 -, -    
  


      . ,      .   carcass  , comic  , carton  , codex  , extravagant   , ,  ,      .  , ,         .     velvet,   decade,   accurate,   familiar  ..,  ..            .      .      (-  -)    .       ( ) .        .       ,   ,   .




 -



 !

           -, -     (  ,      ).



   ,  , ,     , ,   ,    .



     , , ,   ,        .    carcass  , comic  , audience  , carton  , codex  , extravagant  , climax   ,  ,    ,        ( )  .

 , ,         .   (  ,     )   velvet,   decade,   accurate,   complexion,   familiar  ..,  ..            ,   .        ,        .



  ,           .     .     ,     ,   .



      ໠   ,             .



   .            ,     .

      ,         ,  ,        .



     (-  -)           ,             .          ( ) .       .

      . .         (-  -    . ., . , 1969.).



         ( ).     .

-,     ,    ,   .  ,  ,      ,  ,            (   ,        , , ,  , ,   ..).          ( ).

-,    ,        /      .     - .

-,       ,   , ,  ,      ,         ,      ,   .

-,    ,          ,       ,     .

,       ,         .  ,    ( , ,  ,      )   : pahotalex@gmail.com

!

        .        .



       (Charles Drage)     .    ,     ,   .



PREFACE



Dear Reader,

First of all, it is necessary to explain the term false friends (as they are called in Russian).

It is a well-known fact that almost in every language there are words that look or sound like words from other (foreign) languages, but very often, the meanings of such words differ from their foreign relatives.

Linguists in different countries call such words differently  misleading words; deceptive cognates, false friends of the translator; deceptive internationalisms; misleading words of foreign origin etc.

Perhaps the term misleading words is most suitable for everyday use, this is why I suggest using that term. I do not insist on the term I have offered. Whatever the name, such words have been causing misunderstandings/problems for Russians who learn, teach or otherwise use the English language.

Though the dictionary is meant primarily for Russian learners of English it might be also of great help to English learners of Russian.

This English-Russian, Russian-English Dictionary of Misleading Words is the biggest of its kind as it contains (in both parts) more than 2000 words and expressions. It is a modern popular reference book that will help interpreters, teachers, students, and other users of English.

The dictionary consists of two parts (English-Russian and Russian English) with cross references. Each English head-word is given a short explanatory comment and a correct Russian equivalent (or equivalents).

Numerous examples of use and misuse will also be quite helpful for English learners.

The number of Russian words in the Russian-English part does not coincide with the number of English words in the English-Russian part as there are some misleading words that exist only in one of the languages.

The dictionary also includes The List of Similar Looking Words. It explains to the Russian learner quite a number of English words that look or sound alike but have different meanings.

At the end of the book there is my own classification of misleading words (in Russian).




-   





( )




A


abort

         .



        : , ,  ( , ).

      .

: 



1)The word abort has nothing to do with our plans.       .

2) They abort the mission because of the spring flood.  ()  -   ().

      -  .

academia 

        .          () .

: Hes been in academia for twenty years. Hes a Ph.D.

      ./     .     .

      -  .

academic 

        .

        : , ,    ,   .

: Its an academic course. You dont need it for your work.

   .      .

      -  .

accumulator 

         (), ..        ,      .         ,   ().        ,        .

    ()   -  .

accuracy 

        , ..      : , , .

: His job requires accuracy and patience.

     .

      -  .

accurate 

        , ..       : , , .

: These figures are accurate. He may use them in his report.

  .       .

      -  .

actual 

        , ..      : , , , . ,  actually       , ..      : , -, ,   .

: These figures are wrong. I need an actual picture.

   .     .

      -  .

adapter/adaptor

         ( ), ..       : , , .    ,   (     ).

    ()   -  .

adept 

         ( ), ..      : , .     , .

: My daughter became adept at reciting long poems.      .

      -  .

adjutant 

        , ..     ,      .

      -  .

administration 

         (, ), ..       :  (-),  (-).     ( ).      ,  (, ).

: The US Administration is going to support this project.     .

    ()   -  .

adventure 

        , ..   ,  ,   : ,  .

: His adventures are described in many books.

     .

      -  .

advocate 

        , ..        - ,    ..

 advocate   ,   ,    .          to be the devils advocate      .

