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 ,     ,     .  1970.   59    ,      .  ,        ,   2010.      77   ,  [13 -  : Ariane Hegewisch, Claudia Williams, Anlan Zhang, The Gender Wage Gap: 2011, Fact Sheet (          2011.),  2012., http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-2011 (http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-2011) Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 (,           2010.), U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, p. 60239 (   ,     , . 60239) (, 2011), http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf (http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf).  ,       ,   ,       .     ,          ,                   .                        .   ,          ,             ,       ,  ,        .  , , ,           ,       ( ,   ..).  ,     :    . ,          ,   ,  ,   77 ,            ,   ,  ,   82 .].  2011.           :     !           ![14 -  : Marlo Thomas, Another Equal Pay Day? Really? (   ?  ?), The Huffington Post, 12  2011., http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marlo-thomas/equal-pay-day_b_847021.html (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marlo-thomas/equal-pay-day_b_847021.html).]        16%  ,   蠖  18%[15 -  16%  :     2010. . , Progress on Equality Between Women and Men in 2011: A Europe 2020 Initiative (       2011.:  ࠖ 2020) (,  , 2012), http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/progress_on_equality_between_women_and_men_in_2011.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/progress_on_equality_between_women_and_men_in_2011.pdf).][16 -  18%: Tijdens, K.G., M. Van Klaveren, Frozen in Time: Gender Pay Gap Unchanged for 10 years (  :     ),     (, 2012), http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/pay_gap_en_final.pdf (http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/pay_gap_en_final.pdf).].

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       ,       . ,         .    ,   ,     :          . ,   McKinsey  2012.    4000   , :     36%    18% [27 - 36%    18% : 4000 ,   ,  14 ,       Fortune 500     . .: Joanna Barsh, Lareina Yee, Unlocking the Full Potential of Women at Work (      ), McKinsey & Company,  2012., 7, http://www.mckinsey.com/careers/women/~/media/Reports/Women/2012%20WSJ%20Women%20in%20the%20Economy%20white%20paper%20FINAL.ashx (http://www.mckinsey.com/careers/women/~/media/Reports/Women/2012%20WSJ%20Women%20in%20the%20Economy%20white%20paper%20FINAL.ashx). ,     ,       :  ,  ,      . ,   2003.    ,  Catalyst            , ,          19%    9% .       ,          54%    43% .  , ,        (   25% ),   ,   (34%  21% ).  ,          頖  67%      ,          .  : , ,           ,       ,  ,      ,  ,  ,      ,   ,    . .:    , Catalyst,        , Leaders in a Global Economy: A Study of Executive Women and Men (   :     ,   ),  2003., 4, http://www.catalyst.org/publication/80/leaders-in-a-global-economy-a-study-of-executive-women-and-men (http://www.catalyst.org/publication/80/leaders-in-a-global-economy-a-study-of-executive-women-and-men).,    ,  -, ,  81%    67%    -. .: Gary N. Powell, D. Anthony Butterfield, Gender, Gender Identity, and Aspirations to Top Management (,        ), Women in Management Review 18, 1 (2003): 8896.,   2007.    ,     , ,           . .: Barrie Litzsky, Jeffrey Greenhaus, The Relationship Between Gender and Aspirations to Senior Management (       ), Career Development International 12, 7 (2007): 63759.  ,   12      19811995., :  44%  ,      ,         򻠖            60%. .: Catalyst,     ,    , Women and the MBA (  ).   McKinsey & Company ,           ,   .   ,                    . .: Joanna Barsh, Lareina Yee, Special Report: Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the U.S. Economy ( :        ), McKinsey & Company,  2011., 6, http://www.mckinsey.com/Client_Service/Organization/Latest_thinking/Unlocking_the_full_potential.aspx (http://www.mckinsey.com/Client_Service/Organization/Latest_thinking/Unlocking_the_full_potential.aspx).      ,        , ,   2004.  Catalyst   700   250 ,        Fortune 1000,   .                 (   55%   57% ).  ,  ,       ,     , ,  ,   . .: Catalyst, Women and Men in U.S. Corporate Leadership: Same Workplace, Different Realities? (       :   ,  ?) (2004), 1416, http://www.catalyst.org/publication/145/women-and-men-in-us-corporate-leadership-same-workplace-different-realities (http://www.catalyst.org/publication/145/women-and-men-in-us-corporate-leadership-same-workplace-different-realities).    ,           .  , ,   ,         ,       ;  ,         ;   ,     ;      ,      ,    , , ;             - ;    ,       ,              .         .: Litzsky, Greenhaus, The Relationship Between Gender and Aspirations to Senior Management (       ), 63759.          .: Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Understanding Womens Educational and Occupational Choices: Applying the Eccles et al. Model of Achievement-Related Choices (        ), Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, 4 (1994): 585609.        .: Naomi Casserir, Barbara Reskin, High Hopes: Organizational Position, Employment Experiences, and Womens and Mens Promotion Aspirations ( :   ,           ), Work and Occupations 27, 4 (2000): 43863; Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (    ), 2- ., (New York: Basic Books, 1993).].  ,            ,     [28 -  : Alison M. Konrad et al., Sex Differences and Similarities in Job Attribute Preferences: A Meta-Analysis (       ,  : ), Psychological Bulletin 126, 4 (2000): 593641; Eccles, Understanding Womens Educational and Occupational Choices (        ), 585609. ,      , ,   15%    ,      . .: Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Carolyn Buck Luce, Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Keeping Talented Women on the Road to Success (  :       ), Harvard Business Review 83, 3 (2005): 48.    ,   , :  ,  ,        ,       ,   , ,           . ,   ,  ,     ,     ,       .       .: Erica S. Weisgram, Lisa M. Dinella, Megan Fulcher, The Role of Masculinity/Femininity, Values, and Occupational Value Affordances in Shaping Young Mens and Womens Occupational Choices (    ,                ), Sex Roles 65, 34 (2011): 24358.].          ,            . ,    , ,                  [29 - , 养: Linda Schweitzer et al., Exploring the Career Pipeline: Gender Differences in Pre-Career Expectations (   :     ,   ), Relations Industrielles 66, no. 3 (2011): 42244.  ,   23 413  ,      , ,  10%    5%                .].           [30 -    ⅻ: Hewlett, Luce, Off-Ramps and On-Ramps (  ): 48.  ,        , ,               . ,   ,    ,     ,    (43%),         (51%).].

