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 ,   ,    .   ,     ,       .   .  ,  ,  ,    ,      (). ,  :   , ?;    , ?;   -  -, ?.        ,    ,   (    - ,            ).       ,      ,   -, .

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 ,      ,        , ,    ,            .  ,  ,      ,     ,    . ,  ,   ;   ,  ,   ,    .      .        (),            ,            ( ,   ,   ,        ).               ,     ,   . ,  :   -  -.

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 ,          ,   460  ( 1164  1624 .).

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            . ,   (. 16501733),   ,     1676 .,       .  ,   ,    .    ,    ,      ,   - [8 - John Fryer, A New Account of East India and Persia, London, 1919, vol. II, p. 155, 156.].

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  ,        (  XVII ),    .    .     ,   ,   .     ,     ,   .       -    ,   ,    .     (,   ),  ,     .  ,      ,       .    [9 - John Ovington, A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689, Oxford, 1929, p. 251.].

    ,    1715 ., , ,      ,      ,    ,   (  )  .   ,     .  ,   ,           -,      . ,   ,      ,     , ,  ,  .   ,  ,         .

    ,    ,      ,   --     ,          . ,   ,         [10 - Alexander Hamilton, A New Account of East Indies, 2 vols, London, 1930, vol. I, p. 45.].

                1716 .   .        .     , ,      ,    [11 - Henry Cornwall, Observations upon Several Voyages to India out and Home, London, 1720, p. 42.].

 1765 .    -    (17231815),  ,    .     ,    .             ,  ,  ,   ,     ,     ,     .  ,  ,      - .      .  ,        ,        ,   .

  ,       ,   -,        ().  ,  ,     ,       .  ,    ,        ,     .

 軠         ,     .    -      --,    ;         .       ,       ; ,  ,  ,       ,        -[12 -  . .  :  . , 2014. . 47-54.].

     - ,       ,    1775 .,      ,    .                ,       . ,    ,       ,    ,     .        ,      ,   .       ,       .     ,  ,    ,   ,     ,          [13 - Parsons, Abraham, Travels in Asia, London, 1808, p. 207, 208.].

           ,            (17691833), ,      ,            .  ,       ,          ,   , , -         [14 - Kaye J. W. The Life and Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm, London, 1865, vol. I, p. 433-435, 438.].

  1800 .         -  ().     ,       , ,   .          ,       ,    ,       - ( ),   ,    --. ,         ,  ,  .            .           ,       ,              .

          .             -   1798 .,               ,          .     ,       ,        .    ,         ,     ,    ,     [15 - Sultan Muhammad Al-Qasimi. The Myth of the Arab Piracy in the Gulf, London, 1986, p. 39.].

 1816 .         ( )     ().   ,  (17861855),     ,  ,    ,    ,  .  1818 .        Culcutta Journal,    .  1823 .           - ,          .         ,    ,     ,        .

                 .   ,   ,   -,         (),   .

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   ,               ,      12  1816 .     (  26  1816 .)   90  :   ,   ,   .      ,      ,   ,   ,   25 ,     40 .          3040  ,      : , ,   .        -  .    ,   ,    ,   ,        ,   .    -, -  -.      -    ;   ,      ,       .      ,  ,  ,  .

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 ,  . ,    ,   35 .       -;       7000   [17 - William Heude, Voyage up the Persian Gulf and a journey over land from India to England in 1817, London, 1819, p. 19-34.].

 1817 .      .    , ,      ,        ,    ,        ,          .   ,  ,    ,    .

        .    ,   ,  ,     ,      .       ,        ,    ,   ,   .

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   ,        XIX     (17381856).   1821 .,   ,      ,     -       . -        .           ,     (1813).          (),     ,   ,  ,        . ,  ,    .

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    , .  ,   -       ,           ,    ,   .    ,   .

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  ,  . ,  .          ,       ,   5060    .

   ,   ,     .    , ,     217  .             ; 20       .     ; 20    ,       [20 -  . . 9.].

      .        90120 .  ,         40 . .       ,          .    .     ,    ,       [21 -  . . 16.].

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  ,   ,   ()    (    )  .    ,  . , ,       ,  ,  [22 - Kappel, George, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England,  in the Year 1824, London, 1827, 2 vols, vol. I, p. 15, 18, 20.].

      - ,     . ,          XIX        .     ,   1832 .      ,     .       .         ,         ,           (    30.06.1834).

   ,   ,      1835 .   Enterprise    , .  ,      ,      16- ,     ,    .        ,       ,   ,      .

,    ,  . ,     ,          150 .   ,  ,  .  ,  ,   .   ,       ,        .           :  50   4   ,      .    ,   . ,     ,    3  10   [23 - W.S.W. Ruschenberger M.D., A Voyage Round the World including Embassy to Muscut and Siam in 1835, 1836 and 1837, Philadelphia, 1838, p. 34.].         ,     ,     .

