    .   XVIIIXIX 
 


Historia Rossica
      -    ,              XVIIIXIX .     XIX ,   ,     ,            .              .  ,   ,       .                 ,        .     -    (Northwestern University).





 

       XVIIIXIX 





.   


 ,   ,     ,       ,        ,       .       頖     ,   (  )   ,         .                  .     :       XVIII           .    XVIII  XIX .          ,                  .        ,          .   .      :  1795 .   44%   25    .         :   ,    ,        25     1763  1795 .,  70%  .       ,          .   , ,          ,       ,        XVIII .           20  40%.                      . .

      ,     ,      .      . -,     , ,         - ,     . -,       ,    ,        .      (,    , )        :      ,         .   .         1830 .     1850 .      ,    ,  ,     . ,   .      ,    . ,        . ,      ,   .      ,   :         ,     .    ,           .        .   . , ,      .

,     - .     ,  ,   .             (    1650 .,     1658 .,     1666 .),       1667 .        .     ,      ,    ,  ,  ,    .    ,            ,        .      ,    ,    ,        ⠖   ,       .     ,          ,   ࠖ   . ,   ,    ,         ,   .         ,          .      ,          .

         XVII .      ,   :  ,         (   ),                 .     1730 .    .   XVIII ., ,        ,                  .    ,       ,       [1 - ,     ,   , ,      1839 .,      , ,        (    ,    . . .: , 1860. . 2 (18011858). . 359361).  ,        ,       ,   .       .].    -    , ,     , , ,   蠖      , ,     - (   ),      .  ,    ,   ,        ,    ,  .

   ,     XVIII .,       (      XIX.)  ,       .         5.              ,     XVIIIXIX .    ,                 .  ,   ,       ,   XVIIIXIX .           .  ,      XVIII .      .           .

   ,      ,     ,   ,   -    ,       ..    ,       .         XIX .  ,        .       :    ,            .       .   5   ,          :     ,    ,      .            .     ,            ,       . .

            ,           . , ,         .   ,    -:      ,      ,    ,   ,        .          ,       .          ,      .          ,          .

          .       ,    ,     100% - ,     ?               ,    10    .         .   1760- .,          .   XVIII .      15 ,               ,       (     ).       .       (    ),   ,   ,      ,        ,       .         .

             ,    .       ,     ,   堖    .  , ,  ,               ;   ( ,  )   ,     .      , ,   ,   .        ,          .   蠖       ,           .          ,         , ,     .  ,     ,     ,    .          ,                 .     ,   ,    .   1760- .,  1780-        .        ,     :    ,  -           .    ,       .        2.      XVIII . 蠖          ,        ,         ,                ,   .

     ,              .   .     XIX     ,    ,   ,         .      .    XVIII .   .   ,        ,     ,   .        ,      ,  , ,     .           :              .   XVIII .     ,     ,         XIX .          堖  12 ( XVIII .)  13  ( )          1516 ,   ⠖  1617 ,          .      , ,   ,     ,   ,    ,             .

  . ,     ,       XVIII .:               .     .      (    ) XVIII .   ,         ,  堖 .        ,    ,   ?     ,    ,            , , ,      ,     蠖 -           .  ,          , ,   ,     ,     .        ,         .           .  ( 3  4), .   -   ( 6)  .      ( 7).

,     ,         .       ,          .           XVIII .   ,          ,       .                  .      ,   ,        ,         .

  ,       .   . , ,    XIX .            ,         .   ,        ,   ,     .      , ,            .        ,    .

          1858 .,        ,    ,        ,   ,      ,       [2 -  ., .   . .: . . , 1863. . 2:     1858  (   ). .235.   ,       ,  ,         1840-  1850- . .   .].      ,      ,  ,    .

       . , ,        .   1844 .     ,     ,       ,      :           ,         ; ,         (  ); ,  ,   ;  ,   -      (,       )[3 -            1850- ., :           1859 ..:  , 1861. .21.].           ,         ,  ,      ,    ,   ,    .    , , ,        .     :  ,  ,   37  ,      : 1859 . 278 417,   7454.    ;    ,     10  ,    : 875 382,    8   1859 .,         (    ) [4 -  ., . . . 2. .210212, 216217, 234235.           7 ,     ,     , ,    ,  .     1852  1853 .,    蠖    .       (: Tr?bner&Co, 1862. . 4. .1187).    1852 .      .].

 1868 .  ,         ,   ( )     (           ),    .       ,            :      ,      .           ⠖ 8584494.       110 ,     ,       (,   .),   700  ,      ,    ,  (  ), .           . [5 -  . .   //  . .   . 2-e ..: . ., 1909. .7. .384409 (  .408).   :  . 1868. 2.].   1859 .   9 300  .      蠖   젖  1,3%,    1868 .  10295000 (      ).

  ,      700  .   ,      ,  , 172 500 (                   )  ,    ,  , 283 323,   ,   ,          60 000, ,    [6 -  . .  . .404, 409.  1853 .  ,    170 506  ( . .        ,          //      .  , 1910. .IX. .3).  , -,    ,         .       ,       1853 . ,   ,           ,          (    ,    .. .: , 1860. . 2 (18011858). .672682).   ,             .]. ,       ,         .   ,   ,    ,    .  ,     1859 .,    ,     .     1,52 ࠖ ,  ,   ,        ,      [7 -  . .    . : Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1970. .472.   ,    ,   1859 .      54628083 ,   1897 . 89328 200,       70%    40 ;  ., e. . .233234;       1897 .           ,  28  1897 . .:   , 1905. .1. .248.].

         ,   .   ,   ,   (  ),  ,    ,    ,       ,       ,     蠖      蠖   ,    -  .   ,       ,  ,   ,    ,       .   , ,            (   ) .        .           ,          ,             .

    ,          60 ,     1850- .   .      1854 .                  (   ),       ,   ,       ,  ,      ,     ,     ,     [8 -  . .    .].        .   ,      ,         ,      .

 ,      (     7)      1850- .   60%    .   ,     16,    , 50%        [9 -  . .33, 40, 44.].     .    ,          : 1826 ., ,  1164    7    218  (18,7%)   ,         ,  ,  ;        [10 -     (). .570 (  ). .559a. .966. .449466.].             (    7)      ,  60%  .         ( - ,   1826 .)  1861 .  :           28  723  ,   695 (96%)         ,       [11 -  . .1502. .100107, 123 132. ( 1861 .    ,      ).].    ,   : 1861-頖   .       -      12  20,    ,   ,     [12 - Evtuhov C. Portrait of a Russian Province. Economy, Soviety, and Civilization in Nineteenth-Century Nizhnii Novgorod. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. . 196.].         . ,  ,  -       ,      .     ,     .   ,    .  . ,  ,      ,           36% (,   -,   .    60% ,   ). -       ,        ,    [13 -       ,        ,  ,   1860 .:           1860 ..:  , 1862. .24.   1861 ., ,   ,        .].  -       ,        1850- . , ,   100 ,   60 .

      700       ,         , ,         .  ,              ,    ,    [14 -  . . . .408.]. , -,          ,   ,      .    ,  , ,    蠖               ,   , , ,        ,  . ,           ,   ,     , ,         ,       ,    ,    ,    XIX .      , ,    ,      .  2,5  3 .        .         蠖     ,         .           ,        젖  ,      .    .

               . .           ,      ,      .          XVIII .  ,               .       . ,    ,  .

          . ,    ,        ,            .           ,                  . .           -     ,    ,       .  ,   1845 .       , . , ,  17,6%   25       14,1%    (       )     .     ,                            .           ,    ,    -    .        ;  - -   .      ,               .   .      ,      , ,     .  , ,       XVIII   XIX .    .       . ,           ,   . .

     1845 .         ,     . .                       ,    .         ,          .      ,      ,      ,   [15 - Bushnell J. Did Serf Owners Control Serf Marriage? Orlov Serfs and Their Neighbors, 17731861 // Slavic Review. 1993. August. 3. Vol.52. . 433.].        ,     ,       .             ,         ,    ,        ,   ,    .   ,         ,           -,  , ,   ,    ,     ,   ,        -          .

    ,   ,     ,  ,   렖              XVIII   XIX .,    ,     . ,    ,     ,           ,       . ,  : ,          .  ,   ,    .  ,    , ,     , ,  ,   .  ,   ,  ,     ,      , -,    :     ,         .       ,   , ,     .

       . -,   ,           .   ,         .   .   ,     ,       ,               [16 -  : Melton E. Household Economies and Communal Conflicts on a Russian Serf Estate, 18001817 // Journal of Social History. 1993. Vol.26. 3. . 564578.].          1795 .      .          ,   1982 .        .   .    (    )    ,    -  (          ).  ,       ,    ,   ,        .

    ,    ,           ,        ,     .     .               ,      .

          젖    3.  2    ,  -        XVIII .,   ,     ,      .    ,        ,       :           ,  ,        .       ,   ,      ,    .   ,  ,     .  , ,      ,               XVII .        XVIII            .   1  ,   XVII .                  XVIII .   -        .  ,  ,        ,        2,         ,      .

       1850  1858 .    .  ,  1897 .     ,       젖   ,   堖 堖 .       1860- .   ,       :      1920- .   ,   1865 ., , ,    [17 -      //   . 1927. 4/5. .7.].     ,    1860-   ,    .   ,   1850- .      ,    .       5 (  )    .






 1.     






 1

      , 15801750:    


   XVIII           . ,  1706 .  I      (16521719)         ,   200     .   ,     ,     ,    .      堖 10  25 ꠖ  ,      ,    , ,     [18 -      ,        1703 .,           1705 . (       .   (  XVIII.). .:  , 1984. .12, 147).].  ,    .    , -,     ,    .   1712 . ,  ,      ;         -    [19 -  . .2425.]. , -   1717 .  , ,       5 .  蠖    ,        .   ,  ,  ,      ,       ,                      [20 -   . M.: - . . , 1903. .98.].        ,    . 4 1718 .  ,     ,     ,     ,     ,   ,      .            ,      [21 -  . .99.].