 ,  ,      . ,    Pew Research  2012., ,        18  34    ,   -,         ⠖ 66%  59%[31 - 66%  59%: Eileen Patten, Kim Parker, A Gender Reversal on Career Aspirations (    ),   ,  2012., http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/04/19/a-gender-reversal-on-career-aspirations/ (http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/04/19/a-gender-reversal-on-career-aspirations/).   ,       ,   ,  ,      .       40         ,      .      40 ,   ,          .        ,       ,       .].  ,      2000-, ,           ,  [32 -   2000-:  2000-     1980  2000.].     ,      ,       .   2000- ,  ,            ,     .  ,           ,        [33 -    : ,      2000-, : 36%    25%    ,          ,          . .: Darshan Goux, Millennials in the Workplace ( 2000-   ),         , (2012), 1725, http://www.bentley.edu/centers/sites/www.bentley.edu.centers/files/centers/cwb/millennials-report.pdf (http://www.bentley.edu/centers/sites/www.bentley.edu.centers/files/centers/cwb/millennials-report.pdf).  ,   2008.  -,                .   ,           .  ,      ,   ,     ,    ,         . .    , Change It Up: What Girls Say About Redefining Leadership ( :       ), (2008), 19, http://www.girlscouts.org/research/pdf/change_it_up_executive_summary_english.pdf (http://www.girlscouts.org/research/pdf/change_it_up_executive_summary_english.pdf).].

         , , ,     堖     ,     .     ,       .      -   ,        . ,  ,          ,  ?.     ,       ,      [34 -     : Samantha Ettus, Does the Wage Gap Start in Kindergarten? (      ?) Forbes, 13  2012., http://www.forbes.com/sites/samanthaettus/2012/06/13/kindergarten-wage-gap/ (http://www.forbes.com/sites/samanthaettus/2012/06/13/kindergarten-wage-gap/).].    , ,  ,        [35 -     : ,     ,             , ,       62%   46% .  ,   ,  ,      ,  22%    14% .  ,    60%      ,       . .: Jennifer L. Lawless, Richard L. Fox, Men Rule: The Continued Under-Representation of Women in U.S. Politics (  :       - ) (Washington, D.C.: Women & Politics Institute, American University School of Public Affairs,  2012.), http://www.american.edu/spa/wpi/upload/2012-Men-Rule-Report-final-web.pdf (http://www.american.edu/spa/wpi/upload/2012-Men-Rule-Report-final-web.pdf).].       ,  ,      [36 -      :      4000      : 37%    22%  ,             .  ,    51%    37%  ,     컠         . .: Deborah Marlino, Fiona Wilson, Teen Girls on Business: Are They Being Empowered? (-  :    ?),  200,    ,  2003., 21, http://www.simmons.edu/som/docs/centers/TGOB_report_full.pdf (http://www.simmons.edu/som/docs/centers/TGOB_report_full.pdf).].     50   ,  ,          [37 -  : Jenna Johnson, On College Campuses, a Gender Gap in Student Government (  :     ), Washington Post, 16  2011., http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/on-college-campuses-a-gender-gap-in-student-government/2011/03/10/ABim1Bf_story.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/on-college-campuses-a-gender-gap-in-student-government/2011/03/10/ABim1Bf_story.html).].

 ,    ,     ,  -   .   ໠       . ,  ,   ,      . , ,    ,     ,  --   ,     .        [38 -     :   ,     , .: Madeline E. Heilman, Tyler G. Okimoto, Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks? The Implied Communality Deficit (       ?    ), Journal of Applied Psychology 92, no. 1 (2007): 8192; Madeline E. Heilman et al., Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks (  :   ,     ), Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 3 (2004): 41627; Alice H. Eagly, Steven J. Karau, Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders (        -), Psychological Review 109, no. 3 (2002): 57398; Madeline E. Heilman, Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Womens Ascent up the Organizational Ladder (  :            ), Journal of Social Issues 57, no. 4 (2001): 65774.].

    , ,     ,      ,         .     ,          :     堖       .    ,      ,         .   ,    ,    ,   , , ,  19-      .

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       30,        ,   .             ,   : , , ,        ?       堖     .     ,  ,      .   , .       ,    .      .            ,   ,      .  .    :   ,    ,   ,       .        .      ,      .   :         ,     .  !    .

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      ,         .     ,    ,    .  ,      ,        .    ,   ,       , ,       [45 -    :   40            .    ,    ,        ,  .  ,     .         (    ,  ,   )                   . ,       ,       ,  .   .: Robyn Beaman, Kevin Wheldall, Carol Kemp, Differential Teacher Attention to Boys and Girls in the Classroom (            ), Educational Review 58, 3 (2006): 33966; Susanne M. Jones, Kathryn Dindia, A Meta-Analytic Perspective on Sex Equity in the Classroom (      ), Review of Educational Research 74, 4 (2004): 44371; Ellen Rydell Altermatt, Jasna Javanovic, Michelle Perry, Bias or Responsivity? Sex and Achievement-Level Effects on Teachers Classroom Questioning Practices (  ?       ,    ), Journal of Educational Psychology 90, 3 (1998): 51627; Myra Sadker, David Sadker, Susan Klein, The Issue of Gender in Elementary and Secondary Education (      ), Review of Research in Education 17 (1991): 269334; Roberta M. Hall, Bernice R. Sandler, The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women? (   :    ?) (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges, 1982).].

