      ,  ,          ,     .   ,     ,  ,     .       ?   ,         .        ,   ,     -.

 ,   ,     ,    ,               .      .

 ,        ,      ,   [36 -    , 6  2010.],    ,   ,         17-.

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   [41 -     , HHA, 12.36. . : Gelber. Jewish Palestinian Volunteering in the British Army. P. 307308 ().].   1945         ,   .                ,       . -     :   [42 -    The Avengers (),   .    1-     2015 .         .].

[43 -  (.)   (  ),       .]     ,   ,    ,  ,    ,        .        ,     . ,  , , [44 -     , HHA, 51.4.].

         .      .      ,      ,      ,        .   ,    ,    .      . ,     ,        .                .

         ,    :        .         .     ,  .      .       ,       ,    - .             ,      [45 -   , 7  2010.       ( ,   ).].    ,      ,      ,     ,  ,    .

      [46 -      ,   ,  ,           ,       ,  TTG  .                  (       ,  ).  TTG,        ,  ,       ,       tilhaz tizi gesheftn,           . .: Eldar. Soldiers of the Shadows. P. 12, 17 ().].            ,    ,    .       .      ,  ,       ,      ,       ,  .      ,      ,      ,  .



 -    , ,         ,         .         ,       .

       ,          (   )         ,   .             .

            .    ,    ,    (   ),      .        .      -,       ,    -.  .     ,   :          .    ,         .    ( ,      )  ,     .   :      , .   ,     .

   .      : Was ist los? ( ?)  ,   ,    .          ,    .

           [47 -   , HAA, 150.004.].     .       ,  ,   .     !     ,   -         !


      [48 - Bar-Zohar. Avengers. P. 37 ().],    ,          .  ,  , ,         [49 -    , 16  2011. .: Naor. Laskov. P. 141143 ().      :  1945      ,      ,  ,        .      ,    ,   ,  ,  .]    .   ,          ;        .

   [50 - Gelber. Growing a Fleur-de-Lis. P. 45760 ().],  ,         , ,   .      ,         ,   .           .        ,               ,      .        .

          ,       .   ,   ,    ,      .

   (Tempelgesellshaft)           -      .               .          ,    -,    .

     [51 - Mann. Sarona: Years of Struggle, 19391948. P. 111113 ().],  ,        .     ,      , ,   1944     ,  ,        .     ,           .   ,   ,     ,     , ,         [52 - David Giladi. With the Son of Wagner from Sarona, and with the Guest from the Monastery in Budapest // Yedioth Ahronoth, 29 March 1946; The Palestinians Were Supervising the Extermination // Yedioth Ahronoth, 31 March1946.].           .

 ,     ,     ,     17 .      ,   ,     ,            ,         [53 -    , 24  2013.],  .

   ,   17    [54 - German Shot Dead // Palestine Post, 24 March 1946; Mann. Sarona. P. 111138 ().],           .   ,  , ,       [55 - Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 96 ().],      ,     .   ,  ,         [56 - Mann. Sarona. P. 124 ().].

22  1946 ,     ,       -,  [57 - Sauer. The Story of the Temple Society. P. 260.    24  2013.].            , 123  .      ( )    :    ,     ,      .   ,          .

              ,     .

   ,  .    ,  ,      [58 -  ,             ,      ,        ,     . .: Mann. The Kirya in Tel-Aviv: 19481955. P. 2930 ().].    -,      ,  ,        -  .  ,  ,          .

       ,   ,     . ,      ,   :        ;       ;           . ,      ,   ,     ,   ,           ,     .

    -        ,         ,        ,          . ,          ,       ,       .

      ,   [59 - ,  ,            - 10  1947 ,          ,       .     ,    ,     . .: Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 91 ().].      ,       [60 - Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 97 ().].           ,           .       ,      ,              .

- ,                         .         .             (  ),        .

      ,        ,     .

 ,      [61 - Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 25 (); Banai. Anonymous Soldiers. P. 243; Frank. Deed. P. 2021 ().],              .                   ,        ,        .       [62 - Ben-Tor. Lehi Lexicon. P. 198200; Yalin-Mor. Lohamey Herut Israel. P. 210221 ().],     ,   ,     .      ,         ,        ,  .

   [63 -   ,  1997. .: Michael J. Cohen. The Moyne Assassination, November 1944: A Political Assessment // Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 15, 3 (1979). P. 358373.].         ,     -.      .        (       ),   -   .        ,     ,   .    .   !         .     -.          ,      .     .   -    ,      .

        ,   ,    .       ,   ,       ,  -    .

   ,         ,       .   ,      1944               .        ,   .    ,                       ,     .  ,   ,        [64 - Porath. In Search of Arab Unity, 19301945. P. 134148 (); Wasserstein. The Assassination of Lord Moyne. P. 7283.]  ,     .

   . 22  1946         350      King David Hotel  ,           .        ,     .     . 91     45 .

             .     ,       ,  .        .

   King David     . -        .

    .

