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 ,2020



ISBN978-5-4498-2887-3

     Ridero







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 1.   ,


Text1

Today it is hard toimagine Moscow being dark at night. Yet, the central streets ofthe city became bright only in1730. Before then, Muscovites had tokeep candles burning inthe windows for passers-by. Most people also carried individual oil lamps when they walked late. During the summer months, candles and oil lamps were not allowed because ofthe risk offire. Later, gas lanterns appeared. They were rather effective but the real progress started later, with electric lamps. 448electric lamps were fixed inthe centre ofMoscow acentury ago. At present, Moscow has amodern system ofstreet lights with electronic control.



Today it is drah toimagine Moscow gnieb dark at night. Tey, the central streets ofthe city emaceb bright only ni 1730. Before neht, Muscovites had ot keep candles burning inehtswodniw for passers-by. Tsom people also carried individual lio lamps when they walked etal. During the remmus months, candles and oil lamps erew not allowed because fo the risk offire. Later, sag lanterns appeared. Yeht were rather effective tub the real progress detrats later, with electric spmal. 448electric lamps were dexif inthe ertnec ofMoscow acentury ago. Ta present, Moscow sah amodern system ofstreet sthgil with electronic lortnoc.



Todayit is hardto im agine Mos cowbeing darka tnight. Yet, the centralstreets ofthecitybe came brighton ly in1730. Beforethen, Muscov ites hadtokeep candles burningin thewin dows for passers-by. Mostpe ople al socar riedindiv idual oillamps whenthey walk edlate. Duringthe sum mermon ths, candle sand oillamps wereno tallow edbec auseoft he riskoffire. La ter, gaslantern sap pear ed. They we rerather ef fectivebut the realprogress startedlater, wi thelectric lamps. 448ele ctricla mpsw ere fixedin th e centre ofMoscow acenturyago. Atp resent, Moscowhasa m odernsyste m ofstreetl ight swith ele ctroniccontrol.



.lortnoc cinortcele htiw sthgil teerts fo metsys nredom asah wocsoM, tneserp tA. oga yrutnec awocsoM fo ertnec eht ni dexif erew spmal cirtcele 844.spmal cirtcele htiw, retal detrats ssergorp laer eht tub evitceffe rehtar erew yehT. deraeppa snretnal sag, retaL. erif fo ksir eht fo esuaceb dewolla ton erew spmal lio dna seldnac, shtnom remmus eht gniruD. etal deklaw yeht nehw spmal lio laudividni deirrac osla elpoep tsoM. yb-sressap rof swodniw eht ni gninrub seldnac peek ot dah setivocsuM, neht erofeB.0371ni ylno thgirb emaceb ytic eht fo steerts lartnec eht, teY. thgin ta krad gnieb wocsoM enigami ot drah si ti yadoT



Text2

According tosurveys, the popularity ofbikes is growing. More than 700cities inthe world have joined anew program for cyclists. Any person can take avacant bike and park it back at any bike station on their way. One can find information about the bike stations on smartphone maps. Cycling incities helps tolessen the problems ofstress and air pollution. Research held inLondon in2017confirmed this fact. People felt calmer after they rode tothe office instead ofdriving. Also, bikes do not produce harmful gases.



According ot surveys, eht popularity ofsekib is growing. Erom than 700seitic inthe world evah joined awen program for cyclists. Any nosrep can take avacant bike dna park it back at yna bike station on their yaw. One can dnif information about the bike snoitats on smartphone spam. Cycling incities spleh tolessen the smelborp ofstress and ria pollution. Hcraeser held inLondon ni 2017confirmed siht fact. People felt remlac after they rode toeht office instead fo driving. Also, bikes do ton produce harmful sesag.



Acco rding tosurveys, t he popul arity ofbikesi s growing. Mo rethan 700citi esin th eworld h avejoinedan ew programforcyc list s. Anyp erson c antake avacantbike an dparkit ba ck ata ny bikestat ionon the irwa y. On ecan f indinformation aboutt hebikes tation son smartp ho nemaps. Cycl ingincities he lp sto les se nthe probl em sofs tressan dair pol luti on. Re searc hhel din L on d on in2017con firmedthis f act. Peopl efelt cal merafter th eyrode tothe office insteadofdriving. Als o, b ikesdo notproduce harm fulgases.



.sesag lufmrah ecudorp ton od sekib, oslA. gnivird fo daetsni eciffo eht ot edor yeht retfa remlac tlef elpoeP. tcaf siht demrifnoc 7102ni nodnoL ni dleh hcraeseR. noitullop ria dna sserts fo smelborp eht nessel ot spleh seitic ni gnilcyC. spam enohptrams no snoitats ekib eht tuoba noitamrofni dnif nac enO. yaw rieht no noitats ekib yna ta kcab ti krap dna ekib tnacav aekat nac nosrep ynA. stsilcyc rof margorp wen adenioj evah dlrow eht ni seitic 007naht eroM. gniworg si sekib fo ytiralupop eht, syevrus ot gnidroccA



Text3

Glass is anatural mineral. Natural glass is grey and hard tolook through. Man-made glass was first produced inEgypt 5000years ago. It was used for decorations because it had agreen or blue colour. The secret ofclear glass was found inEurope only inthe 13th century. At the same time, craftsmen learned toproduce lenses tolook at small objects or tobe used bypeople who had problems with their eyes. This is how the first glasses appeared. Glass dishes and mirrors became popular later with the rise oftechnology. InRussia, the first glass factory was built inMoscow region in1654.



