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            ?                ?         ?      ?          .     ,       19301953 .    ,        .



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      ,   :        [1 - Π   .: The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents, 18961939/ Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. L.:Routledge, 1994. P.5657.  ,        (  .        ,   ).  ,       ,      (   )      ,    .].     ,      ,        [2 -    // . 1929. 28. .4.]. ,         ,      ,  ,  [3 - KenezP.The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 19171929. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.].       ,  [4 - Dream Factory Communism: The Visual Culture of the Stalin Era/ Eds. B.Groys, M.Hollein. Frankfurt: Schirn Kunsthalle, 2003.].          ,        .  1930?.      , 蠖 , 蠖,  ,   蠖 .        1920?   1930?,  1940?      1951.           ,      (,  ),       .

        (19301953.).   ,        ,  ,        .    . -,       ,  ,     ,            .    ,      ,           . -,      .       ,   ,        ,   .    ,          ࠖ.        -  .       1920?     1960?.,           . Ƞ,     ,    .      ,               .

 ,       ,  [5 -   : .  :  . .: , 1935.    ,  ,        1928. .:  . 1-     . .: --, 1929. .17, 429444.].   1917.     .             .   ,     1920?.       .     1930?.       ,  ,     .                      ,    ,       .

    ,   .  19351936.     ..     300  800.   ,        . ʠ 1930?.  ,    .     80 ,    . 1948. ,    , ,       ,       45. -             ,    19481952.  ,     .    ,    ,  ,  .  1949., ,    13    61,    1930?.[6 -  , 19281953: . .: , 2005. .836.] (     . 1).

        ?  .    ,   .      1937.       [7 - DickinsonT., LawsonA. The Film in USSR1937// The Cine-Technician. 1937. AugustSeptember. P.105.].  1939.       950 ,   ,    .      ,   1939.    ,     [8 -     . .:  // . 1940. 8. .7; Economic History of Film/ Eds. J.Sedgwick, M.Pokorny. N.Y.: Routledge, 2005. P.154.]. ,        ,          ,    ,   .    .  1938.    160[9 - . Π   //  . 1938. 1. .27. . : . .2456. .1. .312.].    ,    [10 -  1936.   244; .: Grand Design: Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise, 19301939/ Ed. .Balio. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. P.80.].    1936.      120 䠖   ,       [11 -  , 19281953: . .306.].      (1930)    (1953)     100 , , ,      .

 ,   ,  ,   .    ,          (  ), ,     .     ,    ,    ,   .   1930?.      . ʠ1940?, ,   ? ,         [12 - Π    .: BelodubrovskayaM. The Jockey and the Horse: Joseph Stalin and the Biopic Genre in Soviet Cinema// Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema. 2011. Vol.5. 1. P.2953.].

            .  1933.  ,   ,  1932.,      [13 - .     // . 1933. 37. .2.].      .   () ..,     , ,      ,  1940.,     [14 -  , 19281953: . .607.].           ,        .

       .  ,    ,         ,     ,     .  ,     ?          ? Ƞ       ,     , ?

          [15 - ., : KenezP. Cinema and Soviet Society from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin. L.:I.B.Tauris, 2001.].     ,    . , ,  ,  ,   ,    ? Ƞ   ,       ,    ?        ,      ,    [16 -     ,  ,     : HalfinI. Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.].  ,          .       . ,     ,     ,   .          ,     ,       ,     ,  .  , ,  ,      , ,   ,      ,  ,   .  ,      ,     , ,      .

, ,    ,           .              ,       ,      .   ,      ,          .    ?  ,     ,     ,    . Ƞ  1930?.      ,        蠖   .

    ,       ,           [17 - .: PriestlandD. Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization: Ideas, Power, and Terror in Inter-War Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.].           .      ,      퓻 蠫.   ,           .       ,        .      蠫   .          , ,    [18 - .: WelchD. Propaganda and the German Cinema, 19331945. L.:I.B.Tauris, 2001.],      .        , ,        ,    .         ,  ,   .

       ,     .    ,      ,   , .   ,     ,       ,         ,    .       ,     ,        ,  ,    .       ,         .

           ,        ,      .      ,   ,       , ?         .   ,    -젖- ⠖          .             ,  , ,        ,  ,             󠖠,     .          ,       .