       , 31 ,  ,  ,     -     ,     [65 - Arnaldo Cortesi. Rome Hunts Clues in Embassy Blast // The New York Times, November 1, 1946.].    ,  - ,     ,        .

               [66 - Stern Group, s.111z: Alex Kellar to Trafford Smith, Colonial Office (ugust 16, 1946). James Robertson to Leonard Burt, Special Branch (August 26, 1946), NA KV5/30.].   ,            ,           .  MI5,   , ,             ,   ,   .      MI5,        ,       .           VIP-[67 - Appreciations of the Security Problems Arising from Jewish Terrorism, Jewish Illegal Immigration, and Arab Activities, August 28, 1946, UK NA KV3/41.     15  2011; Activities of the Stern Group, James Robertson to Trafford Smith, Colonial Office, February 5, 1946, UK NA FO 371/52584; Walton. Empire of Secrets. P. 7880.].          -  .   1947         :          176 .

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    .        ,   ,     .       ,      .       .          ,             .

 ,         ,   ,             .




2

  


29 1947        ,         .         ,            .  ,       ,        -,      [69 - Davar, December 1, 1947.    16  2011.].    ,  .        [70 - Gelber. Independence Versus Nakbah. P. 119 ().].              .     ,    .   :       48   155 .

,    500 [71 -  500     : The Good Spy. P. 87.]      ,     ,    .   Al-Musawar    12  1948                  ,   ̻.

-     .   ,     ,  ,               1948 ,   .          ,    .        ,        ,     .              ,    (    ),         . -           ,      .  -,    ,      .

        ,       ,          .                  [72 - Danin. Tzioni in Every Condition. P. 222225 ().],         23   .

     ,    :       ;     ;       .

      .       1936      -,        .              .

-       ,       .  1942        ,   ,    .    ,                    -[73 - ,       ,   .    ,         ,             ,    (UK NA KV2/455).],                .   ,                      6  1944 .

       -  .    1945  1948     ,         ,      -    [74 -         Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 94 (). . : Gelber. Growing a Fleur-de-Lis. P. 653.].         ,       :  -  ,  -           ,      . -          .

  ,                ,   [75 - Pedahzur. The Israeli Secret Services. P. 18; Harel. Security and Democracy. P. 94 ().].        (SHAI),    ,      ,      .      ,       ,         .    ,   ,    ,       .        ,   -,         ,      .           ,                  .     .       ,      .     ,        ,      .

 ,       .     [76 -      31  1948      -,      -  -.     .    -            1974 . Gelber. Israeli-Jordanian Dialogue, 19481953: Cooperation, Conspiracy, or Collusion? P. 119 ().],         1948 ,        ,    .            -           .

    ,      ,      ,       .       ( ),       仠  ,      .

      ,    ,     .              ,    ,       .

               .     [77 -    , 18  2012.],   ,     .

,      ,     -     ,          .          .   ,     ,    ,   .      ,      .      .  ,     ,       ,  .

   [78 - Dror. The Arabist of Palmach. P. 5658 ().],    ,     ,    ,       ,   ,      .      (       )      ,  ,        .     컠   ,    ,      ,         , , .

          -[79 -     , HHA, 199.6.],    ,       -  ,     .       ,      ,  .   1948      -[80 - HHA, 100.100.61. .: Eldar. Flotilla 13: The Story of Israels Naval Commando. P. 107108 (); Yahav. His Blood Be on His Own Head. P. 95 ().],       ,  . -   ,         .

           ,                .                .            ,  ,    .          .    ?    !  !    - ,   .

 ,      ,  ,    .      ,      ,        ,    ,   [81 -       .        .           .             .  ,     ,    . HHA, 187.80.].

14  1948  -           -   .  ,   .

     -           . ,         ,  ,     ,     ,  -  ,            15           [82 - Political Department of the Agency to Zaslani, May 12, 1948, Central Zionist Archive, S 25/9390.].       .

  .    ,     ,    [83 -        : , , , ,    .           .        ,    .].       ,    [84 -      ,     ,   ,  ,         -  (      ),   ,                          ,      . .: Morris. Righteous Victims. P. 209 ().]     ,        .          :        ,    ,    ,    [85 -   ,          1947 ,          ,      . .: Morris. Righteous Victims. P. 208; Tom Segev. The Makings of History: The Blind Misleading the Blind // Haaretz, October 21, 2011.].

     廠        .               .   ,       .    ,   :       ,    ,         ,                  ,        .

       [86 - Morris. Israels Border Wars, 19491956. P. 3 ().], -        .     ,      ,    ,  ,           .          [87 - Golani. Hetz Shachor. P. 13 ().].

- ,            .                ,    .

7  -             ,       -.         ,       ,     - .     ,         .

-    [88 -             ,  -  ,         (UNSCOP),    1947 ,      . .: Ronen Bergman. A State Is Born in Palestine // The New York Times, 7 October, 2011.    -, 12  2003. C.: Elad Ben Dror. The Success of the Zionist Strategy Vis-?-vis UNSCOP, Ph.D., Bar-Ilan University.].          ,       ,       .