     ,    ,      ,  . .    ,           ,  :   .      ,             .         350.    ,   45 .          . ,       ,    ,   ,    .     -,    .

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 ,   ,   .   -,       ,        ,        ,  .       .     .  ,   ,      ,       ,     ,         .

 ,  . ,    .       .  ,   , ,    ,        .   ,    [25 -  . . 42.].

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 ,     ,          ,     ( )  ,    , ,   --.

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 ,    ,     ,       ,  ,    !  ,      .     ,   ,       .     ,  ,   ,   .      ,     .   .         .                 ,         ,        .

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     ,                 .    ,   ,   3500 .       ,     ,      .  ,           ,      .  ,   -, ,  , .     .   ()    .      ,                 .

 ,             -.            .

      -,       .    -- ( ),      .  1835 .          ,          .

 ,      ,         ,  ,    (--).               ,        .  ,           .     (,   ),   8  (20 ),       [27 - Bayard Taylor, Travels in Arabia, New York, 1892, p. 40-42, 55; James Raymond Wellsted, Narrative of a Journey into the Interior of Oman in 1835, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 7 (1837), p. 102-113; James Raymond Wellsted, Travels in Arabia, London, 1838, vol. I, p. 7, 12-19, 21,22, 33, 52, 53, 59, 63, 101, 105, 110, 111, 120, 143, 144, 338, 344, 351-354.].

          Palinurus,   18331846 .   -  .         ,           (    15 ,  1839  1854 .).

        ,  ,  ,    ,    .            ,               . ,       ,       . , ,     ,       ,   .

     ,         - (  ).    .  ,      ,   .        ()   ,       ,   [28 - Stafford Bettesworth Haines, Memoir of the South and East Coast of Arabia, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 15 (1845), p. 117, 120, 130, 134, 135.].  ,        -   .    ,      ,     ,     ,  ,      .   ,          , .   .  ,   ,     ,     .

  ,   ,   ,  ,              -      .  ,            ,     -.      ,           .      ,     ,    ,  ,      ,        ,     .

  ,    ,      . , ,  ,   ,          ,           .   ,   ,    ,     150 .  .              ,        .            28 198  ,     ,       .       .  ,         ,         ,   .    -    .     9  1860 .  ,   (16.06.1860),   58 ,     ,            .  .   .   ,   ,      .    .      [29 - Gordon Waterfield, Sultans of Aden, London, 1968, p. 205, 209, 240;  . . .          . , 2019. . 315-336.].

                Palinurus      ,     .

  , ,      ,   ,   IX .   ,   ,            ,    .        ,       .         .      . ,   ,    ,        ,       .   ,  ,       .     ,      ,       [30 - Charles J. Cruttenden, Journal of an Excursion from Morbat to Dyreez, the principal town of Dofar, Transections of the Bombay Geographical Society, 1, p. 185, 186.].

    1845 .  - (    -)  .   -, , , --  .  ,     .      ,  ,     ,     .  ,  ,   ,     -.  --       .

           (   ),     .     ,  ,     ,  ,   ,       [31 - C.S.D. Cole, An Account of an Overland Journey from Leskkairee to Muscat and the Green Mountain of Oman, Transections of the Bombay Geographical Society, 8 (1847-1848), p. 106119.].

  ,   ,     -.    ,       ,  -      .    ,      - [32 - Henry John Carter. The Ruins of El Balad, Journal of the Geographical Society, 16 (1846), p. 187199.].

     ,     -        ,  -.  1843 .   ,  ,     -,        .      ,             ,         ,  ,  ,          .      ,  ,    ,   ,     ,     .     ,       ,                    .

      -,   ,    ,       ,       ,     ,   . ,   , ,   ,      ,           ,      .  ,   ,    [33 - .    . ., 1981. . 195.].

   ,      ,      .      .     ,       ,     ,  ,    ,   ,   ,            ,       .         ,      ,    .  ,     ,    ,          ,      ,      .

   ,   ,  ,    (),       .    .    .     .         ,      ,     ,  . ,   ,       ,       ,   [34 -  . . .  . , 2016. . 41, 42.].

 -,       ,    .          ,    ,    .

     -,   .   ( )     ,      - ().

     ,   ,    ,              ,    .   .  ;  , .  ,     ,  .   ,   ,   ,      ,   ,             .

  ,          .           ,            ,    .  ,            .        .

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     ,      ,          .      - ,      ,   ,   .    黠  .  ,   -  ,   .       ,      ,          .           ,             ,   [35 -  . .  .   ,   . , 2015. . 5254.].