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, ,     ,       .         ,     ,    .       ,          ,   .  Free to Be You and Me,   1972.,      .          ,        ,    . ,   40 ,   -    .  2011.,  ,           .    ,   - ,           ,    ,  ?[46 -    : Riley Maida, 4 Year Old Girl Questions Marketing Strategies (     ), YouTube Video, 1:12 minutes, posted by Neuroticy 2, 28  2011., http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3mTTIoB_oc (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3mTTIoB_oc).].  .  ,     , 젖 . -     ,  - .       ,  젖 ,  ?.  ,   ,   ,   .   -  ,       .     Free to Be You and Me    , ,      ,       .

 ,   ,    ,    .     . -      -        ,        .     :     ,          .       .

   - ,   .  , ,       ,          .  , ,          .            젖  ,             ,     [47 -    : Kelly Danaher, Christian S. Crandall, Stereotype Threat in Applied Settings Re-Examined (       ), Journal of Applied Social Psychology 38, 6 (2008): 163955.      ,    ,           , ,   ,  , ,           ,     4763 -.  ,  ,    , .: Catherine Good, Joshua Aronson, Jayne Ann Harder, Problems in the Pipeline: Stereotype Threat and Womens Achievement in High-Level Math Courses ( :            ), Journal of Applied and Developmental Psychology 29, 1 (2008): 1728.  ,                   ,    . .: Jeff Stone, Zachary W. Perry, John M. Darley, White Men Cant Jump: Evidence for the Perceptual Confirmation of Racial Stereotypes Following a Basketball Game (   :         ), Basic and Applied Social Psychology 19, 3 (1997): 291306; Jeff Stone et al., Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance (         ), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, 6 (1999): 121327; Margaret Shih, Todd L. Pittinsky, Nalini Ambady, Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance (  :         ), Psychological Science 10, 1 (1999): 8083.].        ,     ,       ,   [48 - ,   : Jenessa R. Shapiro, Amy M. Williams, The Role of Stereotype Threats in Undermining Girls and Womens Performance and Interest in STEM Fields (          -   ,         ), Sex Roles 66, nos. 34 (2011): 17583.].     ,   Google  ,         ,  .

         .             ,        .          (Working Girl)      (The Proposal).      ,    ,  ,                   ,     (I Dont Knw How She Does It).          . ,   2000-, ,   ,   ,   ,  20%      [49 -  20%      : Goux, Millennials in the Workplace ( 2000-   ), 32.].

       ,         ࠖ   .  41%       .  23%       ,         [50 -  23% : Sarah Jane Glynn, The New Breadwinners: 2010 Update ( :  2010.),     ,  2012., 2, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2012/04/16/11377/the-new-breadwinners-2010-update/ (http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2012/04/16/11377/the-new-breadwinners-2010-update/).  2009. 41,4%      ,  22,5%           .].    ,     :   1976.      -,   2006-젖   [51 -   : Heather Boushey, The New Breadwinners ( )  .: The Shriver Report: A Woman Nation Changes Everything ( :    ), . Heather Boushey, Ann OLeary,         ,  2009., 34, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2009/10/16/6789/the-shriver-report/ (http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2009/10/16/6789/the-shriver-report/).].         : 27%   52%     ,     [52 - 27%   52%  : Mark Mather, U.S. Children in Single-Mother Families (     젖 ),     ,  ,  2012.].    ,         ,   [53 -    : Janet C. Gornick, Marcia K. Meyers, Supporting a Dual-Earner/Dual-Career Society: Policy Lessons from Abroad (   ,        :  - ),  .: A Democracy that Works: The Public Dimensions of the Work and Family Debate (  :      ), . Jody Hemann, Christopher Beem (New York: The New Press,  ).].

 ,            [54 -  ,    酻: Human Rights Watch, Failing Its Families: Lack of Paid Leave and Work-Family Supports in the US ( :             ),  2011., http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0211webwcover.pdf (http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0211webwcover.pdf).].        ,        .    ,   Family Values @ Work,        ,    , ,    : ,  ,   蠖 -            [55 -    : Ellen Bravo, Having It All?The Wrong Question for Most Women (  ?     ),  , 26  2012., http://www.womensmediacenter.com/feature/entry/having-it-allthe-wrong-question-for-most-women (http://www.womensmediacenter.com/feature/entry/having-it-allthe-wrong-question-for-most-women).].

         ,      .          ,   젖   .       , ,           .     ,     , ,     ,      .                 ,    :  ,   ,      ?