: He relied on the theory and became its ardent advocate.

         .

      -  .

affair 

        , ..       , ,  ,   : , .      (     ).

:       Affair with a Stranger          ,         .

      -  .

aggregate 

        

, ..      

 ,       , .

      (  )      .

: You didnt include the aggregate income figures.      .

      -  .

agony 

         , ..           .  ,          .        agony      ,     .

airkiss

         , ..        , ,  ,    ,        .

         .

alley 

        , ..    alley      .     ,  ,       .       blind alley  .

: He walked quietly along the alley behind the building where he was not seen.

      (, )  ,     .

     -  .

allure 

         , ..      ,  : , , , ,

.       :

, ,  .

: I cant resist the allure of foreign languages.

     .

      -  .

amber/ember

       .

ambition 

        , ..    ,  ,   : , ,  ,  /.  ,         ,      ambition        ,   ambitious.

: 1) The ambitious project came true only 70 years later.

  ()    70  .

2) It was the only ambition he had achieved.

   ,   .

      -  .

ammunition 

         .   ,      ammunition,  ,   (,   ..).          (   ).               .      ammunition   .

: The war could not be continued without ammunition.

    .

analytic 

         , ..       .

      -  .

anecdotal 

         (, ), ..         ,     .

: These stories are not accurate. They are based on anecdotal evidence.   .     .

      -  .

anecdote 

         (), ..      ,    .

: They loved his anecdotes about famous people and faraway countries.          .

    ()   -  .

anesthetic 

     anaesthetic.         / .      under anesthetic.

 anesthesia     .

angina 

        , ..       ,     

      -  .

apartment 

        , ..   ( ) ,  ,  .

: These apartments are quite cheep. You may choose one of them.

  .     -.

      -  .

apparatus 

         (, , ), ..          .

    (  )   -  .

apparel 

         (     /    ), ..   ( )      (  ).

: We went to the department where they sold mens apparel.    ,    .

      -  .

appelation 

        , ..      : ,    ( ).

      -  .

appendix 

         (   ), ..       .      ( ).

    (   )   -  .

appendicitis 

         (   ), ..        .

    (   )   -  .

application 

        , ..      :  /;  ;     /.

: Your application didnt come.    .

      -  

ArabianNights

               .     ,          (    )     .              , ,   ..

arbitrage 

        , ..                      .

      -  .

arc 

        , ..     ;    .

      -  .

arcade 

          ,         (        ).

     -  .

argument 

         , ..   ,  ,    ,    .

: He remembered his parents arguments but never mentioned them in his diary.

   ,        .

      -  .

artist 

         , ..   ,  ,    .        (),         actor.

 artist        .

aspect 

         ,           .         (, ).

: The girl is funny. Look at her. What an aspect!

 .   . ,  !

ass 

        ,       (  )      , ,  (  ).     , ,  .    .        : you saved my ass (  / )  .

: Thanks! You saved my ass.

!    .

assignation 

         ()   ( ), ..       .

       -  .

Astrakhan 

          (), ..           .

athletic 

        , ,   .

attraction 

        , ..   ,  ,   : , , .              . :He possessed a strong personal attraction that helped him on his way up.

   ,      .

      -  .

audience 

        , ..   ,  ,   : , .          (,   ..)    audience

: The audience went wild when he appeared on the stage.

  ,     .

      -  .

author 

          ( -),         : , .

authority 

         ,         :  , .    (authorities)     , .

     -  .

automat 

         (  ; ), ..        .      ,     ,     .

   (  )   -  .




B


backbite 

          , ..      : , .

:     ,   ,    (  ):      (?!!),      .     :      (    ),       -  .

balance

         (),    (),      ,   .

balloon 

        , ..      :  ,  .

:  The air rushed in where you werent anymore, and it sounded like a balloon popping.

     ,     ,        .

      -  .

band 

         , ..      :  ,  ,     , , ,     .        .

      -  .

bandage 

        , ..      : , ,  .      ,  .

      -  .

banderole

        , ..      : , .

      -  .

bank 

        ,   

(), , .

baptism 

          (   ), ..      : ,  .

: Baptism is one of the main religious ceremonies in Christianity.