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  ,       ,    .   , ,     ,    ,    -           [26 - Π  .: David-FoxM. Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 19211941. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. P.285311.].      ,     ,    ,     (, ,      ),    .         ,       ,    [27 -     :         .  ,         . -         ,      .  , ,      ,      . ,  ,       .  ,        .  ,      ,   . ,   ,              .].    ,           ,      [28 - Π  ., : JacobsL. The Wages of Sin: Censorship and the Fallen Woman Film, 19281942. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991; DohertyT. Hollywoods Censor: Joseph I.Breen and the Production Code Administration. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2007.].

     堖    ,     .  ,           . ?        . ߠ        ,  ,     .           ,    .    ,           ,   .         ,     , ,  ,      ,     ,     ,   .

      ,    ,  , ( )  ( ).         .  1948.     蠖     ()       ().    , ,  ,      堖 젖      .     ,          .  ,             .

   ,     ,   ,     .        ,         ,      .     蠖蠖  .     ,     ,        .      ,        .

 (  )   ,   .     ,       .          .  ,   ,      . Ƞ   ,    .         ⠖ (1936)  ,     (1946)   蠫  (1950)  .

   ,          ,      .    ,     .     .        ,    .   ,       .        ,            .              .         .




 1

  : ߠ    Ƞ  



 1952.  -            : ,  .               .          ,      ,    .   .      ,    ,    . Ƞ       .      ,   ,   . Ӡ        [29 - SchwartzH. Scanning the Sagging Soviet Screen Scene// The New York Times. 1952. March 9. P.5.].

,           (..1).   蠖 .       .     ,       ,       ?        ,     ().      ,     ,  ,    ,     .

   ,  , .   ,     ,      . Ƞ,   ,        .  ,     . - ,        . -          .          .    ,       .   ,      .






 1.    19291956.



      .           ,   ,   1920?. Ѡ1930  1937.   ,       ..,     [30 -    ,    1917.           .].  1935.            ,  .  ,   ,    -    , . 1936.     ,     .      ,      ,      .        ,    -.

  -   ,     .           蠫 ,   .      ,       .     ,        .  1948., ,        ,      -.




  , 19301933


          .. ,  ,  ⠫  1923.    , ,  ,     ,   ,  ,             .  ,  ,         ,     .     , ,  19271928.        600 .,       19261927.   20 .[31 -  . 1-     . .: --, 1929. .42.           ,  1917.       ,           1920? (.: HesslerJ. A Social History of Soviet Trade: Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 19171953. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. P.164).]  ,    .          [32 - . ,  // . 1923. 154. .2.  . :  . 2000. 45. .184188.].    , ,   ,       ,        .     .

 1920?.  , ,   .      (19211928)            .      .         ,   , 堖 .   ,      (19281932)   ,      1930.[33 -      .: YoungbloodD. Movies for the Masses: Popular Cinema and Soviet Society in the 1920s. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P.20.  .: KepleyV., KepleyB. Foreign Films on Soviet Screens, 19211931// Quarterly Review of Film Studies. 1979. Vol.4. 4. P.429442; KepleyV. The Origins of Soviet Cinema: A Study in Industry Development// Quarterly Review of Film Studies. 1985. Vol.10. 1. P.2238.]    蠖    ,       ,  .    렖         [34 - KepleyV. The First Perestroika: Soviet Cinema under the First Five-Year Plan// Cinema Journal. 1996. Vol.35. 4. P.3153.].

            , .       ,     ,   -  :   ,   ,   [35 - YoungbloodD. Op. cit. P.46. . :  . .431432.].  1927.      XV             ,   [36 - .. :  17 . .: , 1949. .10. .312.].   1934.,      200 .,   ,   :           [37 -  , 19281953: . .: , 2005. .960.].         ,          (19381942),      1 .[38 -  . .240242;   , 19301945. .: , 2007. .282.]

 1930.,  ,     ,   ,   ,       (  14)  󠖠  (),    .        .    (),  () 蠫 ( 19301936.    ) ,    ꠖ  (),  ( ,   ), - (),  (),  (),  (),  (,  ) 蠫 ().      (),  1922.   -     ,   .    -, 1928.   ⠫. ʠ1930?.            .     ., ., ., -,    ,    .       .  蠫  1936. ,    ,     [39 -   ,  , ,   .  (-)   1934.].  1930?.  , ,    蠫/     .