, ,        ,       ,  ,   ,   頖   젖         (        5 , ,  ,           ),       ,          .           ,   ,     .        .  1733 .   15        ,           [22 - . .615 (    XVIXVIII .). .1. .9159 (1733). .44.].  1772 .      ,            [23 - . .615. .1. .9177. .7, 23; .9180. .4. 5., 1212., 15.; .9205. .10. 11, 1616., 22. 23; .9207. .99., 2829., 3939., 7070.     .].

     ,            :             .   . .          XVIII.,              XVIII.  ,             ,  ,            ,       ,      [24 - Thompson E. P. The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century // Past and Present. 1971. Feb. . 76136; : Thompson E. P. The Moral Economy Reviewed // Customs in Common. Pontypool: Merlin Press, 1991. . 259351.].        ,     XVIII.         .   XVIII.                  ,         .

 , ,     :      ,    -  1760- .,           .  XVII.          ,      ,    .   ,     1580- .,        ,  1750- .         .     XVII    XVIII.             ,     ,   ,      ?            ,   , -,     1717 .?    XVII.     , ,  ,  ,   .      -    .        .         ,    .      ,  ,                 ,            .

    .      XVIII.       堖      .      .     ,         ,   .              .      XVIII.             ,   頖  ,  ,        ,   .  ,   ,        ,       .        ,   堖 , 20-堖   25   5 .      XVIII.,          .


     

     ,   ,    XVIII.      ,     .          1649 . ,    , ,        .          ,          .   19   11    1649 .,                        ,           .           ,     .      ,       [25 - Hellie R., ed. and transl. The Muscovite Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649. art 1. Irvine, CA: C. Schlacks, 1988. Jr. . 89.       .].       ,    ,   ,  ,     ,        , , ,      ( )   [26 - Ibid. . 101.].   1649 .               .

,    ,       1649 .   1582 .      ,  堖  ,   1603 .        ,    .           .    젖   ,  ,     ,    .

       :        ,       XV.,      ,      .      ,   ,       ,       ,   1464 .;     , -,      [27 -     . M.:  , 1951. . 1. .68.  1471 .       ,  -   ( -  -   XIV  XVI. M.:  , 1952. .1. .292).        .      ,  , ,  젖   ࠖ     ,  蠖  堖  . ,         ,     .].    ,          ,        -.  1487 ., ,  III     (  ?  )         ,        [28 -  -  -   XIV  XVI. M.:  , 1964. .3. .146147.].

       ,     , -,   ,     .   1564 .  IV     ,       [29 -                (    . M.:  , 1961. . 3. .9899).].  1590 .,     ,   ,  ,    ,     [30 -     . . 1. .45.      .].   ,   ,   (   )  ,   ,         .  ,   XV.      ,        仠   , ,      ,     ,    ,        [31 -  :   -    XVXVII . M.:  ., 1905. .124128    . . :      .    III 1482  //  . 1993. 5. .187189;  . .       (XVXVI .). M.: , 1985. .107; Hellie R. Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. P.2728.].  XVII.   ,   ,       ,          .         .

,   ,            ,  ,     ,          ,        ,     .  1591 . -          6  (   4 ,   )  ,        [32 -      -  XVI. M.:  , 1948. .161162;  . .     -    XVI //  . 1946. . 18. .116.].  1607 .    ,   ,    10 ,       [33 -   . M.:  , 1961. . 3. .8586.].  1619 .           ,        1564 .,     ,         [34 -  . .98.].  1620  1621 .        [35 -  . .107, 115.].   1620 .    ,   ,         ,     3 ,       .  16201630- .               1020 [36 -  .   . M., 1820. .75;     . :   , 1904. . 3. .329;   .    ( ). .17 (  ). .2. .2; .302. .1.].

, ,  -    XVII.       , ,   1631 .             ,       [37 -    . . 3. .333.       ,     .].  1643 .  ,    ,  ,     ,     2   ,     ,  ,      . ,  ,    2    [38 -   ,    . . . M.: - . . , 1898. . 3. .79.  ,       , ,  ,  .].         XVII.   . C   ,           ,            ,   .            XVII.,   1607 .    ,      ( )      ,    ,          :        18      20 ,          ,       [39 -    XIVXIX . M.: - . . , 1910. .49.   1607 .  ,          , , ,      .  ,     ,             XVII.    . .  (  9 1607 . //    XIVXVII .  ,  75-    . . . .:  , 2002. .98114).   ,        ,          ,    .].

  19  11   1649 .              ,      .    ,                 ,         [40 -  . .      II. .: . . . , 1903. .2. 2- ..302.]. , ,    , , , ,    -      : -    XVII.                  ,     ,  [41 -  . .229 (   ,   ). .1. .46. .1212.   ,  ,   ,    XVII.].   ,    (16211690;    ,     ,       I)                     XVIII.[42 -  . .      XVII . .; .: c.-, 1929. .73, 78    .]   ,     ,    .      ,  -       ,  ,  ,   ,         ,   -    (, ,    ,      ),    ,         .          ,           ,              (    ).   ,   ,      [43 -     : . .1257 (). .1. .1. .401 403.; .3. .271271.; .4. .317, 403403., 463464.;   .  . .29 (). .135. .9293.      :     . M.:   , 2012. . 1. .442, 658661. .  ,   ,     ,      ( . .441, 458, 500, 638, 646).].

      ,             .  - , -, -, -     , ,    XVII.       [44 -  . .       XVIII. M.: , 1977. .258, 300301; . .1441 (- ). .2. . 1. .2285. .2;  . .     -    XVI //  . 1946. . 18. .116; . .570 (  ). .552, 1726. .42. .11.].   ,     XVII.,  ,        .    1649 .,   ,          ()         ,      ,       ,              ,      .

     XVII.     1649 .    .      ,   , ,    ,      ;     ,    [45 -  . .17. .2. . ..13. .1363. .2, 5 (.1, 5.  ;  ,     );  .   . M.:  , 1917. . 4.    -. .415416.].   ,      ,  ,    [],   ,     .       ,        ,     1680-, ,   1680-  1690-,     ,     .

  XVII.      1020 .      1647 .      10 [46 -  . .     XVII  (     ). M.:  , 1911. .910.].  1650- .  ,        , ,    ,      12,5  20 ; ,    ,       25 [47 -     . ..  ,  . .   . .     ..-. M., 1905. .129, 131132.].        ⠖            13   ,     ,       [48 -    . . . M.:  , 1940. . 1. . 152; . E.       (XVII ) //  . 1871. 1. .2223;  . .    XVII.     . . . .: , 1967. .71.].  1650-   ,         725       [49 -  . .17. .2. .1, 2a, 3, 136, 152, 296c, 428;  . .   -  XVIXVII . //    XIVXVII .  ,  75-    . . . .:  , 2002. .266267.].  1658 .          10  ,  20    ,   ,        [50 -    ,     . .:  .  , 1851. .4. .98.].

 1660-   1680- .    .  1660-    25  (  , -,     )         ,            12   (   )[51 -  . .     //      (13951758 .). M.: , 1900. . 2. .30 (); ,      . .:  , 1864. .2. .582 ( );  . .229. .1. .. 46 ( ). .19 ().].  16701690- .   -,             1340 [52 -  . .    . . 2. .238;  . . 4. .415;     . . 3. .281282;  . .17. .2. .1; .102; .2. .251, 252; .4. .550.].

  1680-   1690- .       ,   , .  1681 ., , -     -   ,     ,     ,      -       [53 -  ,     . .:  . II-   . . . , 1842. .5: 16761700. .96.]. ,  1689 ., -  ,        ,     ,    2  20 ,   ,  -       [54 -  . .333.].  1691 .       5    ,    ,   - ;       ,       3   ,        [55 - . .1192 (- ). .1. .1148.].   ,    1690-    15   ,      [56 - . .570 (  ). .552, 1726. .42. .51.            ,   1725 .       .].     2   1690 .  , 5  1690 .  , 6   1693 .  , 30   1695 .  , 2   1696 .  [57 - ,      ,   . .:  , 1864. .2. .650652 (  1690, 1693  1696 .);  . .17. .2. . ..4. .563 (1695).].      20  50 [58 -  . .17. .2. .1, 115, 119, 3, 461, 465, 473.].   ,      2 ,         ,  (   ) 2       XVIII.      ,   1690- .                ,    .

          - .   , , -   (    )      XVII.      :       ,      ,         .   1675 .        ( ).    1688 .           .        , ,  .     ,   ,     ,   : 4 16671676 ., 7  16771686 ., 124  16871699 .[59 -  . .         XVII . .; .:  , 1962. .193217. ,  ,  ,          1650 .,   :   . .156157.          :  . .230231 (1671), 650 (1681).] ,          ,   ,      .       1689 .       10 .    ,   24 ,       17301740- .           XVII.          XVIII.[60 -  . . . .210211;  .  .     XVII //        . 1898. . 4. . .2224.] ,       ,      蠖   ,  ,     ,      ,     .       1690- .      ,     ,             .

  軠 -    ,   ( ),           ,        ,    - .    1691 .,         5   ,       3       ,     ,           1690-.           ,       ,      ?     -,          ?       ,          ,          ?       ,       . 9 1670 .  .     , , ,   50       ,   . 13               , ,        60     ,    ,   2     ,    ,       ,   , ,     .   ,     1  20         ,        [61 -  . .441442.].     -                .

,   (     1670 .)    ,   ,          ,   , ,  -   .   ,           ,  ,   ,         .  ,   .        ,     .     ,                  :    5 ,    ,      .  , -,    [62 - . .1257. .1. .3. .402403.].

 ,            ,             ?          3   ,    8   .          1  70 ;  ,     ,  55 [63 - Hellie R. The Economy and Material Culture of Russia, 16001725. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. . 419, 450451, 139, 105.].   XVII.    50  , ,     .       , ,     ,    ,      ,   ,   ,   .     XVIII.    50 ,     1,      2[64 -  . .17. .2. .1; .148; .229. .1. .4. .79; . .615 (    XVIXVIII .). .1. .8526 (, 17041710); .8529 (, 1714).  ,     ,    ,     .].   XVII.               .