       .

bar

         , ..        :  (),  (),  (),  (  ), , .         , .

: He was twice behind the bars.

     ( ).

barrack 

        , ..     (  barracks),  ,     .

      to barrack   .

: These soldiers should be moved into a new barracks.       .

      -  .

baton 

        , ..       :  , ,  .

      -  .

bazaar 

         ,    .

: He loved Damascus for these noisy bazaars.

       .

    ()   -  .

beefsteak 

         .       .           (     ).      beefsteak      .

 ,  ,               ,  -          .

   cutlet.

billion 

         ,      .          ,         .

biscuit 

        , ..      (  )   .

: He was so hungry that he was quite ready to eat even dogs biscuits.

  ,       .

      -  .

block 

         (), ..      :  () - ,   , .

: They lived in a big block of flats across the street.

         .

    ()   -  .

blue 

         (  ), ..       ,  ( )       .  blues    ,  the blues  , .

: He still has the blues for me.

     .

    (, )   -  .

bomb 

         .       ,               ,               (  , 15- , , .,  , 1988 ).

          ,       ()     .   ,      bomb          ,    .

 ,                 , .

bra 

         (), ..    bra  ,  (    brassiere).

      -  .

brigadier 

        

(  ), ..    

     (   -).

        (Brigadier General).

      -  .

brilliant 

         , ..   ,  ,      : , .      , , .            .

: This is a brilliant man, the father of a brilliant child.

  ,   .

    ( )   -  .

brow 

         , ..   ,  ,   : .         .         eyebrow.      highbrow,        , , .       ,   .

: 1) He was fond of highbrow books.    .

2) His hair was gray and his brow wrinkled.

       

bullion 

        , ..        (  ).

      -  .




C


cabin 

        , ..      :   (  ),    .

: The police found him in his cabin near the river

         .

      -  .

cabinet 

        , ..      :  (),    .       .

   cabinetmaker (cabinet-maker)  - .

: These cups, vases and figures have been stolen from the cabinet in my room.

 ,          .

     -  .

cacao 

         (), ..      :  ()  .

    (, )   -  .

calender 

        , ..      : , ;  (  -).

      -  .

camera 

         (  ), ..   ,  ,    .

 ,         ,       ,        .        .

      -  .

campaign 

         (, ), ..        (,   ..).

: They participated in my election campaign.

     .

      -  .

campus 

        ,        .   ,      .             . :         

campus  .  :  ,

   ..

,    ,   ,    .

canal 

    ,  ,   :    ().

    (  )   -  .

caramel 

         ( ), ..      :  (   ,    ).      .

: She hated ice-cream with caramel.

      .

    ( )   -  .

carat 

          (     0,2 ), ..        ,  ,   .



: He bought her a 22-carat golden ring.

       .

caravan 

          (   ), ..   ,  ,   :     (   trailer), ,  (, ).

   wagon.

carcass 

        , ..      :   (   ).      ,   ..

: He noticed the carcass of a dead buffalo.     .

      -  .

career 

         (   )     (  ), ..      :  ( ).

      -  .

carrier 

         (   ),  (  )     ( ), ..      : , ;     ,   ..

       -  .

carton 

        , ..           (     , ,   ..).

      ,           (, ),    carton.

: He bought a carton of cigarettes.

   .

      -  .

cartoon 

         , ..      :  ( ); ; ,  (      ).

      -  .

cascade 

          (  ), ..        :   (    ), .

cataract 

          ( ), ..        : , .

Caucasian 

         ( ),     ,  ,         ()  , .

:         ,          

  ,    ( ):

 !

,    ,  (  )  ,     . ,  (- )    ,   .   , :

,   ! (   -).

champion 

         , ..          () - , ,   ..

: Jane turned into a real champion of womens rights.

       .

character 

         , ..        :  ( ); / ().

: The Japanese characters became my first challenge in learning Japanese.          .

characteristic 

         , ..       : ,  ( -  -).        (   )   ,    .

: His behaviour is quite characteristic of politicians.

    .

      -  .

check 

        ,     ,  ,   : , .      (  ) check    (  cheque).

      ,        bill.

chef 

        , ..     -.

      -  .

chips 

          , ..         .      ,  ,    (      French fries).        crisps.

chocolate 

           , ..     :  ,  ,        (,   ..);   ( hot chocolate).