             ,      .         .           .     ,       .  , ,  ,    .     1931.    ,       .              .  1933.       ().     ,          ,    蠫.        .   ,     [40 -     .: BabitskyP., RimbergJ. The Soviet Film Industry. N.Y.: Praeger, 1955. P.165. .   2.].

     ,  ,    ,  .      ,      ,    ,  7 1928.  28 1940?[41 -  ,     1930?.     70 . Π    1930?. .: MillerJ. Soviet Cinema: Politics and Persuasion under Stalin. L.:I.B.Tauris, 2010. P.2333.].   ,        , 1931.  .  1930.  108, 1931.100, 1932. 75, 1933?젖33.        .  1931.          ..    :  ,   - ,           .  ,                [42 - . .2497. .1. .37. .1.].      1931.  :  () ,        ,             [43 -  , 19281953: . .155.].

         .    1931.    .       , 1931 1932.   ,  1933.     .   1931.      50%,      [44 - . .2497. .1. .18. .269271.].    ,         [45 -  , 19281953: . .128.].    [46 -  1930.   46  , 1933.  1 (.: MillerJ. Soviet Cinema: Politics and Persuasion under Stalin. P.30).]. ʠ 1933.             ,     [47 - . .2497. .1. .69. .13, 31.].

Ƞ,    ,     , ,   [48 - TurovskayaM. The 1930s and 1940s: Cinema in Context// Stalinism and Soviet Cinema/ Eds. R.Taylor, D.Spring. L.:Routledge, 1993. P.44.].   . 1931.    黠        .  ,     ,     .  ,         ,     ,    []    [49 -  , 19281953: . .160.].       1932., ,   ,  79,  젖5  (,  ,   ,   蠫), 36     ,     , 38       [50 -    :         1934.: . :   . .: , 1933. .51.].  5   80    .    15,  1932., ,  1931?,    .        ,   蠖   [51 -     󠖠   ,      ,     1927.,     ,   . ., : BohlingerV. The Development of Sound Technology in the Soviet Union during the First Five-Year Plan// Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema. 2013. Vol.7. 2. P.189205.].

   19201930?.    ,       ,   .       1928.,     ,     .    ..,    , ,         .  ,   ⠖ ,      [52 -  . .136.].   -   .. ,        ,     .     ,    2030.      ,      .  ,  ,    :  퓻  ࠖ  [53 -  . .191.].

   ,  ࠖ   .     .  ,    ,       .       ,        (1922)         [54 - TaylorR. Battleship Potemkin: The Film Companion. L.:I.B.Tauris, 2001. P.65.      1930?. (., : . .257. .12. .32. .9), ,       .].      ,      .  19311938.  ,     (,  ).  ,      ,     .  1930?   :    ,    -  [55 - MillerJ. Soviet Cinema: Politics and Persuasion under Stalin. P.26.].    ,         :      ,        .    ,        , 1936.       .

      .       ,     , ,    .     ,       ,            [56 - Π  ., : Cultural Revolution in Russia, 19281931/ Ed. S.Fitzpatrick. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977. Π     .: YoungbloodD. Entertainment or Enlightenment? Popular Cinema in Soviet Society, 19211931// New Directions in Soviet History/ Ed. S.White. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. P.4161.].         , 젖  .    ,      ,   (   1920?.).  ,   ,      .  ,   ,    ,        [57 -      1931.       55  ,    29%   (.:  , 19281953: . .120).    7 1929.    30%     (.: BabitskyP., RimbergJ. Op. cit. P.27).].      1905.    .               ,       .     ,     () 19291930.,    .  1932.    10   90,        [58 - . .2497. .1. .39. .158.].

     , ,  ,        .     ,       .  95,   19291930.,  36  [59 -  . .1. .39; . 37. .104.].        ,   19311932.    [60 - .: ., .  , 19241953. .: -, 1995.].  1931.                ,       , - ,     [61 - .:  , 19281953: . .157.].

    (    ),        1931.     . ,      1931.   ⠫      [62 -  . .155160.  ,     .          ,   .].          (1935),  젖    . ,  ,  ,         [63 - .  :  . .: , 1935. .122.].          .       (. ., ., ., 1932), 젖 (. .., 1934).