 1850 .                 -   (18141891).      -   .  18451852 .  , , , , ,    .     .     140    ( 1877 .     ).

            ,        ,    ,  .  ,   ,     ,             .

 ,     ,     ,   ,       ,    .   , ,   ,    ,      ,     ,   , [36 - Robbert Binning, A Journal of Two Years Travel in Persia, Ceylon, Etc., 2 vols, London, 1857, p. 123-129.].

 1856 .      (18371918),   ,   ,    .   ,        ,   ,      .       , ,   ,     .  c                  ,   .

      ,   , ,       ,    ,     .      ,         ,   .

   ,  ,     ,         ,   ,        ,   . ,       ,   ,       [37 - Charles Rathbone Low. The Land of the Sun, London, 1870, p. 178-203.].

   1856 .     ,    ,    .   , ,   ,      ;       ,      .    ,    ,   ,  .    ,     ,     .        ,     , -,    .       ,  ,   , ,        , ,       .       ,          -.     ,   ,       ,   ,   [38 - William Ashton Shepherd, From Bombay to Bushir, and Bassora, Including an Account of the Present State of Persia, and Notes of the Persian War, London, 1857, p. 43-58.].

                   (18261888).    (18621863),    ,       III (18081873),   I.

                  -.          ().        ,     ,   ,  ()  .

,         ,          .  16  1863 .,  ,      .     .      ,   ,   ,  ,   ,       ,   .

 ,    ,   ,   .  ,    ,     ,   ,    ,   ,   .

  ,     , ,   ,   ,   . ,   ,  ,      ,           ,      ,      .

     ,  ,     ,            ,   ,     .

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        ,       . 3 1863 .    ().        .     .        ,  ,   .   ,   .             .  .    ,     ,  .

    ,  12 ,   ,    ,    .   ,       ,   .     ,        ,   .      ,  .      , ,   ,        .     ;  ,   .      ,  ,      ,     .           ,    -.

  ,     23 ,  ,  ,      ,   ,   , ,   .   , ,  ,   .  ,      ,     -,   .

      ,    ,     ,      ,    ,    .         -  .

   (),   ,        ,      , ,               ,      ,    .

  , ,    ,      ,   -  (,        ),     III,  -. ,      .      (1862),       ,    ,   ,  . , ,     ,                ,         ,    .       - ,    ,      ,             .         .   ,  ,   .           .      ,    ()   ,   ,   ,   [39 - , .      . , 1875. . 415-433; Hogarth, D.G. The Penitration of Arabia: A Record of the Development of the Western Knowledge Concerning the Arabian Peninsula, NewYork, 1904, p. 127-279.].

 1889 .   1895 .      (18521897),    ,    .    ,        ,          ,     .

    ,  ,    , , ,   ,    ,   ,                -.      ,      ,   .

   ,  ,  ,         ,          .        ,     ,  ,   ,    [40 - James Theodor Bent, Southern Arabia, London, 1900, p. 58, 63.].

 ,     ,   ,   ,     .    1809  1814 ,      ,    ,           .

    ( ,  1819 .)   ,     .       ,  , -  [41 - Vinchenzo Maurizi, History of Seyd Said Sultan of Muscat, 2


edition, Cambridge, 1984.].

    ,     ,        ,           (1919)     (18381914),  14         (18721886).           ,     ( 1879 .),        ( 1881 .).

    , ,   -,      .   1857 .,        ,      - ,   7-    .        (1864).   1866 .        ,       .   12      .      1869 .

              .    .   1874 .   Philomel  - (     ,     )  .   1875 .   ,      -.  1876 .    --      .     ,  .   -, ,                  .   1884 .   Dragon    -   .   ,    .  1885 .      .       --.

     (1886)   ,   1887 .   .    ,     ,        (    ).     1893 .,   .  28  1914 .

    ,  . ,         ( 18711888),     ,    .           .                   .     ,  . ,        ,                .  .                      ,             ,     .

.      ,  ,   ,      -     -  -,    .

  , ,     ,    ,       .  ,       ,   ,  .    ,   ,   .  ,   ,  ,    .   : , ,   ,            .           .          ,  . ,    ,    .  ,       [42 - S. B. Miles, On the Route between Sohar and el-Bereymi in Oman, with a note on the Zatt, or gipsies in Arabia, Journal of the Asiatic Siciety of Bengal, 46 (1877), p. 57-59.].

 ,  . , ,    ,        .         ,    -.

  ,  .   ,   ,   .      ,  .           .      ,         .   (   )     ,   ,    . ,    ,           ,       .       .  ,    ,   ,      ,    [43 - S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain of Oman, Geographical Journal, 18 (1901), p. 468.].