  , ,        ,    ,  , ,  .   ,   XVII.        ,      ,      ,     1680-  1690- .            34 ;        6 ,  젖    , , ,     ,      [65 - . .1202 (   ). .1. .265, 324, 451, 502;  . .  ,      XVII  //        . 1881. 1. .72.].          ,       ,     [66 -        1690- .    :  .  .      1690- . //  . .:  , 2006. 2. .8198.].      1696 .      堖 25 .   1696 .    ,       ,  3.  ,      2     ,   .   1708 .      ,     1  [67 - . .1202 ( ). .1. .499, 502.].     1696 .       ,      .   ,      .

 ,   XVII.       ,        :    ,        ,      ,       .   ,      ,        . 12  18 ,              1693   1694 .,  ,          , ,    .       1694 .          ,     ,   ,       , ,    ,     ,  [68 - . .1202. .1. .324. .29.   .:  : .4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28.   ,          ,       :  .  . ,     ,   , ࠖ   .]. ,               ,  XVII. ,   ,     .


       , 17001750-

  XVIII           .    , , ,            ,  ,       ,       ,    [69 -       :  . .      II. .1. .302324    ;  . .     (XVII  XIX.). M.: , 1976. .303309;  . .   : , ,  (X  XIX.). M.: , 1997. .152153;  . .      (XVIII  XX.).  ,  ,     . .:  , 2003. .1. 3- ..167168.     : Moon D. The Russian Peasantry 16991930. The World the Peasants Made. London: Longman, 1999. . 168.       XVIII.        .     :  . .  . .47116;  . .        XVIIXVIII .:   . M.; .:  , 2005. .337413; . .      XVIII. (- ). M.: .-  , 1957. .132148.].     XVIII. , ,         .       蠖      ࠖ        , ,     .  1750 .      .         ,    .   ,           ,            .

,         ,          .  1718 .  I    (16811759)         蠖   蠖     ,     ( ,   ,         I    ),         ,     ,   50     [70 -  . .     XVIII //  . M.:  , 1953. .8. .224, 234235;   . .: .   , 1911. .23. .9697. 50-    ,        蠖  ,   ࠖ  .].     (16801742)            1719 .,          .               [71 -  . .. .250253;   . .: . . . , 1905. .22. .183194.].  ,       ,    ,          .  1742 .   (16861750;    ,        )               ,  ,    ,   [72 -       :  . .  . .: , 1979. .409.].

  (16891740;        ), ,         ,  , , ,   ,      .  1724 . ,      1723 .  젖         .  ,       ,    20  ,    ,     ,     .   ,      20 ,    ;   20    .              :    ,     12 ,    堖  5 ,      ,       ,    .           ,  ,     .       ,       ,        (  )[73 -             . ., 1881. .14, 1619; Anisimov E. Five Empresses. Westport: Praeger, 2004. .78, 100, 121123.].

,     , ,  ,     XVIII.   ,          [74 -  -    1730- . ,              ,       (      . .201. .2).     1724 .,         ,  I  ,            (    . ., 1830. .7. .197198).  1723 .   ,      1722 . ,           .       ;  ,  ,           .].      , ,   ,  ,     (, , , , , - ),         ,   ,     ,    ,   [75 -  . .    1709 . //  . .:  , 1953. .8. .271 ( , 1709);  . .      XVII. //  . .:  , 1949. .4. .160161 (, 1725);  . .     . .: -, 1947 ( , 1727). .267;  . .      XVII   XVIII . , 1927. .3940 ( , 1732); . .1441. (- ). .2. . 1. .2285. .2 (1735);  . .     ,   . , 9881738 . .: . . , 1871. . .168169 (1714).].   ,     (    ),     .       ,  :          ,      ,       [76 - . .1365 (). .1. .20. .6 (1717), 1819 (1719); .36. .34 (1720), 5 (1721), 88. (1721), 2626. (1728).].  ,  -     ,   1740 .      (      ).     1741 .       ,           ,        .               ,        .        ,       45 [77 -  . .  () 1740  . .              //  . 2003. 3. .146151.].

      .      1726 .  ,        ,        ,      .          ,  ,  ,     . ,    ,        .          ,   ,     [78 - . .570. .552: 1726. .42. .11.       ,       ( . .2021.).       , ,       . ,          ,       ,         .].  1720- . -            ,   ,       ,   ,  ,      ,    ,      [79 - . .1187 (- ). .1. .2366. .109109.].

         XVIII.       ,       ,  ,      (堖   ,     ).        ,        ,   .                 ,       .

          ,    XVIII.,   ,      ,       1724 .  ,   1700 .    (      ),    ,   1730- .     ,   1744- (,   )   .     1752 .       .   ,     ,        ,      1743 .   .        1751 .    .             1743 .         . ,  , :                                                    [80 - . .196 (  . .). .1. .1618. .77., 3636., 48. 49;  . .      //      XVIXVIII . .: , 1975. .213226;  . .        (17521756 .) //  . 1888. 1. .140 (  ).]    ,       ,           .   ,       .  ,          , ,        .  ,  ,    ,         ,    1754  1757 .      렖   69  (138 ,     ),         ,   ,     :  18  ,    [81 -  . .    XVIII .        . .: , 1998. .5859;  : .32145.].      ,      .

  ,       ,  ,           ,          ,    ,           .   ,   ,     ,    ,    (  ), ,     XVIII.              (  ,        . ),       [82 -     XVII.,   I  ,   1719 .      . .:  . .         //  . .: , 1958. . 7. .216273.].

 1725 .      73 ,     ,   16 ,      ,      1,43 ,     57 ,   ,  1,82 .       1739 . (     ) 18       ,       1,42 .  1741 .    22   1,73 ,  1744 . 2,03     30 .  1760- .       2,5 [83 - . .615. .10197, 10206, 10207, 10231, 10266, 10269.].      1720-  1760- .,   .

         XVIII.          ,        .    ,         XVIII.,   ,        1,2 [84 -  . .1290 (). .1. .193. .26.].        35    17191762 .,     [85 -  . .1289 (). .1. .149.  , ,   ,   ,        .].          ,      ,    ,           ,         ,   .   ,    1719  1735,   ,  1730 .,  : 1.     ࠖ 9  10          .     ,   XVIII.,          ,     ,  ,    .   1736 .     ,      ໠     4  17   17361750 .         8     ,        .   5  17  :          .    堖    ,    1739 . ,     ,     ,    1 [86 -  . .182 (). .1. .13. .45.].

 ,   1750 .,    ,         ,  ,         1 .         .    ,             ,    :           ,      ,  ,   ,  ,          .  ,    ,     ,     ,                       [87 -    ,   17621764 .  ,      ࠖ         ,     65  ,         50   ,      10   (. .350 (    ). .2. .4301. . 1).    40            10    100   (  ,   ,   1438),  16      10     ,              (. .350. .2. .4301. . 2).].

    ,      , ,        .  1733 .  83 ,          ,  38   .    1750 .     31  68     .  1751 . 46  97    ; 1771  1772 .  ,    , 32  57  41  81     .   ,   :  23   1733-, 94   1750-, 75   1751 .  1771  1772 . ,    ,       ,   1011  (          1770-     ).    -    3,13  3,88 [88 -  . .615. .1. .9159 (1733), 9177 (1750), 9180 (1751), 9205 (1771), 9207 (1772).].                .

   XVIII., ,            .  1733 .,  38      ,    45      ,  23 , 12           5,09 .    ,   15  10 , , ,  ,        蠖 3,44 [89 -   .127182.     10  (  4 ,     ,   )  2 .].     1770- .         .

 , ,      ,       .    (   ,    )    1709  1715 .     ,  1749 .     [90 - . .615. .1. .8526, 8528, 8529, 8531, 8594.].    33  ,   17201750- .  - ,      ,       ; 13 ,    ;     1    젖 3,50 .   ,   ,    [91 -  .   . . 4. .414422.].      ,         1735  1754 .,     1 ,  ࠖ 2 [92 - . .1288 (). .1. .7.].

  ,      ,        .   38 ,    -   ,     , ,           .    ,  17081718 .,       2,40 ,  21  1720- . 2,93 , 11   17301750 .   1,31 . ,        ,     .  ,     1720-     ,        XVIII.   , 11  17301750 .,       ,   ,       17301740- .,  -  50%. ,     ,  , ,   -,       [93 -     (M). .1614 (  -). .1. .118.].

  ,        . ,   17201730- .    ,   .  17261727 .     27     2,07 .      50 ,  頖 4 [94 -  . .229. .1. .91. .128218.].  1737 .    93       ,      2,17 ; 1738 .     2,02  (92 ),  1739 .  1,67  (36 ),   1754 .   2,42  (90 )[95 - . .615. .1. .8509 (1737), 8510 (1738), 8511 (1739), 8512 (1754).           1751 .;     1754 ㅻ.         ,  堖   ,        .        ,     .].    ,     .

  ,     ,       ,        .     1738 .             1739 .  :    3      2.            4,3 [96 - . .615. .1. .8510. .6. 7., 14, 18, 19., 22.; .8511. .24., 5. 6, 7, 8, 12, 13., 17, 18, 20, 24.]. , ,  ,   ,     XVIII.     ,     .   ,              ,   ,           .

        24 ,      ,  25      ,  17321754 .  14       11,5 ,     2 ,   蠖 34 .  1750 .    :    ,       . ,    24 .  ,         ,   ,      , , -, ,   ,       [97 - . .1290. .1. .193. .911, 1314, 17, 1925, 2731, 3440.].    XVIII.       .

,              ,     .    1701  1730 .        .  1730-  1750- .   ,        ,    [98 - Mironov B. Consequences of the Price Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Russia // Economic History Review. 1992. Vol.49. 3. . 457459.].  ,  ,   1720-  1  2 ,     ,     1,53 .      ,   ,            .            ,   -     XVIII.          .

  ,                 ,      ,    1718  1719 .   .   ,   ,       ,              .       ,     17621763 .    ,    ,        蠖     ⠖   ,       .  ,    ,        ,     1762 .   .  99       97     ,     ,  ;        . -   20     ; ,     [99 - . .350. .2. . 2. .2616. .485574.       ,         ;  , ,   ,  ,      -   .  1792 .  150       (    )  2   26  28    ,     ( . .17 (). .1. .2503. .1628).].       1762 .;  , -,        1720- .    ,  ,    ,                   .              ,  ,   ,    ,     .