:         .

  "  ",   ,     - : "She can buy a diamond as big as a chocolate".        : "       ".      "chocolate".         .       .

choir 

        , ..   ,  ,   :  .

    choir/chorus    .

      -  .

chorus 

         , ..        :  ( );  (  chorus line).

  choir/chorus    .

: It is strange to look upon this man or that, the bank clerk, the dust man, the girl in the second row of the chorus.

   ,     :  , ,     .

circulation

         , ..        :  .

: The circulation of our newspaper has reached 200 000 copies.       .

class 

          (), ..   ,  ,     (),   , .

:         .

   (    )  ,   ,  ,      .  -    .        :   .

clay 

        , ..       .

      -  .

climax 

        , ..        ,   .      .

: By the time he reached the climax of his story everybody was asleep.   ,       ,   .

      -  .

closet 

         (), ..      :  , .

: He found his tie in his wifes closet.

      .

    ()   -  .

codex 

        , ..     :  ,  .       codices.

    .      (      )         .      codex      .

: These codices are priceless.

   .

      -  .

colon 

         (   ), ..      ( ).

    (   )   -   .

columnist 

        , ..      .        . ,  ,     (- column)  ,          columnist.

:            ,          .

comic 

         , ..      : , .

: He had his fathers comic appearance.

      .

      -  .

commissary 

          , ..           .

communication 

          (), ..       : , .

: I have received your last communication.     .

compact 

          , ..        : , , .          - (     ),        .      (  ) , .          -   (  )   .

: He was a small compact looking boy.

   ,     .



company

    ,  ,   : , , .        (,   ..)

    (,   ..)   -  .



complexion

        , ..        .

: She had her fathers eyes and fair complexion.

         ().

      -  .



compliment

         , ..        : , .    (  )   .

  ,    (  )    , .

: This is a compliment from the chef.

  ()  -.



compositor

        , ..      .

      -  .



compromise

          , ..          ( ),    .

concept

         ,     ,  ,   : , ;  .

      -  c.



condition

         (, , ), ..      : , ,   , , .

: 1) He had a serious heart condition.

    .

2) By that time his condition was diagnosed as pleurisy.

       .

      -  .

conditioner 

         (       ), ..          .                ,           .

      -  .

conductor 

         , ..   ,  ,     .     ,     .           .          .

: He became the most famous conductor in the country.       .

confession 

        

, ..   ,  , 

  .        .

      -  .

confuse 

         , ..    ,  : , ,     .

      -  .

confusion 

        , ..      : , , .

      -  .

conservatory

        , ..      : , .          ,       .

: He cares about his roses. He even built a new conservatory for them.     .       .

      -  .

conserve

             , ..        (,   ..).    .

: There is a huge project to conserve this area.

      .



        -  .

conspiracy 

         , ..       :  , ;  .

: She could accept his hatred of religion, but this terrible conspiracy       ,    

constitution 

         ( ),    (   ).

     -  .

contacts 

         , ..         .

:      : I have to find my contacts.          (     ).

convoy 

         , ..             ,         . (  , 15- , , .,  , 1988 .)     ,    .            ,       ,  .       ,      , , , .   ,    convoy      ,       .          ,             .

copy 

         , ..        :  , ;   ; .

corona 

         (), ..         (  ,       ).

    ()   -  .

corpse 

        , ..       .

      -  .

corpus 

        , ..      :  (),    -    .            (,  ).      Corpus Christi,         .

: Such words occur more frequently in the BBC data than in a corpus of general English.

      BBC,      .

      -  .

correct 

         (), ..      : , , .

: They didnt know if the figures were correct.   ,     .

      -  .

cosmos 

         ( ), ..   ,  ,   : , .

    ( )   -   .

costume 

         ( ), ..      :       .

: They wore black robes and strange carnival costumes.

        .



    ( )   -  .

coupe 

        , ..         .

      -  .

crest 

        , ..     : , ,  ().

      -  .

criminal 

         , ..       : , , .      : , .

: He never mentioned his criminal activities to his friends.

       .

      -  .

critical 

          (  ), ..        : , , .

cross 

         , ..       .  ,    : , .        : , ,  (, )  ..