   1932.    22%    32%  46%   [64 -   , 19301945. .: , 2007. .126.    ,   .  ,    ,     19301932. ,  , 1931.    112 , 320 527 (.: . .2497. .1. .2. .9).].   ,     (       ),   .  19301932.,        50%, 22%,     ,   . ʠ1933.         [65 -      .  1936., ,    17 ,  20 (   . ..// . 1937. 4. .2).   1930?.   .].

              1933.   1932.          ,   1932.     (19331937).          , 19321933.       .      ,        ,       [66 - PriestlandD. Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization: Ideas, Power, and Terror in Inter-War Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Chap. 4.]. 1932.    .   1932.      -    ,     ,   .           .       ,    䠖 .  ,      ,  ,      ,     [67 - .: .      //  . 2007. 84. .255266.].   ,    1932.           .         [68 -  , 19281953: . .168.       .          ,      ( . .185186).].            ,     .

       ⠫ .                .           ,             .    ?    蠫  (    ,   )  .    ,      ,     ( , ), ,   ,     [69 -    . .: TurovskayaM. Op. cit. P.44. .    ,   , : .       //  .  . .: , 1994. .159160.]. ,  ,     .

         ,  .   1931.        ࠖ   ,   ,       .         .               . 젖   ꠫컠,     .   1932.       ,    ,       ,      .        ,         [70 - ..  ࠖ   // . 1931. 183. .1.].  1934.,      ,   .         [71 - Problems of Soviet Literature: Reports and Speeches at the First Soviet Writers Congress. N.Y.: International Publishers. 1935. P.185186. . : PriestlandD. Op. cit. P.269.].

       .  19281931.         ,  1933.          [72 - ., :  , 19281953: . .9799; .  . .110112.].       ,     ⠖      .       ,    ,   ,   ,     ,       .         ,    ,   ,   [73 - . .257. .6. .19. .22.].

 1933.        ,     .    .        1934.  80,   ,       ,    .  ,  . Ӡ :   ,     ?  ,  .       ? .    [74 - .     // . 1933. 37. .2.].            .

              ,           .        ,     [75 -   // . 1933. 32. .1.  1933.  48,3%     (.: The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents, 18961939/ Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. L.:Routledge, 1994. P.424).].  ,   1933.,      ,        1934. ,     , ,  .,   1934. 77   ( 85)  ,   .    .     ,    1920?.,., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., . ..     ,   . ..       ,   .,         [76 -    껠// . 1933. 39. .1.]. Ƞ    1934. -  72,   ,          [77 - .    // . 1933. 59/60. .2.].

      ,          [78 - ., : .  // . 1935. 53. .4     .]. Ѡ   ,,  ,    : ,  ,    .     ,      ,    .  1933.     180,  ,     ,             [79 - . .2456. .1. .132. .265276. . :   , 19301945. .271, 279280.].

Ƞ       .    ,     ,    ,  , ,   .     ,   . Ƞ   .  1933.  ,        ,  , ,   .     ,              ,     ,      .        ,    ,    ,   ,      ,    ,       .          ,       ,         .  1935.      ,     .    ,    .




  , 19341935


 ,      ,    .   1934.    ,      ,    . ..   , 蠫     .   :    [80 -    // . 1934. 320. .1.  ,     30 , 1939. 20 (.: GraffyJ. Chapaev. L.:I.B.Tauris, 2010. P.81).]. Ѡ    ,     1935.            :       ⠖ ,             ,        ,    [81 - .     . // . 1935. 11. .1.].

       , , ,    .   1935.    ..    :      ,       ,       [82 -  ..  VII  // . 1939. 1. .1.].    1936.     ..    :    .    ,   ,   , [83 -  , 19281953: . .307.].

  1935.,  ,    ,     ,     .   1935.    ,         [84 - .  . .9.]. Ѡ  ,        .      ,      .

 1935.            . ?    .                ,  .     , , -, ,             .  ,  ,          [85 -   , 19301945. .353.].           ,    ,    , ,    ,         [86 -    .: BelodubrovskayaM. Soviet Hollywood: The Culture Industry That Wasnt// Cinema Journal. 2014. Vol.53. 3. P.100122.].

   .    1934.   1936.       ,   [87 -   9 1936.,    26 1937.   (.: .   .. ..   , 7 1934.26 1937.//  , 19281953: . .9191053).].  ,  1935.  ,         ,      .  :      ,  ,     , , .   ,          .     ,      ,  :  ,   [88 -  . .10321033.].  ,    ,       ,   .          ,        [89 - .    . .: , 1936.].