       ,     :  . ,   , 23  24      ;       . ,     (  ),   ,  128         24  ; ,   .  137  20      ,  ;        ;           [100 -  . .2. .2616. .187212.        ,    , ,  .    -               .].

  , ,      ,           :         .           1762 .           .                 ,    .   1762 .  49  20          2  53  20       ; 24        .     20 ,         [101 - . .350. .2. .2616. .295304.].     ,      , 25 ,         .         25   , 261 ,           307    [102 -  . .305350.    軠   ,       1744 .,  , ,     .].       ,       .            .        (   )     (     ,      )       1780-     : 17,5  17,6         , 15,7  15,5     [103 -  (   ). .627 (  ). .249.     1781, 1785, 1786  1787 .  1760-        .              1762 .,           .].                      ,    ,        .

           (   ),    (     ),               .       .    ,    ,   ,    ;         .   14    蠖   - ࠖ     .      ,    .  145    52    - ,   , 15       ,   78        ()   .   20     .   20    126  ,  .     2027 ,      ,   ,     ,     ,   ,   [104 - . .350. .2. .2616. .141186 .].                ,    .           ,   20       ,      46     .       ,   [105 -  . .210212.].

,   .    :          ,    ,                .               .  ,     XVIII.,      ,      ,  ,   ,         .  ,       .   ,  ,             .                 .                   .          ,       (  )  ,    ;       3 ,      蠖  2.       1720-  1750-       1 [106 - . .1290. .1. .193. .6, 12, 16;  . .1.  1700 .,    ,    5 ,      ; . .1200 (- ). .1. .157, 201, 616.].

  ,          XVIII.,      ,                 堖     ⠖    .  ,      XVII. -     :  ,   1735 .       ,       ,            1653 .[107 - . .1441. .2. . 1. .2285. .2.]     1726 .    15 ,     31[108 - . .570. .552: 1726. .42. .46 .].             .   1714 . ,  - ,   -  1713 .,         -     -    , , ,    ,  ,                  [109 -   -       . .:  ., 1903. .1: 17131716 . .485, 623, 651, 704;  . .:  ., 1916. .3: 17201721 . . 412.].    ,         ;      ,     .

    , ,    ,  ,      XVIII.            ,           ,              .   1751 .         :            ,                     ,     ,      [110 - - . .        //  . 1903. 12. .7.             .      1750- . ,         :            .                 ( ,    ),            .  . ., .  ,    17541766 . ( III.    ). .: .  , 1893. .119120, 131.       III    1762 .     ,       ,       ,  1750- .,    . ,      ,   : . .      XVIII . .: . ., 1897. .1. .9091, 136, 140    .     .:  . .    XVIII .    . .: , 1986. .6468.].    ,          ,  ,    ,       .     ,         (       )      ,        젖  蠖     .

  1760-         ,  , ,    ,              ,    .        , , ,  .          ,    ,     XVIII.              .

 ,                     ,   ,   ࠖ    !    .     ,     ,        (   1696 .,   1717 .).    ,     , .

           ,       ,    . -     ,       17141716 .,     5     2 [111 -   - . .: 1911. .2. .256, 609611, 807, 83984 0.].      .    , ,   1716   1717 .  ,       ,         ,        50 .    ,          .   1717 .         -   [112 -  . . 10.].        1717 .     , ,       ,         ,   ,   ,     [113 -  . . 69.].   1717 .,    ,    ,         ,    .  ,                 .              ,      .   1718 .  :         ,       ,     [114 -  . .209, 332, 585.].

,   ,            ,    ,       (        ,   ),    ,        ,  ,  ,          ,        .        ,       ,  . ,  ,        ,  ,  ,  ,        .  ,    ( , ,    ),         . ,    ,            .    ,        .

  ,       ,        ,  .      ,   XVIII.  ,      ,      . ,   ,  ,  ,  ,        .    ,           ,       ,   .      XVIII.,         蠖   ,    15 ,   ,  , [115 -          XVIII.  ,                XIX. (    1830- .).      ( .             XVIII. //      . XV  XIX . .: , 1994. .225236), ,    , ,        (12     15  ),  , ,   .   ,        ,    ,   XVII.       1415 .  .  . .92.      -  1737 .    (.  ),      20   .].      ,    ,       .     2 ,         ,            .    ,   ,    ,   ,  .

,            - ,     : ,    .      :   (    )     .    ,     XIX.,       1700 .,  -   ,      ,       ,  .   XIX. ,       ,           ,     ,                   [116 -  . .  //   . 1970. 11. .8082; . M.         XIX . .: , 1986. .103104;  .      (XVIII  XX.). .:  , 2003. .1. 3- ..161; Worobec C. Peasant Russia. Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. . 4, 264; . .,  . .    .  . .: , 1996. .264265.].            XVIII.    ,         ,     ,   - , 堖 ,        ,    -  .     ,             .         .

 ,   ࠖ    ,    ,    ,            ,   ,      .  ,     ,          ,         .    ,      ,   .

          ,      ,   ,       ,      XVIII. ,     .     ,    ,         .      ,             ,      .        1910  , 1911   1765 . , ,  25003000    XVIII.;        130  [117 -  . .  . .326; Dennison T. The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. . 32.].       , ,            ,    ,         .          .       .




 2

       


 1750- .                   ,       .  1750 .      ,   ,      ,           ,    .    ,            ,     ,  o      .      :  ,         ,       terminus ante quem.             ,         .     ,       .              .  ,     ,         ,         :          .


  :  - ,     ʠ20

 - (16641743)   ,   ,     XVIII.       . ,      ,        ,     .      ,      .  1712 .  I      ,     [118 -             -. .1421; . .  . ., 1995. . 9. .418421, 538; . 10. .3941, 8992, 132137, 178179, 217, 259, 319; Anisimov E. V. Five Empresses. Court Life in 18th-Century Russia. Westport, CT, 2004. P.7274.].    ,          -      .  1727 .     -         .             .  1728 .     ,         (    )    ,      .    ,    ,  1730 .   66-    ,        .     .     .      ,        ,   :   10       8            .          ,     [119 -   -     //  . 1904. 1. .5.       .       1737 .,       1680 .,               (. .    . . 2. .170174).].

-, ,          , ,      .              ,    ;  ,       , ,  ,     .   1731 .      ,  ,  ,   :      ,     ,     5 ,       3 .   ,       ,     [120 -        .   (  XVIII.). .182.].      :         ,   ,   5 ,      3.

  1737 .   -             . ,     1737 .        .        ,         .   -  (        )        ,   ,           .             .               1 .          - [121 -        . .189, 195.].        1731 .          . -,    ,       ,     [122 -  . .199.].  , -      1731 .,  ,   ,              . -,        20 .    :   , ,   ,   ,   .     ,          ,      <>    ,        ,      ,                                  20   ,   ,    20          ,        ,  ,    ,         [123 -  . .201.].

-  ,           ,               ,     [124 -  .]. ,            ,    ,      ,  ,     .

   1737 .     -      .  ,      20 ,     ,    .        ,    -       . ,    :       ,     ,      1658 .,       [125 - ,       . .4. ., 1836. .145146.    1858 .    6,31%           ( .      1859 . ., 1865. .XIV).].     ,            ,  .   XIX.   , ,   ,     [126 -  . . .. . .2:  . ., 2006. .1. .408.].  ,  -,       .           ,             - [127 -             XVII. .: .  . ., 1895. .17, 7071; ,    .     .  -  , 1903. .585587;   XII   ՠ.    . , 2004. .153.  ,      XIX., .: . .150. .1. .4354. .710., 16. 17, 9698., 212215, 225226., 233236., 256263; .1. .6068. .2226., 4957., 104107.    1843  1852 .   ,      .].   1737 .      ,           .     ,    ,  -,    ,   , ,      -     ,        .


         

    (17331790)    (,  ),         ,  ,         .      .         II  17671768 .        ,                     .       ,     ;             ;      -     II   ,    ,      .

   1758 .  a       ,      ,  ,       17,     20 .     :     ,           ,      , : 1.  , 2,        ,  ,   ,   .    ,          ,       ,        ,     [128 -  . .   . .  //        . ., 1965. .460.].

         .         - (17551756),          ,            .       1758 .     -        1762 .[129 -  . .   . . . .432469.       . .     . .  (., 2011. .342);     : Shcherbatov M. M. On the Corruption of Morals in Russia. Cambridge, 1969. . 21  .;  . .    //   . .24. ., 1912. .104124,       ,               . . .  ( . .     . ., 1967. .132158)        . . .  ( . .     XVIII//  . , 1960. . 4. .197211)      1758 .,  .  (Daniel W. Conflict between Economic Vision and Economic Reality //Slavonic and East EuropeanReview. 1989. Vol.67. 1. P.4267)       .             1758 .     .: Lentin A. A la recherche du Prince mconnu // Canadian-American Slavic Studies.1994. Vol.28. 4. P.361398.]      1762 .   ,    ,         1762  1767 .         1780-.      ,        .

 , ,    -,             ,    :  ,        ,   .       1762 .,              1200     [130 - . .1289. .2. .84.         ,     ,        .].       20    .       20    40, 45, 50, 50 (,  , ,   )  60 [131 -             20       1762 .,     ,    .    20        .].     :    20  24 ,     ,    27  57.             1758 .         ,          ,        -          .   ,                          (   )[132 - . .1289. .1. .281, 306, 323, 326, 335, 356, 359:  1753 . ( )  17571761 . ( ).].

         1762 .,    -       ,      20  .     ,          [133 -    ,   1745 .   ,    ,    . (. .1289. .4. .55).]. , ,     ,       35    17191762 . (   1)      1762 .           .      XVIII.       ,   . , ,       : 1741 .  ,        ,   ,      (    ) ,  ,  ,        [134 - . .1289. .1. .236.       XVIII.:  . .113, 121, 144, 165, 169, 176, 183, 209, 214, 223, 225, 228, 237.].