      -  .

cubicle 

         , ..        ( ,  ),   (   ).

: The galleries were fitted out with cubicles.    .

      -  .

cuckoo 

            , ..         , .              (    )    "    ",   2004    .      

      .

     .  "   ". (   . ,     ,      ).          .  ,       One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest.

    "   " (, ,   "   ")     ,   . ,          ,  .   cuckoos nest (   ),    (      ),     ,     .   

  . -       one.          ,  ,  . One     .  ,         over.  fly over   ,    .

 ,           . ,  ,      .

      ?   ,    : "-    ", "-    ".      .          +             +  + /  .    ,      .   .    : "  ", " ", "  ", "  ", "  ", "  ", "   " ..    ,  ,   ,         .

culturist 

         (), ..   ,  ,    ,       .

      -  .

curator 

         , ..   ,  ,     ,  .       ,   - .     .        .

curious 

        , ..   ,  ,   : , , .



: He liked her big curious eyes.

     .

      -  .

curse

                , ..      (  )    .

: I couldnt talk with Jane. She had the curse and stayed home.

     .    ,    .

cutlery 

          ,   (     ), ..        ,    ().

cutlet 

         (), ..          (    )  .

    ()   -  .

cylinder 

         (), ..        ( )     .



    ()   -  .




D


dame 

        , ..        ( ).

      -  .

data 

        , ..      : , , . Data       datum.

: The data are not reliable.

  .

      -  .

decade 

         ( ), ..        . :He had lived in London for almost a decade before he left for New York.

      ,     -.

    ( )   -  .

decoration 

        , ..      : , .     .

      -  .

deli 

      - ,         .     delicatessen.

  delicatessen.

delicatessen

        , ..        ,     , ,    . .          ,    ,    deli   ,   - .

: He went to the nearest deli.

    .

      -  .

demonstration 

          (), ..        :  (),  ().

: He couldnt stand her demonstration of emotions.

        .

depot 

        , ..       , .     .            .

      -  .

deputy 

         , ..         (- ).         .

: He was arrested by the deputy within ten hours after the crime.

           .

detail 

         (, ), ..        ().

: He has told her all the details of his trip to New York.

     ()    -.

    (, )   -  .

dinner 

         (       ), ..            (    ,  ).           .         dinner   .

    (   )   -  .

diploma 

       (  ),         degree.

direction 

          :  (), .    (, )     . : He couldnt find her as he went in the wrong direction.

    ,       .

    (, )   -  .

director 

         , ..        : ,  - ,   .

       head.

: The play failed because they took the wrong director.

 ,      .

dislocation 

         , ..      : , .     ,    (  ..).

diversion

        , ..      : , , .               .

      -  .

dog 

         ( ), ..        ( ).

      -  .

douche 

        , ..        .        .

      -  .

doze 

         , ..       , .    ()  , .

      -  .

dramatic 

         , ..   ,  ,   : , , , ,       ,  (,   ..).

dude 

     (    )    , .    ( )  , .

:    ,   ,  : Hey, dude, lets go.     : , , !.  ,     .

Dutch 

         , ..        .

: He spoke to her in Dutch but she didnt understand him.

     ,     .

      -  .




E


ebony 

        , ..        .

      -  .

effective/efficient

       .

electric 

          (), ..             .

: The room was full of equipment and electric wires.

     .

    ()   -  .

element 

         (), ..        .         :  ( ),   (,  ),  .              ,  ,      ( ).    (   )    (, ,   ).

    ()   -  .

elevator 

         , ..        ,    .      (  )  .

eleventh hour

           , ..         .

: He changed his plan at the eleventh hour.

     ()  .

elixir 

         , ..        .    ()   .

end 

         , ..         .



:The team wanted to win and it did everything possible to achieve that end.

      ,    .

engineer 

         , ..        .    (  )   .

entourage

        , ..        : , .

:           .    ,       ,    (  ):     .   ,        ,                    .

      -  .

epidemic 

          , ..         .

Eskimo 

        , ..       .

      -  .

exam 

        , ..        .

      -  .

examination 

         , ..        , .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/aleksandr-pahotin-21/bolshoy-anglo-russkiy-russko-angliyskiy-tolkovyy-slov/)  .

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