 ,       :        ,       .  2009.          50/50  ,       ,       .        ,            ,         .       ,   ,          ,     ,      ,    [56 -   : Sharon Meers, Joanna Strober, Getting to 50/50: How Working Couples Can Have It All by Sharing It All (  50/50:      ,     ) (New York: Bantam Books, 2009).].         ,      ,  ,  ,    ,           [57 -   : Rosalind Chait Barnett, Women and Multiple Roles: Myths and Reality (   :   ), Harvard Review of Psychology 12, 3 (2004): 15864; Rosalind Chait Barnett, Janet Shibley Hyde, Women, Men, Work, and Family: An Expansionist Theory (, ,   :  ), American Psychologist 56, 10 (2001): 78196; Rosalind Chait Barnett, Caryl Rivers, She Works / He Works: How Two-Income Families are Happy, Healthy, and Thriving (  /  :  ,      , ,   ) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).].      ,     ,   ,         [58 -      : Cheryl Buehler, Marion OBrian, Mothers Part-Time Employment: Associations with Mother and Family Well-Being (  :      ), Journal of Family Psychology 25, 6 (2011): 895906; Rebekah Coley et al., Maternal Functioning, Time, Money: The World of Work and Welfare ( , , :    ), Children and Youth Services Review 29, 6 (2007): 72141; Leslie Bennetts, The Feminine Mistake: Are We Giving Up Too Much? ( :      ?), (New York: Hyperion, 2007); Lynne P. Cook, Doing Gender in Context: Household Bargaining and the Risk of Divorce in Germany and the United States (   :         ), American Journal of Sociology 112, 2 (2006): 44272; Barnett, Women and Multiple Roles (    ), 15864.].

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notes









1


4,4    :   , ILO Global Estimates of Forced Labour, Results and Methodology (      :   ) (:  , 2012), 1314, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_norm/-declaration/documents/publication/wcms_182004.pdf (http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_norm/-declaration/documents/publication/wcms_182004.pdf).




2


  : Caroline Wyatt, What Future for Afghan Woman Jailed for Being Raped? (    ,     ,    ?), BBC News,  , 14  2012., http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16543036 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16543036).




3


 17  :    ,     195   (.       ,  2012., http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/4250.htm#note3 (http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/4250.htm#note3)).   ,  ,       , -   ,    ,    ,   蠖 .         ,  2012., https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/pdf-version/December2012ChiefsDirectory.pdf (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/pdf-version/December2012ChiefsDirectory.pdf)).         ,     ,    ,   2013.   頖   ,     2012.      -.  ,     ,      .            -.  2013.     .         堖  ( -,     ).   ,      ,    ,   ,            .




4


20%   :  , Women in National Parliaments (   ), (2012), http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm (http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm).




5


    18%: Center for American Women and Politics, Women Who Will Be Serving in 2013 (    ,      2013.), http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/elections/2013_womenserving.php (http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/elections/2013_womenserving.php); Center for American Women and Politics, Record Number of Women Will Serve in Congress; New Hampshire Elects Women to All Top Posts (    ,      : -     ), Election Watch, 7  2012., http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/press_room/news/documents/PressRelease_11-07-12.pdf (http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/press_room/news/documents/PressRelease_11-07-12.pdf).




6


 :   13,6%        8%      . .:  , Women in National Parliaments (   ), (2013), http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/arc/classif010213.htm (http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/arc/classif010213.htm).




7


     :  , Women in National Parliaments (   ).




8


 4%: Patricia Sellers, Fortune 500 Women CEOs Hits a Milestone (        Fortune 500   ), CNNMoney, 12  2012., http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2012/11/12/fortune-500-women-ceos-3/ (http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2012/11/12/fortune-500-women-ceos-3/).




9


    : Catalyst, 2012 Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Executive Officers and Top Earners ( Catalyst 2012.: ,            Fortune 500),  2012., http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/2012-catalyst-census-fortune-500-women-executive-officers-and-top-earners (http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/2012-catalyst-census-fortune-500-women-executive-officers-and-top-earners). Catalyst  ,   ,      ,            ,   ,           (.  1,    2009.  Catalyst, Fortune 500, http://www.catalyst.org/etc/Census_app/09US/2009_Fortune_500_Census_Appendix_1.pdf; Catalyst, 2012 Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Board Directors ( Catalyst 2012.:        Fortune 500),  2012., http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/2012-catalyst-census-fortune-500-women-board-directors (http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/2012-catalyst-census-fortune-500-women-board-directors); Catalyst, Targeting Inequity: The Gender Gap in U. S. Corporate Leadership (  :      ),  2010., http://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=90f0aade-d9f5-43e7-8501-46bbd1c69bb8 (http://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.Serve&File_id=90f0aade-d9f5-43e7-8501-46bbd1c69bb8).




10


  : U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011 Job Patterns for Minorities and Women in Private Industry (       ,           2011.) (2011), EEO-1 National Aggregate Report, 2011, http://www1.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/employment/jobpat-eeo1/index.cfm (http://www1.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/employment/jobpat-eeo1/index.cfm).          ,   ,    ; Catalyst, 2012 Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Board Directors ( Catalyst 2012.:        Fortune 500); Center for American Women and Politics, Record Number of Women Will Serve in Congress (    ,       ).  . Catalyst, Women of Color Executives: Their Voices, Their Journeys ( -:    ),  2001., http://www.catalyst.org/publication/54/women-of-color-executives-their-voices-their-journeys (http://www.catalyst.org/publication/54/women-of-color-executives-their-voices-their-journeys).




11


14%     : , National Factsheet: Gender Balance in Boards ( :     ),  2012., www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&ved=0CFkQFjAF&url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/womenonboards/womenonboards-factsheet-de_en.pdf&ei=AO-UOyvBYS7igKoooHABg&usg=AFQjCNGx1TMiB2mfY8pcGwTAV-Ao-dV7xA&sig2=W_rwUkNhOfAhpiRawWh70Q (http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&ved=0CFkQFjAF&url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/womenonboards/womenonboards-factsheet-de_en.pdf&ei=AO-UOyvBYS7igKoooHABg&usg=AFQjCNGx1TMiB2mfY8pcGwTAV-Ao-dV7xA&sig2=W_rwUkNhOfAhpiRawWh70Q).




12


 蠖 8%:        ,   McKinsey,    441   , , , , , ,   . .: McKinsey & Company, Women Matter 2010: Women at the Top of Corporations: Making it Happen (  2010.:    頖    ), 2010., http://www.mckinsey.com/features/women_matter (http://www.mckinsey.com/features/women_matter).        -    RTSI 50.