 - ,   ,    , ,     ,  -,  ,  ,     ,  .  ,   ,     . -,  ,    ,      ,    .      ,          ,       [44 - J. C. Wilkinson, Bayasirah and Bayadir, Arabian Studies, 1 (1974), p. 75-85.].

  -,   . ,    -,     .   -,   X .     ,  .        ,   -,      .

         .     -,       . ,         ,  . ,   ,    ,   .            .     .   ,    -,       .     .  ,   . ,        : , ,  ,   [45 - S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain of Oman, Geographical Journal, 18 (1901), p. 484, 485.].

   , .  ,         :  (  ,        )   (    -, ,      ). ,       .   ,     ,        ,  ,    .

 .         (    , ).      , ,    ,   , ,   ,        ,      ,      (),         [46 - S. B. Miles, On the Route between Sohar and el-Bereymi in Oman, op. cit., p. 44.].

 .    ,         ,            .             - .   ,   ,  ,      ,           .       .     ,     ,    ,     [47 - S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain in Oman, op. cit., p. 471.].

 .      ,    (  )      .     ,   .        .     ,    .   ,  ,        ,        .     ,     ,      ,         ,   ,   ,       ,  [48 -  . . 467, 471.].

   , .  ,    ,   ,    ,    ,     .                     ,   .          ,     ,    ,   ,   ,    ,  ,    ,      [49 - S. B. Miles, On the Border of the Great Desert: A Journey in Oman (part I), The Geographical Journal, vol. 36,  2, Aug. 1910, p.159-178.].

    , .  ,         ,    .     -      (, ),     [50 - S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain in Oman, op. cit., p. 495.].

 .         ,     ,   ,       .

   .          .          ,  ,           .  ,     ,    ,       .         .     .        ,  .           ,                [51 - S. B. Miles, Journal of an excursion in Oman, in south-east Arabia, Geographical Journal, 7 (1896), p. 533.].

  .    .       ,                  .            .   ,    ,  . ,    .

   ,  . ,   ,         ,            -.  ,  . ,          ,     .     .       ,     ,         ,        .    ,  . , -   ,          ,     ,   [52 - S. B. Miles, On the Border of the Great Desert: A Journey in Oman (part II), Geographical Journal, 36 (1910), p. 414.].

         ,           .   ,    ,  . ,   (276194  . .),    ,         .       ,  . ,    .  ,    -     ,  ,         ,    .       ,  . ,     ,   II ,   ,        .         .  ,   ,      ,    ,  .   ,     , ,      -    -   .

   ,  . ,      ,     ,   -  .   (. 100  . 170),  ,  ,   ,       ,        .   ,   80 . . .,           --    ,   - (),              .   ,    ,  . ,  .     ,    ,    ,  .     ,  . ,       .      -     ,    ,       .   ,  ,     ( )            ,  -    . -        ,       , -. ,   . ,     ,        ,        ,    ,            .           [53 - Colonel S. B. Miles. The Cuntries and the Tribes of the Persian Gulf, London, 1919, vol. I, p. 9-11.].

      ,          - ( )      (1864 1937),      ( 1899 .).

           . ,  1902 .          -.    ,   -,     ,       ,       , ,           -  -,          .         ,  ,       ,    .

 -  1761 .         ,         ,       .     .   ,   ,         .      ,     ,       ,       .   .             .    ,     ,    -,            .    -  (  ).   ,       .    -,    ,   -,    .

     ,   ,     ,    ,    .  ,  - ,   ,    ,       ,   .         - ,    ,    .     .               .   56            20    .

   ,    -,    -,   --,    ,    ,      ,     ,          .         ,    .       .      ,   .

   1902 .      ,       .          . ,                ,   ,    .

 1904 .                    ,   ,    .  ,   ,      -.    --.  ,   XVIII            -   ,       . -     --,         .   --    ,      .  ,        ,     ,   , -   .    ,            .       ,  ,   ,     ,   ,                      .

   ,        ,       ,    ( , )       (18921950).      (19241931)    (-)     .    . ,    ,       -.        .     ,          ,   ,    .     -. ,   ,   (        ). ,   ,   .  1927 .     .  19271928 .  650-   --  ;  19291930 . 400-      (  )  .  1930 .    .       Lupin  Cycloman   ,  ,    Ormonde     .           ,      ,    .   1930 .      ,   ,  ,   --    .     ;        .    ,  ,         .

10  1930 .   ,   15 ,  .   ,  ,         . ,    , ,   ,   .        ,     ,    ,  ,  .

     ,    . ,    ,   ,    ,        .       ,   ,       ,    .        ,  .

  ,     ,   ,    .  , ,  ,    ,    .  ,  , .  ,     ,  .         ,     ,        .   ,   ,   -,   ,     .    ,     ,   ,        ,    .       .   .    .