    ,   ,    305 . (61,  1     )[90 - // . 1935. 351. .6.  :  , 19281953: . .1033.].      40   4   240    5 .       40, 100, 110 , 72 , 55 , 80, 32    500. ʠ 1940.      9000,    20 000[91 - ., :          (). .:  , 1936.].

   , ,   ,    300  1000.   , ,   ,          .          ,    6 [92 -   ..       . .: , 1935. .147.].               .  ,         .   ,   , ,  ,  800 [93 -    // . 1935. 283. .4.      . , ., ., ., ..   1930?.    500600.].    ?  1935.   ,    ,  120 [94 -  , 19281953: . .306.].       (       )       200.    ,      1939.,   200.   ,   1942 1945.,    200[95 - // . 1935. 351. .6;    // . 1935. 298. .4; -.  // . 1935. 2. .3.]. 800,      1000   .   ,  ,       [96 -    . .4.].

  1936.       󠖠     -   .     1936.     . -,    ,       ,    ,  .  , ,     .  ,    , ,       ,    [97 -  , 19281953: . .306311.].   ,   1936.    ,          . ,    ,         [98 - Bad Scenario Helps Send Soviet Film Men to Jail// New York Times. 1936. October 29. P.1.].

,     ,    ,  ,    ,   .     ?          .       ,   1936.      ,          .        .

  1936.     . .,             . Ѡ       .     .     1936. ,         [99 -    ,      ,    .   .,  .       .  ,  , .: MillerJ. The Purges of Soviet Cinema, 19291938// Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema. 2007. Vol.1. 1. P.526.]. -        .           [100 - ., : .    // . 1936. 277. .3; .  :  // . 2006. 5. .103104; TaylorR. Ideology as Mass Entertainment: Boris Shumyatsky and Soviet Cinema in the 1930s Inside the Film Factory: New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema/ Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. L.:Routledge, 1991. P.215.].

     1937.,     ,   [101 - ..,    ( )    ,   1937.        1938.   .   1937.        1937. (.:   , 19301945. .472, 503).].  . .    1937.,      蠖 .  .[102 - ., .    // . 1937. 114. .4; .  ,     30?40?//  . 2010. 97. .57;       .: . .2753. .1. .29.].     ⠫  ,  ,        .    ,      -              [103 - .    // . 1937. 136. .3.].       ,   1937.    [104 - .   // . 1937. 196. .3.]. ,    ,    -       ,   1937.   1938.[105 - Π .: .   -:    //  . 2002. 60. .251257.] ,       ,   1938.   ,                  ,    1938.[106 -  // . 2008. 18. .131133; ..   . .:  , 2007.        ,   .]




1936     


  ,  1936.,   .      , ?       ,  ,   . ʠ1936.   ,    , ,      .  ,       ,        .

16 1935.       .   1936.  ,  1933?  1936.       .   ,       .        (  ,   ),   .   ,          ( 1936.),   ,      [107 - Π    .: .   :    19361938. .:  , 1997.].       .       .   ,       ,      ,       .

  28 1936.   ⠫   ,       .      .    26,    ,    .      ,  蠫       , , , ,  蠫.  ,       [108 -   // . 1936. 27. .3.].

 (,    )      ,  ,    1932.,        [109 -   .: FitzpatrickS. The Lady Macbeth Affair: Shostakovich and the Soviet Puritans// The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992. P.183215.  ,          ,       . ,     ,  ,  .   ,   𠖠   ... .: .      :  . .: , 2006.].        ࠖ, , ,  ,  ,     . Ƞ ,     ,              .         1920?.     .  ,     .   , ࠫ.        .

       ,    ,   ,         [110 - .: TimasheffN.S. The Great Retreat: The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia. NY: E.P.Dutton, 1946.].   ,  ,         ,  [111 - .: KotkinS. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995; HirschF. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.].      ,        [112 - .: HoffmannD.L. Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity, 19171941. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003. . : Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices/ Eds. D.L.Hoffmann, Y.Kotsonis. Houndsmills, UK: Macmillan Press, 2000; HellbeckJ. Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.].  1936.  ,       ,     19321934.  .        ,          .