   -       [89 - Organization of Intelligence Services, 15 February 1959, Ministry of Defense and IDF Archives, 870.22. Ben-Gurion Diary, vol. B. 494, 590. . : Shiloh. One Mans Mossad. P. 120121 ().].         ,            .     (       ),                 MI5. (        ,    -     ,    ,  .)       ,         ,     ()          .  -    -,     ,      ,    - -     ,   [90 - Sauer. The Holy Land Called: The Story of the Temple Society. P. 208.].

        [91 -    ,  1999. .: Siman Tov. The Beginning of the Intelligence Community in Israel // Iyunim, vol. 23.].          ,        .     ,       -,      .    ,   ,     .        .           ,      ,     .

           ,  ,   ,         .        .           ,        .

 ,     -[92 -         ,         .         Altalena     -,              .],   :  ,          ,    -.         1948    .    ,    ,        .        ,        . -,      ,    .       , 16        .             ,      .

    ,    ,       -.   ,   ,     -    ,      .        ,                ,       ,        .           ,          (),          300000  .

       ,    :        ۻ[93 - Sheleg. Deserts Wind: The Story of Yehoshua Cohen. P. 8895 ().].      :    ,    (      ).           , :     .

,     ,     . 17 ,                   ,        DeSoto        ,     .          [94 - United Nations Department of Public Information, Press Release PAL/298, 18  1948, General Lundstrom Gives Eyewitness Account of Bernadottes Death.].       ,  ,  ,   ,    ,      40 ().            ,  ,  ,    .   .      [95 - Regev. Prince of Jerusalem. P. 1317 ().]       , ,  ,   50          ,       .   [96 -    1950-  -      ,     -  ,        .     .       -      .         -,                -. .: Bar-Zohar. Ben-Gurion. P. 316317 (); Regev. Prince of Jerusalem. P. 100.].

         .       , ,   ,      [97 - The U. N. Must Act // The New York Times, 19 September 1948.].   The New York Times    :              .

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-        [100 -              .      (   ),    .            .           . .: Harel. Security and Democracy. P. 78.   , 6  2001.]         .

 ,     ,   -              ,    ,   .                -[101 -   ,       ,          ,            ,   -.         -,    ,     - .         ,    -.      Rimon       Haolam Hazeh,   -.   , 6  2001;  , 19  2013;  , 8  2011. .: Ronen Bergman. The Shin Bet Secrets // Yedioth Ahronoth, March 23, 2007.],         ,     .

   -            ,       .         , ,               .                   -,     ,   ,      ,    .      -    ,   1948         ,    ,    .         ,    ,  ,  ,     ,       ,        ,    .  ,            .

       [102 - Israel State Archive 3771/70. .: Sutton and Shushan. People of Secret and Hide. P. 144146 (); Erlich. The Lebanon Tangle 19181958. P. 262265 ().    ,  1996;  , 9  1999;  , 9  2012.],  12  1948  -      -.

     ,    () -,      ,       .                 ,   ,    [103 -    -, 13  2010.].

 ,        ,    -.          ,     ,         -.   1949  -    -       .             .         .

       ,         [104 -     ,        .     -     ,    ,       .         : LAKAM (       )   ,   -   ;     ,     ;    - , ,  ,                -; Nativ,       .]:    ,      ;  ,    ,   ;  ,      .

      ,            ,    .        :  -,     ,  .       [105 -           .  ,       ,   ,          .        ,       .        .].    ,       ,                   .

                -      , -       -  ?     ,      ,    .     -.

-      [106 -  32   :  (         ,    )   ,      ,    ,    .       -                    .         1980-                  ,       ,   ,     ,   .       2002 .              ,         :    ,           ,   ,  ,   ,  ,    ,   .    ,       ,     ,             ,         .   2017               ,       .   , 26  2013; Iftach,  2017; Advantage,  2017; Sasha,  2015; Serenity,  2017.].       -,        ,        .        .         . -    ,     ,         .               1960- .     , -         .    ,        ,  , ,  ,     .

 ,           ,  -             .  ,    (  ,    )      -,    -          .

             ,                :            ; ,        ; ;          .

       .      [107 -           (     ,    ).        ,        ,       .],  -   ,        .

       ,  ,   ,     ,     .        ,                .    ,                 .           .  -     ,    ,    .     ,       ,   .     -                ,  ,             .      ,         .         ,      ,     .

  1952         -   . ,         ,         , ,     .         ,  ,   ,    ,        .             ,      ,     23 .

  ,    ,  ,          ,    .             ,         .

     -[108 -    -,  1997,   ,  1997. .: Ronen Bergman. Under the Layers of Paint // Haaretz, 29 August 1997.],             .  1933 ,           ,     ,    .  1947 ,   27 , -,        ,   ,   .                   ,     ,         .    ,              .       ,      ,         -      .       1952 ,                 .