   ,      ,      (   )    --,   ,        ,      2 000   500 .       .     2800 .  . .  100 . . .     ,      ,       .      .      . ,           - ,     ,    ,            .

   ,     ,    ,   (    ),       .     ,   ,      ,   .

,    ,      ,        (19102004),   ,   .         ,   1991 .    ,      ,  ,    .       ,       [54 - Nicholas Clapp. The Road to Ubar: Findingthe Atlantis of the Sands, London, 1999; Ranulph Fiennes, Atlantis of the Sands: the Search of the lost city of Ubar, London, 1993.].

,         --, ,  ,   ,     ,                 .          ,    -,         ,      .   ,     (),   ,     .   ,     ,   , ,   ,        .

               ().

  1931 .   .  .       (    ).    (22.02.1931)    . ,    --.           , ,      ,     . ,   ,      .           .      ,  ,          .  ,   ,  ,        ,            ,          .     -      ,        -[55 - Muhammad Morsy Abdullah. The United Arab Emirates: A Modern History, London, 1978, p. 60.].

   ,   ,        .    ,   ;       ,   .       ,       .  ,    ,   , ,    , ,        ,  :     ,   ,      -,  .

 ,   ,       .      .        .      .             .       ,         .   ,         ,    .   ,  ,  ,    ,   .   ,  ,  .     ,          ,    .  ,  ,   ,    [56 - Bertram Tomas, Among Some Unknown Tribes of South Arabia, Journal of the Royal Authropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 59,  32 (1929), p. 101.].

           :      ,      .           ,       .

    ,    ,        .   ,       ,    .            , , ,       .    -        [57 - Bertram Tomas, Arabia Felix: Across the Empty Quarter of Arabia, London, 1932, p. 71, 72.].

  ,    ,   ,          .   ,  ,         ,         .   ,   ,   ,            .

   ,    ,    ,   ,   ,       .      ,  .   ,  ,  ,    .

    . ,   ,   .       ,   .    ,      ,   ,   .

  ,         ,  .      ,    ,    ,  ,  ,     .

,   ,    .     ,     .      .  ,                  [58 - Bertram Tomas, Arabia Felix, op. cit., p. 55, 56.].   ,          .    ;    ,      ,         [59 -  . . 42.].       .   ,    .        .    ,       4  . ,  ,       .   ,     ,     ;       [60 -  . . 94, 95.].

,   ,   ,   .       .    ,     ,  ,     ,       .          ,            .           ,    .          ,         ,      .       ,    [61 -  . . 84-86.].

   --,   ,             . ,  ,    -, :         ,   .          ,   ,    .       ,    .     ,   ,  ,  ,  .      ,      [62 -  . . 154, 155.].  ,    ,      --     .

   .     .     .     .

   ,   ,   :         .       .

  ,     , ,    ,  ,   ,       ,   .        ()    - (915-965).        ,  ,        .

  -      ,   ,    : ,   . , ,     .  ,  ,           ,    ,   .   ,   ,          ,   ,     ,     .

      ,           .        -,   , , ,    .

  --,        ,     ,  ,   .      ,      ,  -  -.

   ,  , ,     ,   ,         .               ( ),      ,      .

         ,   ,         ,    .    ,   ,            ,     .         ,   ,        .

 ,   ,    ,    ,      (  绠   ).    ,  , ,    ,            ,    ,     ,   [63 - Bertram Sidney Tomas, Alarms and Excursions in Arabia, London, 1931, p. 117, 118.].       ,        .     .  ,     ,     ,        , .

           .          ,    .     ,    ,     ,    ,   .  , ,   ,  ,   ,         .

  ,   ,        ,  ,  ,  ,       [64 - Bertram Tomas. The Musandam Peninsula and its People the Shihuh, Journal of the Royal Antropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 59 (1929), p. 104.].

    ,        ,     ,        .      ,       ,    ,  ,      (),      .     ,     . ,  ,  ,      .         -,          ,  ,     ,         ,   ,  ,   [65 - Bertram Sidney Tomas, Alarms and Excursions in Arabia, op. cit., p. 168.].

      ,    ( ,      1920-   1930- ),     :         ,   .    ,     .     ()  .         -.  ,         -,     ,     ,    ,    ,    [66 -  . . 178.].

 ,     ,   ,       ,    ,    ,    . ,       , ,   ,   ,              ,  ,    ,    ,    .  ,   ,  ,     ,        .      ,      ,     ,     ?![67 -  . . 278.].

    ,     .    1914 .     ,   .   6 .  ,   1922 .   ,        .  1924 .        ,   -.     ,   .  1935 .       .   2-            (19421943).  1944 .        (The Middle East Centre of Arabic Studies),    ,    .   ,  1950 .