    , , ,         .  ,  , ,        .        ,   .  (蠫,     )     ,     .  ,     ,     .       ,       ,  [113 -         .: BelodubrovskayaM. Abram Room, A Strict Young Man, and the 1936 Campaign against Formalism in Soviet Cinema// Slavic Review. 2015. Vol.74. 2. P.311333. .   3.].

,          .     ,    .         ,    .       ,         .  ,  ,       ,  , ,      [114 - KotkinS. Op. cit. P.119.].        , ,          ,  ,    [115 -   . .: , 1935. .148.].            ,         .     蠖-  -黠 ,   .       1936.,        .

        19341935.            ,    .        , , ,       , ,  .       , .  1936.    ,    (      )  :     ,     .   :      ,       ,    [116 -  , 19281953: . .462463.].

     ꠫      . ,      ,    ..    .     ,   , , .    ,  ,         ,    [117 -  . .163.     . ., : . Π   //  . 1938. 1. .2327.].       ,    :     ,       . ʠ1936., ,   ,  頖  ,           .

             .  ,       .       .   ,   , .               .    ,  .       ,     .          ,        .  ,  1936.    ,  :  ,  .  1936.  .:     ,        .  ,   ,  :     ,   .     ,  ,     ,   ,    ,    [118 - .  // . 1936. 61. .3.].        .

         .    1936.         ? ,       .   50 1935.  37 1937.    1936.,      ,       ,       . -  -        1935.   ,     .   . ..  1938.[119 - MillerJ. Soviet Politics and the Mezhrabpom Studio in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s// Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 2012. Vol.32. 4. P 521535; KepleyV. The Workers International Relief and the Cinema of the Left, 192135// Cinema Journal. 1983. Vol.23. 1. P.723.]




 ,     , 19361953


   ,   (1934 1935.    9), ,   1936.      .   1936.   127.     95,         63.       40,    20  [120 -  , 19281953: . .307311, 319321;        1936    . .: , 1936. .6.]. ʠ      .    53    .  1    6, 2       [121 -  , 19281953: . .352.].    1936.   50, 7    .

        ,   ,       .  1937.    ,     , :  :,  ,      ! (.1).    ,     .

   1938.   ..      .     ,      1938.,     [122 -    // . 1938. 78. .1.].       .     48,  37.  1939.,    ..,     9%,         [123 -    (18921960),   ,     .    (19021980)             .         .: .   :  . .: , 2005. .408416.].






 1.  .   (. 1937. 23)



         .      .     2, 1930?.    ,      .  1931.   ,         (.1). -,   ,      ,     .          . ,        (  ) 1935, 1936 1937.[124 - Π   .: MillerJ. Soviet Cinema: Politics and Persuasion under Stalin. Chap. 4; Π  ., : KenezP. A History of Bezhin Meadow// Eisenstein at 100: A Reconsideration/ Eds. A.LaValley, B.P.Scherr. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001. P.193206; KenezP. Bezhin lug (Bezhin Meadow)// Enemies of the People: The Destruction of Soviet Literary, Theater, and Film Arts in the 1930s/ Ed. K.Bliss Eaton. Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2002. P.113126.],      . -,      .   ,     ,     .         ,    ,     .      ,  ?         :    ,     .   19361938.        [125 - ., : .     // . 1938. 9. .4; .   // . 1938. 2. .2; . . . .2327.].

Ƞ       ,      - .    1930. ,      .        [126 - .    :  .  . .3. . .; .: , 1931;  : . .: -, 1934; .  : . .: , 1936;     . .: , 1940;     . .: , 1943.].    ?       . -              ,     . , 1938.     -   ..         20,    .  ,    ,     .         ,    [127 -  , 19281953: . .495496.].        1938.  ,     :         ,    .

        ,  ,   19301940?.,   [128 -   .. .178179.].  1938.             .   ,      ,    .         (;  19381939.),     .  ,  ,          .  , ,  ,     ,     ,      [129 -   1946.   -. .: KepleyV. Federal Cinema: The Soviet Film Industry, 192432// Film History. 1996. Vol.8. 3. P.344356.].    -     (Р ).       ,   ,   .     1946.,     .   ,  ,     ,        .           , , ,  1943.  ,  [130 -   (.:   , 19461965. ., 2010. .5152),         1947.     .  1948.     . .].