          -    .             .        -,    ,      70  ..         6  24   , ,   ,     :     .       ( 11,  14):     ,     . ,    -,   :   ,    ,      ,              .

          .      ,        (,   )   ;     ;         ;           ;         ,      ;     ,        ,       ,      .  ,           ,      .

           ,    21   ,      .         ,               .

        13 (13     )[109 -     ,     13.        () 13.     ( 13),        .  13     . ,       13  1949.].  ,     ,  1951      ,     ,     .         ,    ,        .    ,  ,   ,         ,       .        ,     .   (     ),  ,   [110 -   , 5  2015,   , 12  2007.].

,                 .    ,       ,   .    ,               ,      ,    .         ,     ,       ()         ,    ;         [111 -  131, Mordechai Ben Tzur to head of AMAN, Events in Egypt, July  September 1954, 5 October, 1954, MODA 4.768.2005.].      .

    ,       [112 - Avraham Dar to AMAN director, Report on Conversation with Defense Minister 29.12.54, January 10, 1954; Dar to AMAN Director and commander of Unit 131, The Reasons for Leaving Unit 131, September 30, 1955; Dar to Mossad Director Meir Amit, August 29, 1967; Dar to Prime Minister Eshkol, Prisoners in Egypt, September 27, 1967 ( ,   ).].       ,   ,    .          .

               ,           .

 ,     ,   ,           .              .     ,               ,         .

          ,                ,        . ,                ,            .

          ,   ,    ,        ,             . ,     Delta Force  SEAL Team Six       ,        .             .

   ,       .          ,      ,              .  , ,            ,     .

 ,      ,     ,    ,  ,       .

     .   1954    -       ,   ,                 .  ,    ,    -  ,                   .

            ,      .   ,       ,       ,  -         .         ,       .          ,       .

 ,   ,          .      :     ┻[113 -   , 19  2011.].       .    :            [114 -   ,  1999.].  ,            .

  .            ,       .  ,           2000      .       ,     .  ,    ,      ,  -     ,          .    ⻠               .

    [115 -   , 6  2001,  , 1  2013,  Victor,  2013.].         ,         .      ,        .      ,     ,      - ,         .        , ,     ,       ,    .   ,             .

        ,  ,    ,     -   [116 -  ,    , , ,         .      50     .   2006          ,   ,      .        ,                ,    ,      .         ,   -  .       , 2  2006,  , 19  2006. Tel Aviv District Court (in camera), Tsipper v. Ministry of Defense, December 11, 2013. . : Ronen Bergman. Throw Away // Yedioth Ahronoth, May 26, 2006.]. ,  ,  ,   ,   , ,              .         ,     .

    ,              .     ,   ,           .        ,  :     ,   -   .

-            .      ,     .    ,           ,      .

    :        -        .

 ,         ,      ,        -    [117 -   Patriot,  2011, , 6  2001, , 26  2011  ,  1997. . : Shamir. As a Solid Rock. P. 122124 (); ShlomoNakdimon. Yitzhak Shamir: Top Secret // Yedioth Ahronoth, April 25, 2000.].      (  )    .




3

      


       1949    .      .   1950-          ,     :    ,   ,       ,   .     ,   1952    16000   (11000   ,     ).      ,                      [118 - Morris. Israels Border Wars, 19491956. P. 35, 2868 ().].        ,      .       .

       ,   ,         ,    .         ,       ,             .

           [119 - Argaman. It Was Top Secret. P. 18 ().].    1953   (         - )      ,      .       ,       ,             ,  .   ,  ,   ,  ;             .     1951  1955       [120 - Gilbert. The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. P. 58; The Jewish Agency for Israel website, Fe-dayeen Raids 19511956, https://web.archive.org/web/20090623224146/ (https://web.archive.org/web/20090623224146/)http:/www.jafi.org.il/education/100/maps/fed.html (http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/maps/fed.html)].        ,         .

       .            .   ,    ,     ,           .            ,       504.

                  .  504   .  ,                   .  ,  ,      ,   [121 -    ,  1997.].         ,        400  500 ,     1948  1953     .    504        .       .                  [122 -    ,   504    ,       .       1980- .   , 9  2012,  ,  2010,  ,  1999.].

    504    188.      .

    ,  .      ;     -,   ,    ,           [123 -    , 13  2015.].

,        ,       ,           ,   .  1951 ,        13 ( 13),      -  ,          . ,    13 -,     .

      (),      ,    .       ,   ,  ,      .    ,  .      .       ,   [124 -          - (),      .].     .     ,     .        ,     .      .

       ,      .         ,  .     ,          .     ,      .      ,      .   ,   ,   .      ,  ,    ,   -     ,     .       .              ,    .      ,     .

       ,    .   ,          1951-   1953 ,       .

     ,       .              ,             .     504   ,         .      ,   ,   504    .     ,       ,         .     ,          [125 -    , 29  2012.].

          ,     ,    ,       .    11  1953       ,        -        ,  ,   - -      [126 -   ,   426 11 , 1953 ( ,    ).].