       ,      ,       --      . ,     ,         --,       - ,          ,     .   , ,   : ,  ,  . ,   ,        --[68 -  . . 119.].

        .    1917 .,   .       .        .   2-  ,    ,      .         ,   4500 ,   - (    ,   ).      . ,   1948 .    ,  ,     ,       .   ,       ,    ,   ,  ,       .   ,    ,     .

  1948 .  ,       .      -     (            ).       .      ,       ( )     ,     ,  ,                    .

 1959 .           -,   1960-      , ,     ,     .  1970 .         .

   ,  1974 .,    -       (19182004)      ,         .

   (19801981)       -      .                   .

      -,   ,  1995 .,   78 .

   (              )   -.       . , ,  1975 .,     -    ,            ,    ,     ,      ,   , ,  .

     - 1970-  1980- ,   ,       - ,  - ,  -    .              ,     .    ,     .       ,  ,    ,    50 .

      -       ,         .        ,   -     ,      . ,         ,     ( ,  ,    -),    ,           ,    .

    ,              ,       ,                   .     -     -    1952 .

  -,        ,       ,   ,    .  -  ,      . ,           ,  ,        ,        .    ,      . ,    ,  , , ,     ,       [69 -  . . 115.].      .   . ,  ,   ,   , ,   ,  .      .    .      .   ,      .

      .   ,  ,      - ,       .        ,   ,    [70 -  . . 185, 186.].

    ,   ,    .  ,        ,        ,          . ,  ,       .  ,        .               ,   [71 -  . . 154, 155.].

        1960- ,           ,     - (. 1937).

 1957  1970 .     .       ,    ,        .  1963 .      .      ,        .

,  ,     ,  , ,   ,  ,    .      ,  ,      , ,     ,  . ,  , ,       ,   ()    ,    ,    ,       ,      ,     .

      .    ,     .   ,     ,     .  -       ,    .  ,   ,   .   ,   ,   ,  [72 - Gwynne-James, David, Letters from Oman: A Snapshot of Feudal Times as Oil Signals Change, UK, 2001, p. 63, 80.].

 -            .   -,  ,                ,        .   ,   .      .              .  ,       ,   ,    ,       ,     . ,    ,      .

             ,       .       -.      ,         ,    .          ,  ,     .      ,   .     ,       .       ,     [73 -  . . 77, 78.].       ,   ,    .

  ,  -,       .      ,     .  ,  ,  . ,  ,    ,   !. ,  ,      .  , ,        ,   .

     ,  -,       ,    .        .  ,  ,   ,   ,  ,   .    ,  ,    ,    ,  ,   .

  ,  -,      ,       ;  ,         .   ,  - ,         , :         ,   ,  .

                . ,   ,    ,            ,    ,       36 [74 - Ian Skeet, Muscat and Oman: The End of an era, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 38, 1 (1975), p. 156.].          ,            ,   ,   ,  ,         .   ,   ,       ,       [75 -  . . 168.].

      ,    1960- ,   ,      .      .   , ,    1940 .,    1968 .         ,       .             640 .   ,   ,      ,   , ,         ,   , .        ,   ,   ,    ,       -.

,   ,  ,   , , ,            ,          ,             .    : , ,    ,    [76 - Hough Bousted. The Wind of Morning, California, 2002, p. 223.].

,   1970 .,   ,             ,   ,  ,   ,    ,   - [77 - Fred Halliday, Arabia Without Sultans, Manchester, 1974, p. 276.].

        1960-  ,     ,        ,   .     .     ,   ,      ,     .        ,  ,   ,        ,     1950- .      ,  ,      , ,    [78 - David Holden, Farewell to Arabia , New York, 1966, p. 236; Jan Morris, Sultan in Oman, London, 2000, p. 153.].

          .      (19162009),     ,   1958  1961 .  ,      ,      .     .    ,         . ,  ,      ,     .     ,   ,     . , , ?    ?[79 - David Smiley, Arabian Assignment, London, 1975, p. 40, 41.].

          ,     ,      .       ,    ,     . ,  ,      ,    .     . ,  ,      .   ,   [80 -  . . 29.].

      ,   ,      .           .           .          ,     ,  . ,     1960-     ,       .        [81 - Ian Skeet, op. cit., p. 195, 196.].     ,   ,      ,     , -   .

   1960- ,   ,        ,           .          ;   ()          ; ,  ,      ( , ,      ).

 ,    ,    ,     ,              .

 20            .                     ,        ,    .                .                 .  ,    ,     .   -             [82 -  . . 22, 23.].

    ,       ,      ,    , ,   ,  .  ,   ,     ,     .