13


 : Ariane Hegewisch, Claudia Williams, Anlan Zhang, The Gender Wage Gap: 2011, Fact Sheet (          2011.),  2012., http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-2011 (http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-2011) Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 (,           2010.), U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, p. 60239 (   ,     , . 60239) (, 2011), http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf (http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf).  ,       ,   ,       .     ,          ,                   .                        .   ,          ,             ,       ,  ,        .  , , ,           ,       ( ,   ..).  ,     :    . ,          ,   ,  ,   77 ,            ,   ,  ,   82 .




14


 : Marlo Thomas, Another Equal Pay Day? Really? (   ?  ?), The Huffington Post, 12  2011., http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marlo-thomas/equal-pay-day_b_847021.html (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marlo-thomas/equal-pay-day_b_847021.html).




15


 16%  :     2010. . , Progress on Equality Between Women and Men in 2011: A Europe 2020 Initiative (       2011.:  ࠖ 2020) (,  , 2012), http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/progress_on_equality_between_women_and_men_in_2011.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/progress_on_equality_between_women_and_men_in_2011.pdf).




16


 18%: Tijdens, K.G., M. Van Klaveren, Frozen in Time: Gender Pay Gap Unchanged for 10 years (  :     ),     (, 2012), http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/pay_gap_en_final.pdf (http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/pay_gap_en_final.pdf).




17


 :           The Second Shift ( ) (New York: Avon Books, 1989).




18


     :  ,  -        . .: Nicholas D. Kristof, Women Hurting Women (  ), The New York Times, 29  2012., http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/opinion/sunday/kristof-women-hurting-women.html?hp (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/opinion/sunday/kristof-women-hurting-women.html?hp).     ,             ,     11.




19


 ,   McKinsey  2011.: Joanna Barsh, Lareina Yee, Special Report: Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the U.S. Economy ( :        ), McKinsey & Company,  2011., 6, http://www.mckinsey.com/Client_Service/Organization/Latest_thinking/Unlocking_the_full_potential.aspx (http://www.mckinsey.com/Client_Service/Organization/Latest_thinking/Unlocking_the_full_potential.aspx).




20


,   : 1981  2005.       ,         ,   25,2  21,3%,      1993. (16,5%).   1990-    ,   ,  .        , ,        3040-  (Stone and Hernandez, 2012).  ,      ,        1960- .  1960-  1990-      .      1990.,  60%   .  1999.     ,   (    2007  2011.).                1993.,  ,       ,            1999  2002.,       (Stone and Hernandez, 2012).  ,                    ,       ,   .            (Boushey, 2008).   ,     ,              (Stone and Hernandez, 2012).  ,     , ,    -   ,   ,   - (Kreider and Elliott, 2010).    ,   -            , .: Pamela Stone, Lisa Ackerly Hernandez, The Rhetoric and Reality of Opting Out (       )  . Women Who Opt Out: The Debate over Working Mothers and Work-Family Balance (,   :          ). (New York: New York University Press, 2012), . 3356; Heather Boushey, Opting Out? The Effect of Children on Womens Employment in the United States (  ?        ), Feminist Economics 14, 1, 2008, p. 136; Rose M. Kreider, Diana B. Elliott, Historical Changes in Stay-at-Home Mothers: 19692009 (     -),          , ,   2010., http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ASA2010_Kreider_Elliott.pdf (http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ASA2010_Kreider_Elliott.pdf);   , Changes in Mens and Womens Labor Force Participation Rates, (     ),  , 10  2007., http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2007/jan/wk2/art03.htm (http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2007/jan/wk2/art03.htm);   , Women in the Labor Force: A Datebook (   : ),  1034,  2011., http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2011.pdf (http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2011.pdf).

 ,  ,   ,        ,      . ,      , ,          ,           ,   ,   . ,      1969  1972.,  1979  1982.  1989  1992., ,   15      90  94%         ,         60  63,5%.          ,   ,   堖  41  47% (Goldin and Katz, 2008).           19902006. ,          9294%          ,         89.         ,                  78% ,            69%.              62% .  ,  ,     :                     -.          -     1%,          2  4%.    -,         ,     :         17%     22%      .          ,    52   .      ,        ,  ,  24% ,   ,      3,3% ,    (Bertand, Goldin, Katz, 2010).

  ,    12     MBA,    19811995., ,         95%    71% .      ,     ,  (Catalyst,     ,    , 2000.).       .: Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, Transitions: Career and Family Life Cycles of the Educational Elite (:  ,     ,    ), American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 98, 2, 2008, p. 36369; Marianne Bertrand, Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Financial and Corporate Sectors (          ), American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, 3, 2010, p. 22855; Catalyst,     ,    , Women and the MBA: Gateway to Opportunity (  MBA:    ), 2000.




21


 :    19  2011.




22


60%  :      , Table 283: Degrees Conferred by Degree-Granting Institutions, by Level of Degree and Sex of Student: Selected Years, 186970 through 202122 ( 283: ,   ,      186970  202122), Digest of Education Statistics (2012), http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/dt12_283.asp (http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d12/tables/dt12_283.asp).




23


57%    :  2005.   ,   2008.     . .: Education for all by 2015: Will we make it? (    2015.:   ?),        2008. (: , 2007).




24


 82%: , Persons of the Age 20 to 24 Having Completed at Least Upper Secondary Education by Sex (      20  24 ,    ), 2012., http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tps00186&language=en (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tps00186&language=en).




25


 : Hanna Rosen, The End of Men: And the Rise of Women ( ,  ) (New York: Riverhead Books, 2012).