-     . 25       -      . - ,                   ,     .

 -    ,   .

 ,     ,  1953   25- ,  , ,   .      ,             . ,    ,     ,     ,     ,          .     ,       .   ,     78 ,  ,         ,         [127 - Gilad Sharon. Sharon: The Life of a Leader. P. 82 ().].

   12  13               ,   ,    .   ,   ,  ,         .       .

               ,          . ,      .   ,       ,       ,       .    ,        . 10        101[128 -  101    ,   ,                     .      ,    -  .      ,        ,   .    101     ,     20  2003.].

      ,   ,        ,          101,   [129 - Sharon. Life of a Leader. P. 552.].

   -    ,  ,   ,   .         .     ,              .               .

      ,     ,      ,      .       ,                [130 -    ,  2002.].

        .      ,  ,   101     .        ;    ,    ,   ,  ,  .      .  ,    ,    .          ,    ,       ,  !.

         .    ,            ,      .

               .          -     . ,              ,    ,      ,    ,     .

           ,       1955 ,         .

,  ,           [131 -    , 2  2009.].     ,      .      ,       ,    .         :        .  ,     , ,      .   ,  ,   ,        .     ,        ,  ,     .

         .   1953           ,  -  -.      .   [132 - orris. Israels Border Wars, 19491956. P. 274276 ().].  ,                 .        ,   ,      -     .

15          130    101   .      650  .       .   ,      ,     .        ,     .   .

     ,    :     - ,  ,      .      .       .     ,      .            [133 - Ilil Baum. Fathers Great Spirit // Yedioth Jerusalem, May 1, 2009.].

       [134 -  ,      ,    ,  101. Security Council Resolution 101 (1953), November 24, 1953 (S/3139/Rev.2).].   69 ,      . ,       , .     ,    ,  ,              1949 .

         ,          . -      :         .  ,     ,   -    .

 -   ,   101            ,      .    , ,         ,       .    :  101     ,    ,      [135 -     , 20  2003.],       .          ,          ,               ,   .

   .   1954 ,     ,  101    ,        [136 - Dayan. Story of My Life. P. 113115.].  ,   101       ,      ,       ,      .

        ,        .       .  -         -   ,        .

 ,    ,     .       101,  -,           . -    ,      ,           .  ,     ,       -  .

     11  1955 :         ,      ,     ,      ,            ,        ,       .      ,   ,     ?[137 - Sharett. Personal Diary. Vol. C. P. 823 ().   ,  ,        .]

    .        ,  ,    ,          .

17  1954    12       ,     -          .   ,   11 .  ,  ,    ,        :  ?    ,        .  ,      ,   32 .        .  ,      ,         .

    ,     ,       .                 ,     .

    504              -.

       ,      ,   .      ,     , ,      , ,    ,    .         ,   ,    ,   ,    504.

       ,       .                   .  ,     ,       .

  1950-    [138 - Morris. Israels Border Wars, 19491956. P. 81, 101, 343345 ().].           :   ,      ,    . ,     :  , , -  ,     ,             .

      ,   504   .       ,   [139 -   , 14  2010.             .].       ,   ,    .   ,       ,      .   ,          .

  ,       ,     - .         ,  -.        .              .     .         .

                  -  ,  ,   1955 ,    .       ,     -   .

 -        .        .    ,  ,    .

     ,   ,    ,   ,      .              ,   .         .      .        .                 .

         ,          1955      1956-.

29  1956    ,  ,    ,    -,     .  ,    ,     ,   ,   .   ,          ,   ,    ,       .

        .     ,     .         ,  ,           [140 - Aluf Benn. Militaristic and Post-Zionist // Haaretz, May 9, 2011.]:



    .     ,     ,   .

     .   ,      ?           ,          ,     ,   

   ,              ,    .       ,      ,                  .  ,  ,      ,         ,            .

      ,     ,      ,     ,    .         ,     .    [141 - Bar-On. Moshe Dayan. P. 128129 ().].


   ,    ,  ,    ,     ,     , ,    ,    .     ,   ,  .             ,    .      ,  ,                 .  ,    ,   ,        .

    ,       ,  ,  .      , ,      [142 -   , 3  2015.].

 ,           ,     .      -        ,         ,    ,    .     .

     ,     (    ).    ,            ,      .

            ,  ,       ,           . :        .    ,  ,   ,     ,    -,   .

       -,  ,          ,    504.     ,      .          ,     ,     .

     ? , ,        ,  ,   504       .

       .        .

 (,      504)      ,     .  ,    ,    .   ,         ,     .

        300   .    ? .   20 .       ,    .   300 ,     ,   .

    ,     .      ,    ,      .        ,  ,  ,      ,  ,  ![143 -   , 3  2015.]

 ,    . 11  1956    ,    -            .      ,      ,     .  ,     ,    [144 - Inquiry into the Death of Colonel Hafez, 16 July 1956 ( ,   -).].    .    ,        :   , !