,      ,   :   1762 .   ,          . , ,   ,     , 9  53  25    (17%)    ; 6 44  30    (14%)    .  37   30         .    , 25  29 ,    ,     .        2529 [135 -  . .350. .2. .4302. .2. .2938.      ,   -      .].

   ,      .    1762 .  ,    -  , 11  69  25    (16%)  7  55  30    (13%)         .  , ,    , 4  64   25 (6%)  4  54  30 (7%)    [136 -  . .491505.].    ,      ,        ,    ,      .      1762 .        : 58%   . ,         .

    8,4%    ,    ,     13% .    11           (  )  182  2843 ( ,         )     10  19%  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,    .       ,    ,     [137 - . .350. .2. .4302. .49., 49165, 176401, 416429, 439460, 513423. ,     813%  ,  ,          .].   ,         .           ,   -          [138 -  ,  ,    .   65  ,  1762 .,             .     ,      ,        50   ,      10 (. .350. .2. .4301. .2).].   ,    1762 .                .   -, ,   ,  ,     , ,    .

 ,    1758 .,         ,       ,   ,  ,      .      ,    ,    -   :   1782 .             34     29- ,              [139 - . .1289. .4. .162.      ,        .  : .1. .484, 493, 508, 510, 519, 523, 525, 550.].

                        .      ,           ,       ,  ,       .      , , -,    1780-,  ,       ,      ,    ,             .              ,    [140 -  . .   . . . ., 1898. .2.  ,       .             :  :          -  . .   . .  // ,       XVIII . .:   , 2012. .345.].     , ,    ,      ,    ,       .    [141 -        1800 . .  6  .].   [142 - ,               ,         ,      ;    ,        ( . .182 (). .1. .8. .203204.).     30-          ,       ( .         . .: . . , 1837. .275).   , ,  .]. , ,              ,      .

       ,      ,               ,    :  ,          ,  ,      ,  ,  ,   ,         , ,     .               ,   ,  ,   ,       .         .             ,  ,     ,            [143 -  . .          ,     //  . .  . .: , 2010. .154.].

,      .  ,          ,                       .                ,           .             ;     ,      ,   ,        ;      ,     .  ,      ,   ,   ,     ,       .   ,    ,       .


          

  (17431831),          ,     ,       .          ,      II  1762 .       .              .  ,              .            :   1770- .       27         ,     ,   [144 -     1746 .     2  ()  ( . .  . .: - , 2003. .10).   27 000   ,        ( . .      II. .: . . , 1903. .1. 2- ..34).    23083            1774 . ( .           XVIII    XIX.     (   -) //     .  . 1973. .76. .310).].      1762 .   19       .  1763 .      ,     .    1766 .      ,        :            .    : , ,                    (   ,   )    .   ,    ,    ,                .         -, ,     ( 1772 .   )  1774 .   ,             [145 -      :   . .: .   , 1905. .12. .347348.  ,       -:      . .: .   , 1878.     :  . .  . ., 2007. .385432.].

              .      ,  ,       1767 .           -  [146 -   ,    . . . .: . . . , 1897. .3. .338.].  ,   ,      ,   ,            .      1773 .,             .        ,    ,           ,    ,      ,       [147 - - .  . .1. .280281.].       .   ,     (   ) ,    ,        ,       ,   (   ,   ),           [148 - . .1454 (  ). .1. .343. .25.     1785 .,   1773 .      ,    .].  1774 .               ,         .    ,         ,      [149 -  . .1273 (-). .1. .510. .7., 107107., 112112., 114114.                  ,  ,      .    1774 . ,     1774 .    1776 .    1774 .,   : . .1454. .2. .92. .15.].

 -           .              (      )   ,        .                 ,        [150 -  . .1273. .1. .516. .60, 80.; .662. .7777., 113113., 114. 115.    1776 .    (  ,    )         , , - ,            ( . .510. .52. 56).].   ,   1779 .          .  1790 .,      (  )   ,      ,  :             ![151 - . .1273. .1. .516. .80. (); .2763. .29. ( ).]         1773 .     ,    ,  ,      . ,   1796 .     ,                 ( ) .   :      ,        [152 -  . .1384 (-). .1. .1484. .17. 19.     ,   ,     ,   .   .: - . .        //  . , 1910. 11. .253288.]. -,      ,      .             1831 .,      .

             ,   ,   ,     ,    :   ,  ,           .     ,    1770-,   ,   1776 .    15 .   ,         1773 . [153 - . .1273. .1. .510. .10; .1454. .1. .344. .4.  1789 .,       (),     . ,    ,        (      ).     ,        ,         .]. , ,   . 15     ,       :  1770-      12 ,        25 [154 - . .1454. .1. .164. .1, 2, 9, 10, 1213; .41, 58, 115;     (). .228 (  ). .1. .6. .12.; .34, 41, 58 ( ). . .615 ( ). .1. .9205, 9207 ( ).].        1770- .           10 [155 -  . .     II. .1. .174.         .   1774 .        10   ,      ,       (. .1289. .1. .149. .57).].  1783 .      , ,     30 ,           1780 .   10 [156 - . .1454. .1. .308. .1.    1780 .   - 15 :  . .238. .7, 9, 20, 22, 26. 10- ,  ,          1780 ., .:  . .253. .12.].    ,    ,   .

  1796 .     ,      ,       . , , ,           ,    ,      :        ,   ,     ,    .       (     )   ,      [157 -    ,    XVIII.         ,     , .:  .       . .:  , 2010. .257; Kahan A. The Plow, the Hammer and the Knout. An Economic History of Eighteenth-Century Russia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. P.64, 348.].  1792 .           50 ,    1790-      30  100 [158 - . .1273. .1. .516. .79.; .1454. .1. .419. .1 1.; .446. .12;  .  . .329.].    XIX.   ,    ,    100  150 ,      60,     : ,  1821 .       420 [159 - . .1273. .1. .705. .103o.; .562. .50; .661. .86; .662. .128; .707. .26o. 27, 58.; .742. .6., 167; .937. .59.; .1000. .50.; .936. .8. (, 1821).].  1799  1825 .       ,        ,  100150 [160 -  . .533. .43. 44, 61, 89. 90; .531. .162162.; .564. .100.; .662. .76., 86. 87; .707. .99, 161; .742. .2.; .937. .101. 102; .973. .1;  . .1454. .1. .1154. .2.  1784 .       150       ;    ,   ,  50      ,     ,   80    .  1785 .           50      ,     ( .  .        . .: , 1993. .23, 25 (   1874 .)).].  ,     ,     ,        .   ,    1796 .         . ,            .

          67 ,       15  1770-   100      XVIII  XIX .      ,   1789 .    (   )   ,    ,   ,   ,      ,  1773  1800 .     [161 -       :  .    XVIII. //  . 1971. 11. .4961.  : Mironov B. N. Consequences of the Price Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Russia // Economic History Review. 1992. .45. 3. P.457478.       ,     1769 .       : Owen T. A Standard Ruble of Account for Russian Business History, 17691914: A Note // Journal of Economic History. 1989. .49. 3. . 703704.       , , ,      ; .:  . .        I. .:   , 1994.].     1760- .,       , ,       ,  1800 .      13 [162 -    (  )  1777 .,             , ,      -:  25   2 ,    5  (. .1239 ( ). .3. .4940949420. .432435.).]. ,    1760 .      24   ,   1800 . ,  ,   100,    XVIII.          6,5  13.

 1777 . , ,      ,    :  ,        20 .          ,   ,            [163 -  . .1454. .1. .145. .2 2.].    :     ,      ,    .     ,       [164 -  . .2.; .181 (, 1778). .1111.].   ,         ,              20 , ,  ,    1777 .   ,           ,  - ,       .      , ,    ,         ,       .

   1763 .   ,     . ,  1208    1277  ,     234  281 [165 - . .1454. .46. .17 138.].      1773 .    ,       ,       ,       ,     [166 -  .  . .315316.].

       .    1764 .  34   64    25   ,   .     17  116  (14,7%)  32  141  (22,7%)       [167 - . .1454. .46. .1 10.     25- ,      1763 . 25    , ,       : 1763 . 10  37    2024    ,        2529  6  21     ,   6  21   3034-.      ,   , 30 .].   ,      ,    1764 .,   (     ). ,   ,     ,  -     ,          [168 - ., ,          1772 .: . .1454. .1. .38. .26.].  ,        .         ,   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,      .     ,           ,       ,   .

         1800 . 25   75    , 12   49           II (17621796)      [169 - . .228. .1. .7o. 8.].    1800 .       ,    , ,         ,   ,     ,   1800 .,  .  ,  1800 .     ,   , 20%        .   ,      .

   ,   ,     1763 .,      ,     ,     XVII.    , ,  .  1763 .     25  141  25   (17,7%)    ,   18  25         .  ,  ,   .  -  ,  25 ,       (38  54 ),  15   .   1764 .     -   (  ,      ,     ),     1800 .   :   55      ,  20    ,         1763 .        : 17    .     ,   ,               .        ,     .

 1777 . , ,      ,   ,  ,          .                     ,    (       7 )[170 - . .1454. .1. .145. .22o.; .166, .26. 27 .].   ,      .    1777 .                 ,    ,   [171 -  . .166. .53 .].        ,     -   (   , )  ,          ,        .   1779 .    ,           ,           :           [172 -  . .1273. .1. .516. .50 .].      ,    :              ,        ,      -.      ,    ,    .     ,        [173 -  . .57.].                 [174 -  . .1454. .1. .238. .101; .345. .22.].

,     ,   ,         .   1779 .,     ( )         ,     ,   ,     ,       ,     .    1779 .          ,    ,      ,      , ,      ,    [175 - . .1273. .1. .516. .66 ., 95 .].     ,   ,    ,    - .    ,            [176 -     : . .1273. .1. .1000. .23., 24.   ,    : . .570 (  ). .557 (1830). .46. .23.       :  . .        ,          //      .  , 1910. .9. .166178.      1854 .].