Sslag is anatural larenim. Natural sslagsi grey and hard ot look hguorht. Man-made glass saw first produced ni Egypt 5000years oga. It was desu for decorations because ti had agreen roeulb colour. The terces ofclear sslag was dnuofni Europe only nieht 13th yrutnec. At the same emit, craftsmen denrael toproduce sesnel tolook at small objects ro tobe used yb people ohw had problems htiw their seye. This is woh the first sessalg appeared. Sslag dishes dnasrorrim became ralupop later with eht rise fo technology. Ni Russia, eht first glass yrotcaf was tliub inWocsom region ni 1654.



Glassis ana tura l min eral. Natura lgl assis gre yan d h ard tolookth rough. Man-ma deglasswas fi rstpro duced inEgy pt 5000yea rsag o. Itwas used f or dec orat ionsbeca use it h ad agreen orblue co lour. Thesecre tof cl ear glasswas fou ndin Europ eo nly int he 13thcen tury. Atthesa me ti m e, craft smen le arnedtopro duce le nsestolook at sm all obje ctsorto beus ed b y peo plewhohad proble mswith the irey es. Thisis h owth e fir stglass esapp ear ed. Glassdis hesandmirror s bec ame popu la rlaterwi th theriseo ftechno log y. InRu ssia, thefirstgla ss fact orywasbu iltinMos cowre gionin 1654.



.4561ni noiger wocsoM ni tliub saw yrotcaf ssalg tsrif eht, aissuR nI. ygolonhcet fo esir eht htiw retal ralupop emaceb srorrim dna sehsid ssalG. deraeppa sessalg tsrif eht woh si sihT. seye rieht htiw smelborp dah ohw elpoep yb desu eb ot ro stcejbo llams ta kool ot sesnel ecudorp ot denrael nemstfarc, emit emas eht tA. yrutnec ht31 eht ni ylno eporuE ni dnuof saw ssalg raelc fo terces ehT. ruoloc eulb ro neerg adah ti esuaceb snoitaroced rof desu saw tI. oga sraey 0005tpygE ni decudorp tsrif saw ssalg edam-naM. hguorht kool ot drah dna yerg si ssalg larutaN. larenim larutan asi ssalG



Text4

People have always wanted tolearn and share information. At different times they Iused different methods toexchange news. They made fires and beat drums tosignal important events. Later, they invented letters which were carried byspecial people called runners. They had tocover long distances todeliver information. The use ofhorses and birds made the delivery quicker. The state post inRussia appeared inthe 17th century. It was rather slow but quite reliable. In1851, the post started touse the railway. Since then the speed ofinformation exchange has been growing constantly.



People evah always wanted ot learn dna share information. Ta different semit they used tnereffid methods ot exchange swen. Yeht made serif and teabsmurd tosignal important stneve. Retal, they invented srettel which were deirrac byspecial elpoep called runners. They dah torevoc long distances ot deliver noitamrofni. The esu ofsesroh and sdrid made the delivery rekciuq. Eht state tsop inAissur appeared ineht 17th century. Ti was rather wols but quite reliable. In1851, the post detrats touse the yawliar. Since neht the speed fo information egnahcxe has been gniworg constantly.



Peop le h aveal way swan tedtole arn an ds hare inf ormat io n. Atdif fe r enttime sth eyIu sedd ifferen t m etho dst oexch ang e ne ws. Th eymade fir esan db e at d rumsto si gna li mpo rtantev e nts. La ter, t heyinven te dlet terswhic hwe re c arr iedbys peci alpeop lecal le d run ne rs. T heyhadto cov erlo ngdis tanc estodel ive rin for mat ion. T he us eo fho rs esand bi rds ma det hedel iver yquic ker. Thes tatepos tin Rus si aapp eare dinth e 17th centu ry. Itwa srat hers lowb utquite re li able. In1851, th e po stst artedtou sethera il way. Sinceth enth esp eedo finfor mat ion exch ange ha sb ee ngr owingcon stant ly.



.yltnatsnoc gniworg neeb sah egnahcxe noitamrofni fo deeps eht neht ecniS. yawliar eht esu ot detrats tsop eht,1581nI. elbailer etiuq tub wols rehtar saw tI. yrutnec ht71 eht ni deraeppa aissuR ni tsop etats ehT. rekciuq yreviled eht edam sdrib dna sesroh fo esu ehT. noitamrofni reviled ot secnatsid gnol revoc ot dah yehT. srennur dellac elpoep laiceps yb deirrac erew hcihw srettel detnevni yeht, retaL. stneve tnatropmi langis ot smurd taeb dna serif edam yehT. swen egnahcxe ot sdohtem tnereffid desu Iyeht semit tnereffid tA. noitamrofni erahs dna nrael ot detnaw syawla evah elpoeP




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