        ,  .     .   : ,    ,      .    ?  ,     .   .  .     ,      .

     ,        .         Al-Ahram  :   ,  -   , ,                    .      .        .

   ,    [145 - ,  ,           ,    ,    .           -,      .   ,             , , ,     -.     .   , 8  2015.],  ,     ,      , !,         ,     .  ,     ,   , ,        .      ,     ,     ,      . ,          ,  ,     ,    .     .

                     ,         .     .




4

  ,  


       ,           .    ,   .

     ,     .

26  1956      ,    ,             .    ,         ,    ,   . ,   ,    ,      ,       :               ,          .

         .               .       ,             ,     .            .

   Ļ        ,    ,                 ,     .  , ,    .           .

                . -   ,       ,       ,  ,    ,     -  [146 -           1989 .    -  ,     56, 5  2015.].

    .

              -14.              (SIGINT)[147 -   , 16  2011. .: Uri Dromi. Urgent Message to the CoS: The Egyptian Code Has Been Decrypted // Haaretz, 29 August 2011.].      8200.         19481949 .          ,         ( ,   )       .

      .     ,       ,  SIGINT     ,         .   ,   25 ,       SIGINT  -,    -.     ,     .         ,   29        .    ,       ,        .  .

  ,         [148 -   - , 19  1999. .: Argaman. It Was Top Secret. P. 3960.].   28 ,    0,      .   14:00 28    ,    :   -14   .

  ,  119-   [149 - Tsiddon-Chatto. By Day, By Night, Through Haze and Fog. P. 220221 ().]        ,       .  20:00 SIGINT  ,       -14.        ,        .   .

       Meteor Mk 13          .    .  ,        .

   3500    .      . , , !     .   ,    ,      !  !   !  !      !

        .        .  ,     .

    ,      ,     .  ,    .   ?

   ,        .     . ,  ,   .      .       ,     .

 !  .

      ,     ,  .

 .

  ,    ,  .      : -     ,  ,    .          .

    .     . !     .    ,     ,     .

    . -14 ,     ,     .        .

  ?  ,       .

 ,  .

           -         ,   ,       , ,    .

   ,       ,  .

       ,             ,  .          .    ,   ,      ,    .       [150 -       ,        , .           .    (  ,       )         ,     ,    - ,         .    -   ,12  2017,  , 18  2013   , 15  2013.].

    ,  ,     - .            ,                  ,     .

,        ,   ,           .    :      . -,    ,       9- ,      .

        .      ,        504        ,         .

       ,       ,      ,            ,   .

,      .                ,     .       -.         .

 ,    ,    , ,        .   504                    .   1957-   1958       ,  ,       .      .      ,  .      ,  ,       .

    ,         .          .             .         .

     ,                    .    ,      .

,              .  ,        -   ,    .

-  1957   ,       .

     ,      ,         11 ,     1967 .      ,    , ,       ,              .

       .                 1000 ,     ,   .

          1956 ,          ,        ,  .          ,           ,           ,     .     ,    ,       .

            ,         The New York Times[151 -   4  1956   The New York Times    ,      .            :        ,   ,        ,       ,  ,     .    ,    ,    .].         .

        [152 -     ,   ,     .            8200 .   ,     ,      ,    1960- ,                 .        Perusal, -,       .    .].        ,    ,  ,      .            .       .

   1956 [153 -   , 6  2001.                       (There Will Be War Next Summer. P. 597620 ().],  ,       .             ,   ,   ,      .           [154 -  ,     , :           ,     .        .        . ,    .              .    , 18  1998, , 6  2001,  , 22  2014, -, 13  2010,  , 24  2007,  -, 30  1997,  , 22  1999, , 26  1997   , 16  1998. .: Pilpul in Addis Ababa to the MFA  Report on meeting with Ethiopian Emperor and chief of staff, August 25, 1957, ISA 3740/9; Black and Morris. Israels Secret Wars. P. 186.].          ,       ,   ,     ,      .

        ,    Trident (),     ,    .              .          . -       ,  Trident   .      [155 - -       ,    :       -  ,                  ,    ,      ,        ,   ,   . .: Eshed. One Mans Mossad. P. 277.  CLIL   ,    (  )  1958         ,         .               .      ,           - .    ,        ,  CLIL     ,        .    ,   ,      CLIL:     , ,       ,       .  CLIL          . (  )    ,        ,   .                  -,     - .    , 22  2014, ,  1999,   , 18  2015. .: Ronen Bergman. Israel and Africa: Military and Intelligence Liaisons. Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University. P. 5378; Bureau of Minister of Defense, report on meeting between Lt. Col. Vardi and Emperor of Ethiopia, February 24, 1958, Ministry of Defense and IDF Archives (MODA) 63102013.].

      1960 ,                    ,          -    .