     1791 .    ,       .     :           ![177 - . .1273. .1. .2763. .29 .]          , ,   ,   1821 .,       .    ,    [178 -  . .561. .27 .; .936. .143 .].   ,            :    20    ,          .     ,     : 10    , 15   .     ,     ,        .    ,     ,        ,   ,       [179 - . .1273. .1. .2763. .29 ., 30.].        .   26  1790 . 8            ,     ,    [180 -  . .   ..  (17901800 .) //   . 1929. 2. .181.].    1796 .     ,   ( ),   , ,       25       ,       (         ,     -  ).         25  50 ;         .  ,    ,    ,     .  ,      ,           ,         [181 - . .1384. .1. .1484. .17 o. 19.].     ,   ,    1796 .   -       (     ,    ,        ),       ,   ,       [182 -  . .1273. .1. .561. .26.; .2830. .12.; .936. .143.; .661. .6667.; .937. .41. 42; .705. .78.].

          ,      .       ,      ,     , ,          ,    ;          .         (       )      , ,     ,          .        , , ,           .       (  1796 . -   )     .              ,       ,     , ,     ,   .    ,        ,     ,     ,   [183 - . .1384. .1. .113. .12.].                    :          20 ,     30   ,               [184 - Bushnell J. S. Did Serf Owners Control Serf Marriage? Orlov Serfs and Their Neighbors, 17731861 // Slavic Review. 1993. Vol.52. P.437445.].

                :       ,   ,    ,        .    (,    , )  ,     ,         .  1801 .           27-   ;   ,              .      ;       ,    ,   .        .   1802 .,                    ,     .            ,        .        1796 .,     [185 - . .1273. .1. .561. .6. 8, 33 ., 3737., 58.].

   ,             ,   .      .       1802 .          .   ,        ,      .   ,    100-  ,       :     ,         25      .   ,      [186 -  .].

       :      .   ,     :    ,     ,      ,         ,  30-   ,    ,   .  37 ,      - 61 ,       [187 - . .1273. .1. .756. .12; .533. .61.].          ,    ,     ,     ,    :         .         ,    ,                    ,       .          [188 -   ,  : Hoch S. Serfdom and Social Control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a Village in Tambov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. P.91132    .].      ,      ,     ,         :      ,      ,     ,    XVIII.   ,   [189 -  .  . .312.].

, ,      ,     .  ,          ,    1805 ., ,       ,     .  , ,  ,    1796 .,    ,     .         100    ,         .   1806 .     11  .   ,   1810 .,       :   ,       300 ,    .    ,        .  , ,    ,          [190 - . .1273. .1. .2772. .111; .632. .25.; .731. .1 5.].         :      ,    ,    .      ,  ,  , :     ,      ,  ,    ,       ,       .   , ,       ,   ,        [191 -  . .731. .1 5.  ,  ,   ,    .      ,  .   ,      .].

     .  ,              ,   ,        , ,        ,    .    1805 . 12   65  25    (18%)    .           ,       . ,   ,      ,  , ,       .                 ,    -.      ,   29  , 3  - 33        ,   , [192 -  . .1454. .1. .3057. .12.      1812 .,    ,         ,     ,         25  ( . .2994. .55 .       ).].               ,    ,     ,      .        1798 .,        :      ,    ,         . , ,  ,       [193 -  . .1454. .1. .2971. .77., 88., 1010., 12., 1414., 2626.; .2993. .9.].  1820 .            ,        ,      (  1805 .) ,         [194 -  . .3131. .2 . 3.].   ,   ,        .  ,  1818 .            24     .     ,    (  ,      )      [195 -  . .3113.].

       , ,       1804 .,  [196 -  . .3178. .13.]. , ,    .   1804 .    .  ,     ,  ,          , , .        ;  , ,    ,      .       , , ,   ,       [197 - . .1454. .1. .3172. .5  5 . ();  . .77.; .3176. .4.].  :  ,   ,          ,       .   ,       ,   .       ,           ;        [198 -  . .3195. .1.         ,     ,     ( . .3167. .34).].           ,       ,   ,         1796 .             [199 -  . .3163. .55 ., 10, 2525 ., 2727 .; .3193. .12; .3197. .12 .].       ,     [200 -  . 1. .3187. .22 .].       ?     ,     ?          ,      ,      ,    ,    ,     .   , ,    .

    ?    1834.  57       ,       ,       54, ,   , 12,7%  25             17,7%  1763 .[201 -  . 1. .2075. .4 . 59.]   .   ,    ,       .  1858 . 13,8%       ,              [202 -     (). .200 (  ). .13. .400. .165240.].  ,               ,  .   1821 .            18  39    200   ,         [203 - . .1454. .1. .3137. .10.].        ,    ,     ,           .

            ,  ,    ,      ,         .           .            ,    ,     ,  ,  ,   .      (   )      ,    -  ,    [204 -  . .1384 (-). .1. .44, 145, 163, 782, 1059, 1060.].          (   )    (   )      ,   ,           . , , ,               ,    .  -                 ( .    )   .          [205 -  . .   .     . : , 1948. .4245.]. , ,  ,     , , ,           . .


    :          ?

       ,      :            ,    ,    ,   ,     ,      .  ,   ,      ,  ,             .

   , ,  :        .   1750- .          .  1759 ., ,               1750-      2 . ,  1759 .,          :           .   ,      2          (  )   .          1780-[206 - . .1365 (). .1. .120. .26, 38; .202. .20, 38, 40, 47, 84, 126 ., 145146.].  1785 .            [207 -    //      . 1912. .10. .4957.].  ,       .

 ,         XVIII   XIX      ,           [208 -          XVIII.,   ,   ,    ( . .     XVIII //    - . .: , 1957. .10. .237238).  ,         ,  ,  , ,   XVIII.,    (. .1272 (). .2. .28. .2929 .).         1778 .   , ,      1788 .    (       .   ( XVIII.). .: -   , 1987. .251255; . .1277 (). .1. 665. .168).  ,     1817 .,  ,            ,    ,      ,        ( . .223. .126).].          .      XVIII.   (17301800)  -   ,     .    ,        ,      ,  ,        ,       .            10    ,        .         .        ,       [209 -  . .  . .: . . . , 1884. .1. .272275;  .  . .2224, 6667, 76;  . .   . .1. .309310, 313, 317.].        (17231807; ,  , -     17621775 .)            ,     ,         [210 -  . .14 (). .1. .2483, 2484, 2489, 2490, 2503.       1785 .,        ( . .2484. .51 62 .).].   1780 .      ( 1782 . 75  )    ,                  ,     :          ,    ,  [211 -          1780, 1788, 1792, 1795, 1796, 1798  1799  //   ,    . . . .: . . . , 1901. .9. .7, 25 ( ).].     (  ),     XIX.         ,                ,        ,      [212 - Hoch S. Serfdom and Social Control. P.119122.            .].

    ,       .      ( )       XIX .                       [213 - Pickering Antonova K. An Ordinary Marriage. The World of a Gentry Family in Provincial Russia. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2013. P.58.]. . .c  1834 .         ,        ,    .           [214 -   . . ,  ,  ,       //     ,   . ., 1862. .3. .1920, 2829.].

          (17691834),        I.  24   ,     1805 .      ,         ,   , ,     .               .      ,        ,    -      .       ,                      :        ,             ,        ,        .     ,          ,        [215 -    //  . 1865. . 4. .275279.].

,       ,       .           1781 ., ,       ,          .                [216 - . .627. .249. .55. . 27.],          ,          .               1803  18051817 .         ,    :        ,             .    ,         [217 -  (   ). .737 (  ). .1. .3. .3745.   1804 . .].          -    ,      .    1850- .    ,         ,       ,              [218 -  . .3752.].

,          .     1770- .   15     ,       ; 10      , 5  [219 -  . .   . .1. .316;  . .    . .      //  . 1951. 37. .124.].  1767 .   ,  -  ,         ,         ( ,       )    ( ,   ,    ) [220 -   ,    . . . M.: . . . , 1897. . 3. .337338.].  1789 .   10  15                   .  1794 .    50      ,       ,    .    ,   ,    ,          [221 -  . .14 (). .1. .3097. .5, 1414 .; .3101. .1, 4, 8.]. ,         ,         1794 .     .

  1800 . 100     ,     ,      ,       [222 -    . . .  //  . 1864. 56. .584;  . .182. .1. .8. .202.].   .  - (18091882),   ,  1831 .       :         ,      ,   [223 -  .  . .312, 330.  ,      .].   (18011879),     I   I,      ,      ,     ,     ,     200 ,     [224 - . .1274 (  ). .1. .1268. .17 ., 28 . 30, 3536 .].

  ,   -, ,   1815 .            , , , , , , ,          (      1815 .)      .     ,  , ,            ,           .  1815 .  -     250  350 ,                   ( 225 , )     [225 - . .1614 (  -). .1. .278. .1, 2828 .; .279. .3535., 4646 ., 4849, 5455; .281. .22 .; .283. .1414., 5556; .288. .4; .288. .7576 .; .290. .152; .297. .141; .302. .69.].    ,    , ,            ,     ,       .

 1800- .             ,    ,  -.       XVIII. ,    (17131788)     ,   ,    ,       1764 .,  ,     ,   10, 20  30 ; 20  30         .  ,        500   ,        [226 -  . .  . .269285,  ,    ; ,  :  . .272, 274, 281282.                 :  M. .       //  . . 1904. 7. .7996; 1905. 8. .97103.     .:    . . .615. .1. .9159. .44 (1733); .9177. .17, 21, 23. (1750); .9180. .4. 5., 1212., 15. (1751).]. ,        .

  ,     1788 .,         40, 80  120 ,   1790 .,         ,         ,     ,  100, 150  200 .  1796 .  ,       ,     1000 .   ,               40, 80  120 ,   ,        ,      ,     .  1800 .                     50 ,     200        500  1000      ,     .  1803 .        100, 150  200 ;        ,             ,      [227 - . .1287 (). .3. .555. .9, 11, 21, 4950; . .  . .78;  . .  . .140;  . .       XVIII    XIX. (   ). .: , 1981. .4849.].          ,        .      1809 .                  [228 -       :  . .  -,       .: . . . , 1884. .1. .111;  . .  . .140;  . . . .49.    : . .1287. .3. .791. .18 (1821); .1217. .18 (1834); .1837. .14 (1848); Dennison T. The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. . 74.].