-         (  )         . Ƞ   , 1941.  ,  ,  ,      .   : Ӡ []      ,      [131 - .   . .46.].      ,   ,    ,    ( ),   ,        [132 - .: FiltzerD. Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: The Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 19281941. Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1986. C. 266.].         ,        .          ,        [133 - .:            //   . .: , 1973. .3. .135;   . .:  , 1999. .378;          : LaurentN. LCil du Kremlin: Cinma et censure en URSS sous Staline, 19281953. Toulouse: Privat, 2000. P.251. . : .   . .453.].

             .     ,      ,      .  1940?.         ,       . ., 19401943.        , : [   ,   1941., ]      ,   ,     ,    ,    [134 - . .2456. .1. .710. .143.].      35.       ,   ,       .  ,     ,     .  1940.    32,   21       1941.  41  17  [135 - . .2453. .2. .336. .2.].   1941.  45   ,   1940.,     58,  39.

  1939.         (19361938). 1938 1939.      ,       .          .  1935.       ,   1940.     [136 - Π 1919.,       , .: RyabchikovaN. When Was Soviet Cinema Born? The Institutionalization of Soviet Film Studies and the Problems of Periodization// The Emergence of Film Culture: Knowledge Production, Institution Building and the Fate of the Avant-Garde in Europe, 19191945/ Ed. M.Hagener. N.Y.: Berghahn, 2014. P.118139.].                   ⠖,            [137 -   ()     // . 1940. 8. .1.].   1941.      ..   ,        ,        [138 - .   . .45.].  ,  1943.    80.   1940.   39, 1941.40[139 - .     1939// . 1939. 8. .2.].

   ,   ꠫   ?      . . (, 1940)  1940.               .          ,   .  ,      蠫    ,     蠫,   ,     .     ,           . ,   ,  ,         [140 -  // . 1940. 227. .3;  , 19281953: . .601; .     :  //  . 1993/94. 20. .9697.].

        .   1932. 1936.,         .   7  ,   16    [141 - . .2450. .4. .35. .3226; . : . . . .9798.].      ,    ,    1941.  .  ,   15, 軠2025 蠫軠78[142 -  , 19281953: . .622; .   . .48.].   ,  -       .  ,    ,   ,    :  ,          [143 -  , 19281953: . .626; .   . .50.]. ,  ,      ,     .

    ,         ., ., .    .,    ,    ,   :   (. , 1941) 蠫  (. , 1940).   1941.    :       ,    [144 - .   . .29.].     .     :     - [145 - . : .  :   . .: , 1992. .49.]. .   :  - , ,        ,     .    ,     [146 - .    ʻ,    .        //  . 2013. 104/105. .302, 304.].  1943.,     ,       ,  [] ,         [147 -  . .312313.].

 1940.       ,    ,   .         , , ,            [148 - .   . .38.].   ,     ,  17 , 11, 5 ,  5  - .           - [149 - . .2456. .1. .709. .9, 18;   : , 19171953. .: , 2002. .470472; .   . .2023, 3335, 3743, 347349.].    ,    1941.   .   ,        ,     ,      .

,       .  1940.        .  ࠖ ,   ,    ,         .      ,        .  ,       ꠖ    .    ,     , ,     [150 - . // . 1940. 19. .4.]. Ƞ, ,             ,          .






 2.  .   (. 1943. 30/31)



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 2

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notes



1


Π   .: The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents, 18961939/ Eds. R.Taylor, I.Christie. L.:Routledge, 1994. P.5657.  ,        (  .        ,   ).  ,       ,      (   )      ,    .




2


   // . 1929. 28. .4.




3


KenezP.The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 19171929. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.




4


Dream Factory Communism: The Visual Culture of the Stalin Era/ Eds. B.Groys, M.Hollein. Frankfurt: Schirn Kunsthalle, 2003.




5


  : .  :  . .: , 1935.    ,  ,        1928. .:  . 1-     . .: --, 1929. .17, 429444.




6


 , 19281953: . .: , 2005. .836.




7


DickinsonT., LawsonA. The Film in USSR1937// The Cine-Technician. 1937. AugustSeptember. P.105.




8


    . .:  // . 1940. 8. .7; Economic History of Film/ Eds. J.Sedgwick, M.Pokorny. N.Y.: Routledge, 2005. P.154.




9


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