     ,    ,           ,         .       ,               [156 -    ,  1998, , 30  2015  Lexicon,  2016. .: Mossad. Report Regarding Dybbuk, Zvi Aharoni, March 4, 1960; Mossad. Operation Eichmann: A Report on Stage A, Zvi Aharoni, undated (     ,   Lexicon).].       .

-      -    [157 -    ,  1998,  , 21  2012  Ethan,  2016. .: Neal Bascomb. Hunting Eichmann. P. 208218 ().].       ,    ,      ,      .       ,    ,       . -         ,      ,          .    ,                     .

         .       .          .

11      ,             19:40       .     ,    .       ,      ,  ,    .

 20:00       ,   ,   ,    .   ,     ,      .          .        .

   .  ,   -     ,   , ,  ,       ,              .         .  ,     ,    .            .      -  ,      ,   .

      ,    ,     .      ,     .        ,          ,   .            ,     ,        .         : Zeh hoo! Zeh hoo,    :  !  !.

       .            ,      ,     ,   :    :  .

          El Al.   ,   -,     ,          .       .  ,     .

               .   1962           [158 -   ,      ,      -,           .       1980-    . -      .      -   ,  -  .   ,         ,           . -     ,     ,      .     :  (),  ,   -  ,        . .: Mossad. History Department, The German Scientists Affair, 1982, 14, henceforth Mossad German Scientists Dossier (    ,   Toblerone).].

-  ,  .

   ,       ,     .




5

      


 21  1961     .                     ()[159 - Central Intelligence Agency, Scientific Intelligence Memorandum, The United Arab Republic Missile Program, 26 February 1963, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001173825.pdf (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001173825.pdf)],      ().          ,   ,       .        .        ,       .    ,           [160 - Jay Walz. Nasser Exhibits Military Might // The New York Times, July 24, 1962.]. ,           ,    ,  , ,    ,   .

                  .     ,      ,   ,           ,  .

     ,      ,           .          ,    ,           ,     :          , ,       .         ,     ໠      [161 - Edwin Eitan. Canadian Jewish Chronicle. May 10, 1963.].

 ,      ,           ,   .    ,         ,  ,             .              [162 -    ,                 ,   ,         .           , ,     ,       . .: Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 810.].

 , ,   ,    [163 -         ,  ,    ,  ,         .         ,      .    ,    ,    ,        ,   . .: Yossi Chen. The Mossad, History Department. Staff Organization, Amal-Meser. May 2007.].         ,            - ,       .     V-1   ,   ,    V-2,                     .

   [164 -    ,      ,   ,        ,          .     188  :    ,    .    , 9  2011  -, 13  2010.],   -,    ,       . -      ,       : ,  -,             ,      .

   1982      ,    ,     :            .   ,    ,   [165 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 2.].

 ,      .

      .      .         .    ,       ,     ,          1962 .       ,  -   ,   ,        . ,    ,         .

             ,   .          EgyptAir  ,         .                      .   ,       ,    .      .              .

       ,     .             .  1945          .      .       ,  ø   ,     .  ,        ,  1959                       .            ,   -  ,          ,   .     ,       1960 ,  ,     .

  1961  ,   ø       35        .        , ,  ,     .    ,    Intra Commercial,         .

     ,         ,    . 16  1962         -,        ,        .      .

  .    ,    1962       [166 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 17.].    ,        900 .    .   ,      ,     .    ,       ,           .

-       .

    .

           .      ,    .  ,      .    ,     .     .       ,     [167 -   , 1  2013.].

        ,     .  ,  ,    ,       .          ,      [168 -   , 6  2001; Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 39.].

  10   17:30      ,   [169 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 4041.].  ,      ,     ,             .     ,  ,    ,         Hotel Ambassador  .  ,     ,      .      Intra     .

         .      ,     .    ,            1949   ,     .               .            .

       Ambassador[170 -    Ambassador,  ,      Intra,     , ,         .            .    ,       ,     .  ,   ,         .  ,    ,     ,          ,      .   , 3  2015.].         ,   .

         ,          .    .          .       ,   ,    .     .       ,    ,   , ,           .         ,    .

    , ,   ,     .    .    ,    .    .  ,  ,   ,   .

    .     ,    .     ,      ,     .  ,      ,       .  -    :   .   ,   ,    [171 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 4344.].         ,     ,  Volkswagen Camper,   ,    ,    ,            .      ,    ,     ,        ,    ,        ,    .

    ,         El Al,        .       ,     .

          [172 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 4445;   Patriot,  2013.]: ,   ,         ,  ,   ,            .         ,                     .

           .   ,      ,           ,     [173 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 45.].         -   . ,    ,   .    :        .

  ,      ,         .  ,  , ,     ,  ,    ,     . ,           :     ,     ,        .     .   S.G.,    ,         -   [174 -      ,    .   (     )  :    ,    .   :    .   ,       -.   Patriot,  2011,  ,  1998,   , 3  2016.].          .

     -      . -    188       ,           .        -,    -,          ,         .

     188[175 -          2  1962. Report of the Committee for Examining the Intelligence Community, July 31, 1963, 3, MODA 7642012.].   1950-     -          ,      , -     .