26


  : Debra Myhill, Bad Boys and Good Girls? Patterns of Interaction and Response in Whole Class Teaching, ( ,  ?        ), British Educational Research Journal 28, 3 (2002): 350.




27


36%    18% : 4000 ,   ,  14 ,       Fortune 500     . .: Joanna Barsh, Lareina Yee, Unlocking the Full Potential of Women at Work (      ), McKinsey & Company,  2012., 7, http://www.mckinsey.com/careers/women/~/media/Reports/Women/2012%20WSJ%20Women%20in%20the%20Economy%20white%20paper%20FINAL.ashx (http://www.mckinsey.com/careers/women/~/media/Reports/Women/2012%20WSJ%20Women%20in%20the%20Economy%20white%20paper%20FINAL.ashx).

 ,     ,       :  ,  ,      . ,   2003.    ,  Catalyst            , ,          19%    9% .       ,          54%    43% .  , ,        (   25% ),   ,   (34%  21% ).  ,          頖  67%      ,          .  : , ,           ,       ,  ,      ,  ,  ,      ,   ,    . .:    , Catalyst,        , Leaders in a Global Economy: A Study of Executive Women and Men (   :     ,   ),  2003., 4, http://www.catalyst.org/publication/80/leaders-in-a-global-economy-a-study-of-executive-women-and-men (http://www.catalyst.org/publication/80/leaders-in-a-global-economy-a-study-of-executive-women-and-men).

,    ,  -, ,  81%    67%    -. .: Gary N. Powell, D. Anthony Butterfield, Gender, Gender Identity, and Aspirations to Top Management (,        ), Women in Management Review 18, 1 (2003): 8896.

,   2007.    ,     , ,           . .: Barrie Litzsky, Jeffrey Greenhaus, The Relationship Between Gender and Aspirations to Senior Management (       ), Career Development International 12, 7 (2007): 63759.  ,   12      19811995., :  44%  ,      ,         򻠖            60%. .: Catalyst,     ,    , Women and the MBA (  ).   McKinsey & Company ,           ,   .   ,                    . .: Joanna Barsh, Lareina Yee, Special Report: Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the U.S. Economy ( :        ), McKinsey & Company,  2011., 6, http://www.mckinsey.com/Client_Service/Organization/Latest_thinking/Unlocking_the_full_potential.aspx (http://www.mckinsey.com/Client_Service/Organization/Latest_thinking/Unlocking_the_full_potential.aspx).

      ,        , ,   2004.  Catalyst   700   250 ,        Fortune 1000,   .                 (   55%   57% ).  ,  ,       ,     , ,  ,   . .: Catalyst, Women and Men in U.S. Corporate Leadership: Same Workplace, Different Realities? (       :   ,  ?) (2004), 1416, http://www.catalyst.org/publication/145/women-and-men-in-us-corporate-leadership-same-workplace-different-realities (http://www.catalyst.org/publication/145/women-and-men-in-us-corporate-leadership-same-workplace-different-realities).

    ,           .  , ,   ,         ,       ;  ,         ;   ,     ;      ,      ,    , , ;             - ;    ,       ,              .         .: Litzsky, Greenhaus, The Relationship Between Gender and Aspirations to Senior Management (       ), 63759.          .: Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Understanding Womens Educational and Occupational Choices: Applying the Eccles et al. Model of Achievement-Related Choices (        ), Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, 4 (1994): 585609.        .: Naomi Casserir, Barbara Reskin, High Hopes: Organizational Position, Employment Experiences, and Womens and Mens Promotion Aspirations ( :   ,           ), Work and Occupations 27, 4 (2000): 43863; Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (    ), 2- ., (New York: Basic Books, 1993).




28


 : Alison M. Konrad et al., Sex Differences and Similarities in Job Attribute Preferences: A Meta-Analysis (       ,  : ), Psychological Bulletin 126, 4 (2000): 593641; Eccles, Understanding Womens Educational and Occupational Choices (        ), 585609. ,      , ,   15%    ,      . .: Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Carolyn Buck Luce, Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Keeping Talented Women on the Road to Success (  :       ), Harvard Business Review 83, 3 (2005): 48.

    ,   , :  ,  ,        ,       ,   , ,           . ,   ,  ,     ,     ,       .       .: Erica S. Weisgram, Lisa M. Dinella, Megan Fulcher, The Role of Masculinity/Femininity, Values, and Occupational Value Affordances in Shaping Young Mens and Womens Occupational Choices (    ,                ), Sex Roles 65, 34 (2011): 24358.




29


, 养: Linda Schweitzer et al., Exploring the Career Pipeline: Gender Differences in Pre-Career Expectations (   :     ,   ), Relations Industrielles 66, no. 3 (2011): 42244.  ,   23 413  ,      , ,  10%    5%                .




30


   ⅻ: Hewlett, Luce, Off-Ramps and On-Ramps (  ): 48.  ,        , ,               . ,   ,    ,     ,    (43%),         (51%).




31


66%  59%: Eileen Patten, Kim Parker, A Gender Reversal on Career Aspirations (    ),   ,  2012., http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/04/19/a-gender-reversal-on-career-aspirations/ (http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/04/19/a-gender-reversal-on-career-aspirations/).   ,       ,   ,  ,      .       40         ,      .      40 ,   ,          .        ,       ,       .




32


  2000-:  2000-     1980  2000.




33


   : ,      2000-, : 36%    25%    ,          ,          . .: Darshan Goux, Millennials in the Workplace ( 2000-   ),         , (2012), 1725, http://www.bentley.edu/centers/sites/www.bentley.edu.centers/files/centers/cwb/millennials-report.pdf (http://www.bentley.edu/centers/sites/www.bentley.edu.centers/files/centers/cwb/millennials-report.pdf).