            [229 -  ( . .210) ,   1814 .       7800   (     ),    .    25 ,           1818  1850 .  1834 ., ,         8  9  (. .1287. .3. .1217. .168).  1840 .   10        ( , ,   ) ( . .1837. .162).].   ,   XVIII,   XIX .      (    )      [230 -  17711772 .              : . .615. .1. .9205. .10. 11, 1616., 22. 23; .9207. .99., 2829., 3939., 7070.  1837 .      : . .1287. .3. .1217. .412, 2128., 4448, 5763.  1848 .           :  . .1837. .59, 2125, 2830, 3135, 3638.].           , ,  1834 .   ,         .       ,   ,      ,            ,   [231 -  . .1287. .3. .1217. .4956.        .  ,        ,    1000 ,   2000,    ;       ( . . . .49).    ,            ,  .].


     

      1750- .           ,   , ,           .    ,       (   )  1750-,  ,               .        ,    ,    ,    1763 .       .     砖     :  ,        ,  ,        .   ,     ,  ,   ,      , ,   ,      .

     ,   , ,   ,      .    ,  ,   1764 .,           20,   30 ,     .    ,            ,        [232 -     //  .   (  ). 1869. 2. .365368.].       ,          .  1777 .  -            1835          .        1762 .,    , -,      -  1775.   ,     400   ,    [233 -  . .   . .1. .311312.].

-  1770- .      ,      20       18;      ,     23,     .      ,      [234 -  . .312.].   , ,    1770 . ,      (1271     1407  )    11,5%  25        ( 26,9%    ).       14   ,     , ,  35  281  25    (12,5%)    .        terminus ante quem  ,             (829   , 801   ),   1763 .   25     11    ,    6    ,      20 ,       [235 -   .   ( ). .586 ().  2. .1. .1139;  .  1. .1. .81 161.   1770 .  ,   1763 .      ,       .  . . . - . : .  , 1886. .110,        ,        .  .1126     ,   1794 .,     .  1770 .     ,    .       ,     .].     , ,   ,       ,   1775 .    [236 -  . .   . .124.         ,     ,  ,   ,   .].

  ,   1796 .,             , ,       ,           ,    [237 - ,     27  1796  //   ,    . . . .: . . . , 1900. .7. .144.].    1790- .    ,         (     )    20 .            [238 - - . .       //  . 1909. 7. .231.].      ,           ,      ,       .  1796 .       ,    ,   ,      ,       .   ,      ,     ;     ,         5 [239 -  . .182. .1. .8. .219219 .].    (       ),   1766 .     1790 .        ,              -     . ,         .   ,      1782 ,      ,   ,      . ,   .                [240 -         XVIII .//    . : -  , 1904. . 6. .34, 1516, 2627, 36, 49, 59, 9293.      ,       .].

      1770 .,                 ,             .      .    ,      ,   ,           .      ,        ,          ,       ,  ,  ,     ,       [241 -  . .14. .1. .1754. .4343 .].     ,     , ,              ,        ,    [242 -  . .3082. .1617.           ,  18141855 .;    ,   1807 .  ,     1770-  1780- .]. ,           .

   1815 ., -      15    ,    20-,  .          1815 .,    6,50   . , ,    ,      :      5,93   1817 . 6,84   1819 .[243 - . .1614. .1. .283. .68; .288. .10, 58, 59 .]     ,    .   ,   1815 .       ,    [244 -  . .278. .20.].        -      ( )     ( ).            350   ,       ,     [245 -  . .48, 49; .279. .23, 4646.; .283. .13; .281. .22o., 44.; .288. .10., 7576.]. ,        .   ,     ,          -     ,        .

,      ,   ,   1830- .       ,  ,      .     ,    ,      (17511831)       .   1780 .              , , , ,       ,        10 .   ,       ,     ,   -    [246 -  . .           XIX . .: -  , 1951. .157;  . .   ( . .       XVIIIXIX ).  . .: , 2012. .21.         ,            .].     , ,  ,    :         ,        (17941849)[247 -  18321833 .               .         ,      ,     10         ( . .     XIX   //   . 1926. . 6. 78. .518;  .         //   .   . 1928. . 7. 47. .347348.].     ,     ,  1825, 1831  1844 .   ,       [248 - . .1290 (). .3. .6732. .1823 (  1825 .);  . .  . .3846, 5052.].        , , ,  ,  ,   ,      ,    .        ,       ,        ,     ,      ,   ,   ,        ,   -       ,              [249 -  . .    . .501.].

   ,  1780-   1830- .        ,         :        ,  ,            [250 -           ,  ;        ,       ,      .].      .        1843 .       ,     .  ,          ,  ,   ,         . ,  ,      ,    .  , ,       ,          ,    :        ,    [251 - . .1290. .3. .4731. .22, 25, 35.].    ,    ,        , , ,  .       : 1848 .         ,       525 [252 -  . .4736. .55. . : .89, 147.].

        , ,   1834 .        ,    ,      ;            ,         [253 -  . .  . .177.].             ,   . ,       : 1825 .          ,       ,           .   ,     173   164 ,      [254 -  . .160.].   ,  蠖 . ,          .      1834 .   609     647   (  6   ,     ),       ,   ,   .   ,    ,    1834 .,            1790- . (,   1834 .   50   60).            [255 -              .     400  25        , ,    ;     418  ,  ,   ,  ,  (. .1290. .3. .6783. .22. 51, 53. 67, 95. 120, 162. 171).]. , -       .

  ,         ,   ,  (    )   [256 -      .: . .1290. .3. .4352 (1830). .55, 6466, 75, 115117.   :  . .3. .4715,       1834 .;    .].    1834 . 49      841     1071  .     27,3% ,  ,    ,        .      (493 , 646 )  14%      [257 - . .1290. .3. .4322. .182 . 264.].

,       ,   .  1832  1833 .,     ,      ,            (     ).          (  ,   ,      )  , ,  ,     .         : 1846 .       ,        ,  ,           .    ,    [258 -  . .    . .514515.].

  ,     1849 .,  1852 .       :        :  ,            ,   ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,     ,   ;           .            :  17-   1 . 50 .,  18-   1 . 75 .,  19-   2 .,  20-     3 .[259 -  . .    . .514.]

C         .       ,        , ,      ,   .  (, ,  ) , -,    -     ,       .       ,        ,     ,              ,      .

  ,    ,      II ,        ,           ,    ,      .  1816 .             ,  ,   1815 .    1179         . ,   ,   ,  2000   ,    ,  3000   ,  .        [260 - . .1290. .2. .330. .11, 12 ., 3435, 41; .331. .3738.     , ,          . ,        ,  -.         .].

 1816 .       5272     .  ,  ,  418    ,    :  15 41. 138     15 ;      ,   15- .  38       21  41 ;  1,5%   21      . ,  ,  5      15 ,         20   10,5   20   [261 -  . .331. .60., 73, 108, 143., 145166. ,    ,     ,   ,     .].    ,  ,      ,    ,        ,        .        ,     ,        .                 18[262 -   .143 ., 143a.].  ,  , ,   15-,       20   ,       .  1836 .          [263 -  . .2. .480. .9, 13, 21, 25, 3134., 3838., 4040., 4445.  1836 .    17- ,               16 .].

  , ,    .    ,       , 40        .         , ,  ,       .  ,     ,       .  ,      ,    ,    ,      .       :             . ,          ,    [264 - . .1290. .2. .330. .34, 35, 37; .331. .143, 143a.].    ,    ,      ,        .          ,     .

,    XVIII.    ,  -  ,           .           1768 .      1764 .   .    1768 .   ,             .         ,       ,       .     2     1820 , 3   2025-, 10   2530-       20   .  , ,    [265 -  . .     . . //  . 1898. 6. .179, 190;  . .  -. .42, 163164. ,   , ,       ,         -  .].       1790- .  ,        .

  , , ,          ,    (   )     1795 .                .       1000  ( )  17911795 .      25      10%     5%         1781  1790 .[266 -          1816 .: 9,6%    4044     .   5-   4554   1816 .  3,2%  4,8%      (Dennison .The Institutional Framework. . 75).] ,    ,       25 .  1796 .    ,     ,    ,        (,   )   .           2040 : 2, 4  6      ;   ,       .  ,        , ,       17   [267 - . .1287. .3. .555. .21. .2626., 49; Dennison .Institutional Framework. . 74.     1800 .     1796 .   ,        , ,   j   .].

        1796 .  .  ,      1795 .,   550     18  40   869     15  40.    ,  ,      18  15 ,            3357    3267     1774 .,     [268 -  . .   . .1. .312.       ,      1796 .    :  . .    . .310.].     1795 .     ,     , ,   , .  1796 .                .         20    6 . ,         [269 -  . .  . .116.  :  . .440.].

  ,  ,  ,    ,      .     ,   , , ,        .          1796 ., ,  ,        ;           ,         [270 -  . .116.].

 1802 . , ,            ,                .   ,  ,           ,      .     ,    ,  100 ,  c   2030   .          ,     ,    ,   .   ,      :  ,    ,    ,      [271 -  . .117.].  ,      ,      -[272 -  . .      //  :   . .: , 1999. . 5. .243261.],        ,                .           ,          ,        ,   ,       [273 - Hoch S. Serfdom and Social Control. . 95102.                .].     1804 .    ;  ,        2030 ,        50 .  1815 .      ( ,    :       12 )    ,  ,            ,      1796 .   [274 -  . .  . .207.].

         ,  ,        ,     ,             .     ( ),    ,      .  ,              [275 -    ,  ,         ,         ,   .    ,         (Dennison .The Institutional Framework. . 5076).   ( )        ,     .      ,   ,       .         ,  ,   .].        ,     : 1847 .             ,            ?  ,   , ,      [276 - . .1287. .3. .1759. .69 .].    , -, ,     ,  -    ,    .