 , -            ,   , , ,   -,       .     .

 ,       ,      .     .    .   ,   ,      . ,     ,       .      [83 - David Holden, op. cit., p. 219.].

  ,         ,       (. 1474/1475).   ,         ,    ,    ,   ()   ,   ,      . ,      ,   ,   III,    ()    ,   , -,       ,        .     ,      ,    ,   ,   .      ,  ,          .       .

 1468 .     ,    (   ,        ,        ).     ,   ,  ,   .     :             ;     ,     . ,   ,     ()   ,  ,     ,  .

 ,     ,          ,            ,   (  )  [84 -       (14661472). .-., 1948. . 12.].

     (   ),   ,     (),  10 .         4 , , ,      ,    .

           (1472)   (),  ,   ,         .      (   ),     ,   .  ,      .   ,    , ,   ,        ,    ,   ,        . ,     ,  .

           (17661826) ,         (  -); ,  , ,      .  ,  , -,     (,      ) ,   ,   .       ,  . . ,          ,               [85 -  . .   . . VI.  VII. . 441, 442.].

        , ,     ()   (),     ()   ().

 1695 .   ,   ,   ,       ,   ,  ,    ,      . ,  ,  ,         .            .   ,        ,   




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=52006826)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


See: The Travels of Marco Polo, trans. by William Marsden, London 1946, p. 63-69, 404-407.




2


  .  . . . ., 1995. . 184, 200-202, 209, 210, 263;  .   . ., 1999. . 109-113, 164-169;  .    . www.vostlit.info/Texts.  .      ϻ.




3


 .    .  . . .  , 1887. 11.  .    VII () CXCV (); , . . . . 112, 113, 164, 165, 169.




4


  .    ( -) . , 1891. . 60.




5


--.   . www.vostlit.info/Texts.  .      .  2002 . .




6


Colonel S. B. Miles. The Countries and the tribes of the Persian Gulf, London, 1919, vol. II, p. 476-484; https://dl.wdl.org/17107/serice/1707.pdf




7


 - -.       .  .  34. . www.vostlit.info/Texts.




8


John Fryer, A New Account of East India and Persia, London, 1919, vol. II, p. 155, 156.




9


John Ovington, A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689, Oxford, 1929, p. 251.




10


Alexander Hamilton, A New Account of East Indies, 2 vols, London, 1930, vol. I, p. 45.




11


Henry Cornwall, Observations upon Several Voyages to India out and Home, London, 1720, p. 42.




12


 . .  :  . , 2014. . 47-54.




13


Parsons, Abraham, Travels in Asia, London, 1808, p. 207, 208.




14


Kaye J. W. The Life and Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm, London, 1865, vol. I, p. 433-435, 438.




15


Sultan Muhammad Al-Qasimi. The Myth of the Arab Piracy in the Gulf, London, 1986, p. 39.




16


 . . .  . , 2017. . 571, 574.




17


William Heude, Voyage up the Persian Gulf and a journey over land from India to England in 1817, London, 1819, p. 19-34.




18


Frazer, James B., Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822, London, 1825, p. 67.




19


 . . 9, 10.




20


 . . 9.




21


 . . 16.




22


Kappel, George, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England,  in the Year 1824, London, 1827, 2 vols, vol. I, p. 15, 18, 20.




23


W.S.W. Ruschenberger M.D., A Voyage Round the World including Embassy to Muscut and Siam in 1835, 1836 and 1837, Philadelphia, 1838, p. 34.




24


 . . 41.




25


 . . 42.




26


 . . 47.




27


Bayard Taylor, Travels in Arabia, New York, 1892, p. 40-42, 55; James Raymond Wellsted, Narrative of a Journey into the Interior of Oman in 1835, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 7 (1837), p. 102-113; James Raymond Wellsted, Travels in Arabia, London, 1838, vol. I, p. 7, 12-19, 21,22, 33, 52, 53, 59, 63, 101, 105, 110, 111, 120, 143, 144, 338, 344, 351-354.




28


Stafford Bettesworth Haines, Memoir of the South and East Coast of Arabia, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 15 (1845), p. 117, 120, 130, 134, 135.




29


Gordon Waterfield, Sultans of Aden, London, 1968, p. 205, 209, 240;  . . .          . , 2019. . 315-336.




30


Charles J. Cruttenden, Journal of an Excursion from Morbat to Dyreez, the principal town of Dofar, Transections of the Bombay Geographical Society, 1, p. 185, 186.




31


C.S.D. Cole, An Account of an Overland Journey from Leskkairee to Muscat and the Green Mountain of Oman, Transections of the Bombay Geographical Society, 8 (1847-1848), p. 106119.