  ,   2008.  -,                .   ,           .  ,      ,   ,     ,    ,         . .    , Change It Up: What Girls Say About Redefining Leadership ( :       ), (2008), 19, http://www.girlscouts.org/research/pdf/change_it_up_executive_summary_english.pdf (http://www.girlscouts.org/research/pdf/change_it_up_executive_summary_english.pdf).




34


    : Samantha Ettus, Does the Wage Gap Start in Kindergarten? (      ?) Forbes, 13  2012., http://www.forbes.com/sites/samanthaettus/2012/06/13/kindergarten-wage-gap/ (http://www.forbes.com/sites/samanthaettus/2012/06/13/kindergarten-wage-gap/).




35


    : ,     ,             , ,       62%   46% .  ,   ,  ,      ,  22%    14% .  ,    60%      ,       . .: Jennifer L. Lawless, Richard L. Fox, Men Rule: The Continued Under-Representation of Women in U.S. Politics (  :       - ) (Washington, D.C.: Women & Politics Institute, American University School of Public Affairs,  2012.), http://www.american.edu/spa/wpi/upload/2012-Men-Rule-Report-final-web.pdf (http://www.american.edu/spa/wpi/upload/2012-Men-Rule-Report-final-web.pdf).




36


     :      4000      : 37%    22%  ,             .  ,    51%    37%  ,     컠         . .: Deborah Marlino, Fiona Wilson, Teen Girls on Business: Are They Being Empowered? (-  :    ?),  200,    ,  2003., 21, http://www.simmons.edu/som/docs/centers/TGOB_report_full.pdf (http://www.simmons.edu/som/docs/centers/TGOB_report_full.pdf).




37


 : Jenna Johnson, On College Campuses, a Gender Gap in Student Government (  :     ), Washington Post, 16  2011., http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/on-college-campuses-a-gender-gap-in-student-government/2011/03/10/ABim1Bf_story.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/on-college-campuses-a-gender-gap-in-student-government/2011/03/10/ABim1Bf_story.html).




38


    :   ,     , .: Madeline E. Heilman, Tyler G. Okimoto, Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks? The Implied Communality Deficit (       ?    ), Journal of Applied Psychology 92, no. 1 (2007): 8192; Madeline E. Heilman et al., Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks (  :   ,     ), Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 3 (2004): 41627; Alice H. Eagly, Steven J. Karau, Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders (        -), Psychological Review 109, no. 3 (2002): 57398; Madeline E. Heilman, Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Womens Ascent up the Organizational Ladder (  :            ), Journal of Social Issues 57, no. 4 (2001): 65774.




39


-  : Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, We Need to Tell Girls They Can Have It All (Even If They Cant) (   ,     ,    ), The Atlantic, 29  2012., http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/we-need-to-tell-girls-they-can-have-it-all-even-if-they-cant/259165/ (http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/we-need-to-tell-girls-they-can-have-it-all-even-if-they-cant/259165/).

  .: May Ling Halim, Diane Ruble, Gender Identity and Stereotyping in Early and Middle Childhood (         ), .: Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology: Gender Research in General and Experimental Psychology (    :       ),  1,  . Joan C. Chrisler, Donald R. McCreary (New York: Springer, 2010), 495525; Michael S. Kimmel, Amy Aronson, eds., The Gendered Society Reader (   ), 3- . (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); Campbell Leaper, Carly Kay Friedman, The Socialization of Gender, ( )  .: Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research ( :   ),  . Joan E. Grusec, Paul D. Hastings, New York: Guilford Press, 2007, 56187.




40


     -: Melissa W. Clearfield, Naree M. Nelson, Sex Differences in Mothers Speech and Play Behavior with 6, 9 and 14-Month-Old Infants (         6-, 9-  14- ), Sex Roles 54, 12 (2006): 12737.   ,      ,   .  ,        ,       .   .: Clearfield, Nelson, Sex Differences in Mothers Speech and Play Behavior (       ), 12737; Gretchen S. Lovas, Gender and Patterns of Language Development in Mother-Toddler and Father-Toddler Dyads (           ), First Language 31, 1 (2011): 83108.




41


: Emily R. Mondschein, Karen E. Adolph, Catherine S. Tamis-Le Monda, Gender Bias in Mothers Expectations About Infant Crawling (        ), Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 77, 4 (2000): 30416.




42


  : Clearfield, Nelson, Sex Differences in Mothers Speech and Play Behavior (       ), 12737.   ,     800     ,  ,                  ,    . .: G. Mitchell et al., Reproducing Gender in Public Places: Adults Attention to Toddlers in Three Public Places (    :        ), Sex Roles 26, 78 (1992): 32330.




43


,  : Emma Gray, Gymboree Onesies: Smart Like Dad for Boys, Pretty Like Mommy for Girls (   Gymboree: ,    , ,    ), The Huffington Post, 16  2011., http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/16/gymboree-onesies_n_1098435.html (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/16/gymboree-onesies_n_1098435.html).




44


  : Andrea Chang, JC Penney Pulls Im Too Pretty to Do Homework Shirt, (JC Penney     ,   蔻,  Los Angeles Times, 31  2011., http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/08/jcpenney-pulls-im-too-pretty-to-do-homework-shirt.html (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/08/jcpenney-pulls-im-too-pretty-to-do-homework-shirt.html).