  -  ,    ,          .  -      ,   188     , ,    :     .       .  ,         ,    .

  188        ,    [176 - Mossad German Scientists Dossier, 45.].     :       ,   ,              .    ,        ,            .

   ,  ,        .    188         . ,   ,         ,      .   188     ,         ,     .

       [177 -    3  2015.].          Detasheet, ,   ,   ,         .        .       .      ,          ,         ,       ,  .       ,   ,      .          ,    ,  ,         .  188             [178 -  ,   188,           (        ),  :     -  ,   , ,   ,     ,  ,            .    ,  2011, ,  1998,  , 12  2005. .: Bar-Zohar. Phoenix: Shimon Peres  A Political Biography. P. 344 (); Harel. Security and Democracy. P. 295.].

    -         ,             ,    130000 .  188     ,          .        ,    .      ,    .

     ,      188,         .    -     ,              Detasheet.

13  1962       [179 -   1980 ,         - ,     - .       ,        .   ,  ,    .   , 3  2015  Pilot,  2015. .: Adam Chandler. Eichmanns Best Man Lived and Died in Syria // Atlantic, December 1, 2014.].  ,    .         ,  .

    ,        ,   188        .  .     :     ,    .    ,    .     ?[180 -    1  2012.]

          ,       [181 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 52.].    ,       ,    EgyptAir,     .              .

       -,    , ,   188, 16       EgyptAir  .

       -,  ,   ,    .      ,       .     .    ,     .          ,          ,     .         .      .        .        .

      .      ,        ,       .     ,     .           ,     ,           . ,  , ,  ,   ,     ,     ,       .

  . ,   27 , ,         ,    .   ,       ,    ,       ,       .     ,  ,         -.       ,   ,       .         ,    -         .   ,          ,       .     Intra   ,   ,     :           .         .

        [182 -   ,  1998,   ,  1998. .: Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 74.]      ,       .       ()    ,    ,       .    :         ,    , .

 ,   ,        .

    :   ,   ,  ,   20C.     -   ,   .      :      .

             188.      ,         .          ,      .   ,   .    ,     ,       [183 -   , 1  2012. .: Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 61.].

   . 21          ,     ,    ,      .   ,   ,      [184 -    ,  1998.].     ,  ,     ,      .

20    ,         .       . , ,   ,    ,         .       -  .  ,     .    ,     .     .   ,       ,       .      ,            .

       ,        [185 - Mossad. German Scientists Dossier. P. 6264.    , 12  2012  , 6  2001.].    ,     .     .        ,  ,       .        ,    ,      .        .   ,    ;      ;       .  ,    ,   ,   .     ,    ,       .          .      ,     .

     ,        .     ,          ,         .

    [186 - Bar-Zohar. Issar Harel and Israels Security Services. P. 237238 ().]  ,        -,  ,   . -    ,      .  ,   ,  ,               ,       .

     1963      ,     ,  ,    ,   .       .          -  ,  -  ,   -    (,           )  ,       ,    .      ,        ,     ,        ,       .     ,             ,             .             .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/ronen-bergman-218263/vosstan-i-ubey-pervym-taynaya-istoriya-izrailskih-toc/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


       (       )       ,       ,      ,  ,        .       ,         ,    -    .       .  ,         , ,  .      ,   Y.  :          ,      ,          .   ,      ,     ( -  Y., 15  2015).




2


   HCOJ 4801/07, Dr. Ronen Bergman and Yedioth Ahronoth v. the Prime Ministers Office, the Defense Ministry Director General, the Mossad and Director of the Mossad, the Shin Bet and Director of the Shin Bet, and the Atomic Energy Commission (    Yedioth Ahronoth   -,    ,  ,   ,      ).




3


            ,  ,         (The Pit) (     ). Uri Misgav. Ex-CoS Gabi Ashkenazi Pressed the Shin Bet to Open an Investigation Against a Journalist; Haaretz, November 29, 2013. Richard Silverstein. IDF Chief Threatened Journalist with Espionage for Exposing Rampant Military Corruption; Tikun Olam. December 20, 2013, https://www.richardsilverstein.com/2013/12/20/idf-chief-threatened-journalist-with-espionage-for-exposing-rampant-military-corruption/ (https://www.richardsilverstein.com/2013/12/20/idf-chief-threatened-journalist-with-espionage-for-exposing-rampant-military-corruption/)




4


     ,   2010      ,                  .         .




5


   , 29  2013.




6


                 ,    ,             .         ,     ,       . Ronen Bergman. Dismissal at Mossads High // Yedioth Ahronoth, 10 July 2007.




7


      - ,      .




8


  Eldy,  2014,  Nietzsche,  2007.




9


    , , ,    ,        .         .




10


        ,            .      .    ,         ,  ,   ,   .                 ,       19801983             ,      Salt Fish  ,      .    ,      , ,     .   ,  ,  .




11


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       : , , , ,    .           .        ,    .




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