32


Henry John Carter. The Ruins of El Balad, Journal of the Geographical Society, 16 (1846), p. 187199.




33


.    . ., 1981. . 195.




34


 . . .  . , 2016. . 41, 42.




35


 . .  .   ,   . , 2015. . 5254.




36


Robbert Binning, A Journal of Two Years Travel in Persia, Ceylon, Etc., 2 vols, London, 1857, p. 123-129.




37


Charles Rathbone Low. The Land of the Sun, London, 1870, p. 178-203.




38


William Ashton Shepherd, From Bombay to Bushir, and Bassora, Including an Account of the Present State of Persia, and Notes of the Persian War, London, 1857, p. 43-58.




39


, .      . , 1875. . 415-433; Hogarth, D.G. The Penitration of Arabia: A Record of the Development of the Western Knowledge Concerning the Arabian Peninsula, NewYork, 1904, p. 127-279.




40


James Theodor Bent, Southern Arabia, London, 1900, p. 58, 63.




41


Vinchenzo Maurizi, History of Seyd Said Sultan of Muscat, 2


edition, Cambridge, 1984.




42


S. B. Miles, On the Route between Sohar and el-Bereymi in Oman, with a note on the Zatt, or gipsies in Arabia, Journal of the Asiatic Siciety of Bengal, 46 (1877), p. 57-59.




43


S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain of Oman, Geographical Journal, 18 (1901), p. 468.




44


J. C. Wilkinson, Bayasirah and Bayadir, Arabian Studies, 1 (1974), p. 75-85.




45


S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain of Oman, Geographical Journal, 18 (1901), p. 484, 485.




46


S. B. Miles, On the Route between Sohar and el-Bereymi in Oman, op. cit., p. 44.




47


S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain in Oman, op. cit., p. 471.




48


 . . 467, 471.




49


S. B. Miles, On the Border of the Great Desert: A Journey in Oman (part I), The Geographical Journal, vol. 36,  2, Aug. 1910, p.159-178.




50


S. B. Miles, Across the Green Mountain in Oman, op. cit., p. 495.




51


S. B. Miles, Journal of an excursion in Oman, in south-east Arabia, Geographical Journal, 7 (1896), p. 533.




52


S. B. Miles, On the Border of the Great Desert: A Journey in Oman (part II), Geographical Journal, 36 (1910), p. 414.




53


Colonel S. B. Miles. The Cuntries and the Tribes of the Persian Gulf, London, 1919, vol. I, p. 9-11.




54


Nicholas Clapp. The Road to Ubar: Findingthe Atlantis of the Sands, London, 1999; Ranulph Fiennes, Atlantis of the Sands: the Search of the lost city of Ubar, London, 1993.




55


Muhammad Morsy Abdullah. The United Arab Emirates: A Modern History, London, 1978, p. 60.




56


Bertram Tomas, Among Some Unknown Tribes of South Arabia, Journal of the Royal Authropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 59,  32 (1929), p. 101.




57


Bertram Tomas, Arabia Felix: Across the Empty Quarter of Arabia, London, 1932, p. 71, 72.




58


Bertram Tomas, Arabia Felix, op. cit., p. 55, 56.




59


 . . 42.




60


 . . 94, 95.




61


 . . 84-86.




62


 . . 154, 155.




63


Bertram Sidney Tomas, Alarms and Excursions in Arabia, London, 1931, p. 117, 118.




64


Bertram Tomas. The Musandam Peninsula and its People the Shihuh, Journal of the Royal Antropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 59 (1929), p. 104.




65


Bertram Sidney Tomas, Alarms and Excursions in Arabia, op. cit., p. 168.




66


 . . 178.




67


 . . 278.




68


 . . 119.




69


 . . 115.




70


 . . 185, 186.




71


 . . 154, 155.




72


Gwynne-James, David, Letters from Oman: A Snapshot of Feudal Times as Oil Signals Change, UK, 2001, p. 63, 80.




73


 . . 77, 78.




74


Ian Skeet, Muscat and Oman: The End of an era, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 38, 1 (1975), p. 156.




75


 . . 168.




76


Hough Bousted. The Wind of Morning, California, 2002, p. 223.




77


Fred Halliday, Arabia Without Sultans, Manchester, 1974, p. 276.




78


David Holden, Farewell to Arabia , New York, 1966, p. 236; Jan Morris, Sultan in Oman, London, 2000, p. 153.




79


David Smiley, Arabian Assignment, London, 1975, p. 40, 41.




80


 . . 29.




81


Ian Skeet, op. cit., p. 195, 196.




82


 . . 22, 23.




83


David Holden, op. cit., p. 219.




84


      (14661472). .-., 1948. . 12.




85


 . .   . . VI.  VII. . 441, 442.