45


   :   40            .    ,    ,        ,  .  ,     .         (    ,  ,   )                   . ,       ,       ,  .   .: Robyn Beaman, Kevin Wheldall, Carol Kemp, Differential Teacher Attention to Boys and Girls in the Classroom (            ), Educational Review 58, 3 (2006): 33966; Susanne M. Jones, Kathryn Dindia, A Meta-Analytic Perspective on Sex Equity in the Classroom (      ), Review of Educational Research 74, 4 (2004): 44371; Ellen Rydell Altermatt, Jasna Javanovic, Michelle Perry, Bias or Responsivity? Sex and Achievement-Level Effects on Teachers Classroom Questioning Practices (  ?       ,    ), Journal of Educational Psychology 90, 3 (1998): 51627; Myra Sadker, David Sadker, Susan Klein, The Issue of Gender in Elementary and Secondary Education (      ), Review of Research in Education 17 (1991): 269334; Roberta M. Hall, Bernice R. Sandler, The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women? (   :    ?) (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges, 1982).




46


   : Riley Maida, 4 Year Old Girl Questions Marketing Strategies (     ), YouTube Video, 1:12 minutes, posted by Neuroticy 2, 28  2011., http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3mTTIoB_oc (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3mTTIoB_oc).




47


   : Kelly Danaher, Christian S. Crandall, Stereotype Threat in Applied Settings Re-Examined (       ), Journal of Applied Social Psychology 38, 6 (2008): 163955.      ,    ,           , ,   ,  , ,           ,     4763 -.  ,  ,    , .: Catherine Good, Joshua Aronson, Jayne Ann Harder, Problems in the Pipeline: Stereotype Threat and Womens Achievement in High-Level Math Courses ( :            ), Journal of Applied and Developmental Psychology 29, 1 (2008): 1728.

  ,                   ,    . .: Jeff Stone, Zachary W. Perry, John M. Darley, White Men Cant Jump: Evidence for the Perceptual Confirmation of Racial Stereotypes Following a Basketball Game (   :         ), Basic and Applied Social Psychology 19, 3 (1997): 291306; Jeff Stone et al., Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance (         ), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, 6 (1999): 121327; Margaret Shih, Todd L. Pittinsky, Nalini Ambady, Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance (  :         ), Psychological Science 10, 1 (1999): 8083.




48


,   : Jenessa R. Shapiro, Amy M. Williams, The Role of Stereotype Threats in Undermining Girls and Womens Performance and Interest in STEM Fields (          -   ,         ), Sex Roles 66, nos. 34 (2011): 17583.




49


 20%      : Goux, Millennials in the Workplace ( 2000-   ), 32.




50


 23% : Sarah Jane Glynn, The New Breadwinners: 2010 Update ( :  2010.),     ,  2012., 2, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2012/04/16/11377/the-new-breadwinners-2010-update/ (http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2012/04/16/11377/the-new-breadwinners-2010-update/).  2009. 41,4%      ,  22,5%           .




51


  : Heather Boushey, The New Breadwinners ( )  .: The Shriver Report: A Woman Nation Changes Everything ( :    ), . Heather Boushey, Ann OLeary,         ,  2009., 34, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2009/10/16/6789/the-shriver-report/ (http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/report/2009/10/16/6789/the-shriver-report/).




52


27%   52%  : Mark Mather, U.S. Children in Single-Mother Families (     젖 ),     ,  ,  2012.




53


   : Janet C. Gornick, Marcia K. Meyers, Supporting a Dual-Earner/Dual-Career Society: Policy Lessons from Abroad (   ,        :  - ),  .: A Democracy that Works: The Public Dimensions of the Work and Family Debate (  :      ), . Jody Hemann, Christopher Beem (New York: The New Press,  ).




54


 ,    酻: Human Rights Watch, Failing Its Families: Lack of Paid Leave and Work-Family Supports in the US ( :             ),  2011., http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0211webwcover.pdf (http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0211webwcover.pdf).




55


   : Ellen Bravo, Having It All?The Wrong Question for Most Women (  ?     ),  , 26  2012., http://www.womensmediacenter.com/feature/entry/having-it-allthe-wrong-question-for-most-women (http://www.womensmediacenter.com/feature/entry/having-it-allthe-wrong-question-for-most-women).




56


  : Sharon Meers, Joanna Strober, Getting to 50/50: How Working Couples Can Have It All by Sharing It All (  50/50:      ,     ) (New York: Bantam Books, 2009).




57


  : Rosalind Chait Barnett, Women and Multiple Roles: Myths and Reality (   :   ), Harvard Review of Psychology 12, 3 (2004): 15864; Rosalind Chait Barnett, Janet Shibley Hyde, Women, Men, Work, and Family: An Expansionist Theory (, ,   :  ), American Psychologist 56, 10 (2001): 78196; Rosalind Chait Barnett, Caryl Rivers, She Works / He Works: How Two-Income Families are Happy, Healthy, and Thriving (  /  :  ,      , ,   ) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).




58


     : Cheryl Buehler, Marion OBrian, Mothers Part-Time Employment: Associations with Mother and Family Well-Being (  :      ), Journal of Family Psychology 25, 6 (2011): 895906; Rebekah Coley et al., Maternal Functioning, Time, Money: The World of Work and Welfare ( , , :    ), Children and Youth Services Review 29, 6 (2007): 72141; Leslie Bennetts, The Feminine Mistake: Are We Giving Up Too Much? ( :      ?), (New York: Hyperion, 2007); Lynne P. Cook, Doing Gender in Context: Household Bargaining and the Risk of Divorce in Germany and the United States (   :         ), American Journal of Sociology 112, 2 (2006): 44272; Barnett, Women and Multiple Roles (    ), 15864.




59


   ?:          1998.    ? . Spencer Johnson, Who Moved My Cheese? An Amazing Way to Deal with Change in Your Work and in Your Life ( .   ? .: , 2008.) (New York: Putnam, 1998), 48.