   1843 .              .    652    . 35  207  25     16,9%     [277 - . .230 (  ). .3. .47. .111.;  . .         . , 1903. .23.].                   18321858 .[278 - Dennison .The Institutional Framework. . 75.]      39-         .  30   21 , ,     ,             .  132   42   ,     ;     ,          (. ).  ,              ,       [279 - Ibid. . 171172    .].

 4  35  25   ,    ,   ,   10      ,   1     25   .     , ,   :      ,           ,  ,            .    14  35   ,   25 .   21,    ,    ,    , 3     5356      ; 3   5462          ;      ,       .        ,      -  ,    ,             ,      -.   ,   ,     ,          37  42 .  10        ,   , . ,       -    ,  ,  ,      .  ,     1843 .     ,     ,         1796 .

          .       ,  ,   ,  ,         ,       . ,  ,          , , -, , , -         , ,   ,      . ,    ,    ,         .        ,  ,     ,          ,     .   , ,         ,           , ,   ,   ,    ,          .   ,     ,    . ,          ,         .                          ,       .                    ( ,    ),           ,         ,  ,    ,         .   ,           .

            (    ,  ,      )         ,     .           .           ,       :               ;     ,              .  , ,            .

         ,     ,             .    ,     ,     XVIII .           ,     : , ,              . .       XVIII.   ,     ,    ,    , , , ,          ,      ,     ,      .




 3

  :  .   XVIII 


 .                    ꠖ  .  , ,      ,           XVIII. ,        ,       .   ,     ,   .      . ,      ,   ( XIX. ),    ;     ,       ,    .    ,   7   ,  ,     ;     -         ,    .          ,  ,    :    ,   ?         . ,      ,    ,   .       XIX.,         4   ,  XVIII. , ,     -    ,         .       ,         .     XVIII.    ,   -,    .

 . ,        (   1300    XVIII. 2555  1859 .[280 -    . .:  , 1804. . 2. .78; -   . .: . , 1863. .1. .675.])  . ,    XVIII   XIX.        (,   )   ,   (,   )  .    .     1782 .,       (      )  157, 156  151 ,  ,    1777 .,       68, 89  113 [281 -  (   ). .301 (  ). .5. .120. .6873., 164. 172., 182. 191; .556 (  ). .111. .108. .187198. ,        .].

   .  .     ࠖ  25 ,  812 ⠖    . .                .        ,   ,         40   .          ;        ,     .      (   . )  XIX., ,            510 ,  ,   ,   ,    ,       15   30[282 -  . .     . .: -  , 1851. .33.        :  . .810, 14, 2122, 31.      ,        .].    XXI.       .        ,   ,     ,     , -  頖          [283 -      ,     -,        ,    2012 .         .].






 2.    



        .     ,     2,5    :                 .   XVIII.       .              ,       .  XVIII.       ,    [284 -  . .  . .1314, 8890;  . .  ,       . .:   , 1772. .1. . 2.  ,  , , ,  ,       . .127129;    . .2. .80; - . ., 1863. .1. .676.].       II  1767 .     ,     ,        ,     ,  ,    -,       ,        .  ,       ,         ,    ,           ,    ,          [285 -     . ., 1900. .107. .177178.].   XVII.          .  XVII      (     . )      (  ).            XIX.,   XVIII.        (,       ).   XIX.      -   [286 -  . .   . , 2008. .3237;  . :  . : , 2010. .1356.]




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   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes



1


,     ,   , ,      1839 .,      , ,        (    ,    . . .: , 1860. . 2 (18011858). . 359361).  ,        ,       ,   .       .




2


 ., .   . .: . . , 1863. . 2:     1858  (   ). .235.   ,       ,  ,         1840-  1850- . .   .




3


           1850- ., :           1859 ..:  , 1861. .21.




4


 ., . . . 2. .210212, 216217, 234235.           7 ,     ,     , ,    ,  .     1852  1853 .,    蠖    .       (: Tr?bner&Co, 1862. . 4. .1187).    1852 .      .




5


 . .   //  . .   . 2-e ..: . ., 1909. .7. .384409 (  .408).   :  . 1868. 2.




6


 . .  . .404, 409.  1853 .  ,    170 506  ( . .        ,          //      .  , 1910. .IX. .3).  , -,    ,         .       ,       1853 . ,   ,           ,          (    ,    .. .: , 1860. . 2 (18011858). .672682).   ,             .




7


 . .    . : Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1970. .472.   ,    ,   1859 .      54628083 ,   1897 . 89328 200,       70%    40 ;  ., e. . .233234;       1897 .           ,  28  1897 . .:   , 1905. .1. .248.




8


 . .    .




9


 . .33, 40, 44.




10


    (). .570 (  ). .559a. .966. .449466.




11


 . .1502. .100107, 123 132. ( 1861 .    ,      ).




12


Evtuhov C. Portrait of a Russian Province. Economy, Soviety, and Civilization in Nineteenth-Century Nizhnii Novgorod. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. . 196.




13


      ,        ,  ,   1860 .:           1860 ..:  , 1862. .24.   1861 ., ,   ,        .




14


 . . . .408.




15


Bushnell J. Did Serf Owners Control Serf Marriage? Orlov Serfs and Their Neighbors, 17731861 // Slavic Review. 1993. August. 3. Vol.52. . 433.




16


 : Melton E. Household Economies and Communal Conflicts on a Russian Serf Estate, 18001817 // Journal of Social History. 1993. Vol.26. 3. . 564578.




17


     //   . 1927. 4/5. .7.




18


     ,        1703 .,           1705 . (       .   (  XVIII.). .:  , 1984. .12, 147).




19


 . .2425.




20


  . M.: - . . , 1903. .98.




21


 . .99.




22


. .615 (    XVIXVIII .). .1. .9159 (1733). .44.




23


. .615. .1. .9177. .7, 23; .9180. .4. 5., 1212., 15.; .9205. .10. 11, 1616., 22. 23; .9207. .99., 2829., 3939., 7070.     .




24


Thompson E. P. The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century // Past and Present. 1971. Feb. . 76136; : Thompson E. P. The Moral Economy Reviewed // Customs in Common. Pontypool: Merlin Press, 1991. . 259351.




25


Hellie R., ed. and transl. The Muscovite Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649. art 1. Irvine, CA: C. Schlacks, 1988. Jr. . 89.       .




26


Ibid. . 101.




27


    . M.:  , 1951. . 1. .68.  1471 .       ,  -   ( -  -   XIV  XVI. M.:  , 1952. .1. .292).        .      ,  , ,  젖   ࠖ     ,  蠖  堖  . ,         ,     .




28


 -  -   XIV  XVI. M.:  , 1964. .3. .146147.




29


               (    . M.:  , 1961. . 3. .9899).




30


    . . 1. .45.      .




31


 :   -    XVXVII . M.:  ., 1905. .124128    . . :      .    III 1482  //  . 1993. 5. .187189;  . .       (XVXVI .). M.: , 1985. .107; Hellie R. Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. P.2728.




32


     -  XVI. M.:  , 1948. .161162;  . .     -    XVI //  . 1946. . 18. .116.




33


  . M.:  , 1961. . 3. .8586.




34


 . .98.




35


 . .107, 115.




36


 .   . M., 1820. .75;     . :   , 1904. . 3. .329;   .    ( ). .17 (  ). .2. .2; .302. .1.




37


   . . 3. .333.       ,     .




38


  ,    . . . M.: - . . , 1898. . 3. .79.  ,       , ,  ,  .




39


   XIVXIX . M.: - . . , 1910. .49.   1607 .  ,          , , ,      .  ,     ,             XVII.    . .  (  9 1607 . //    XIVXVII .  ,  75-    . . . .:  , 2002. .98114).   ,        ,          ,    .




40


 . .      II. .: . . . , 1903. .2. 2- ..302.




41


 . .229 (   ,   ). .1. .46. .1212.   ,  ,   ,    XVII.




42


 . .      XVII . .; .: c.-, 1929. .73, 78    .




43


    : . .1257 (). .1. .1. .401 403.; .3. .271271.; .4. .317, 403403., 463464.;   .  . .29 (). .135. .9293.      :     . M.:   , 2012. . 1. .442, 658661. .  ,   ,     ,      ( . .441, 458, 500, 638, 646).




44


 . .       XVIII. M.: , 1977. .258, 300301; . .1441 (- ). .2. . 1. .2285. .2;  . .     -    XVI //  . 1946. . 18. .116; . .570 (  ). .552, 1726. .42. .11.




45


 . .17. .2. . ..13. .1363. .2, 5 (.1, 5.  ;  ,     );  .   . M.:  , 1917. . 4.    -. .415416.




46


 . .     XVII  (     ). M.:  , 1911. .910.




47


    . ..  ,  . .   . .     ..-. M., 1905. .129, 131132.




48


   . . . M.:  , 1940. . 1. . 152; . E.       (XVII ) //  . 1871. 1. .2223;  . .    XVII.     . . . .: , 1967. .71.




49


 . .17. .2. .1, 2a, 3, 136, 152, 296c, 428;  . .   -  XVIXVII . //    XIVXVII .  ,  75-    . . . .:  , 2002. .266267.




50


   ,     . .:  .  , 1851. .4. .98.




51


 . .     //      (13951758 .). M.: , 1900. . 2. .30 (); ,      . .:  , 1864. .2. .582 ( );  . .229. .1. .. 46 ( ). .19 ().




52


 . .    . . 2. .238;  . . 4. .415;     . . 3. .281282;  . .17. .2. .1; .102; .2. .251, 252; .4. .550.




53


 ,     . .:  . II-   . . . , 1842. .5: 16761700. .96.




54


 . .333.




55


. .1192 (- ). .1. .1148.




56


. .570 (  ). .552, 1726. .42. .51.            ,   1725 .       .




57


,      ,   . .:  , 1864. .2. .650652 (  1690, 1693  1696 .);  . .17. .2. . ..4. .563 (1695).




58


 . .17. .2. .1, 115, 119, 3, 461, 465, 473.




59


 . .         XVII . .; .:  , 1962. .193217. ,  ,  ,          1650 .,   :   . .156157.          :  . .230231 (1671), 650 (1681).




60


 . . . .210211;  .  .     XVII //        . 1898. . 4. . .2224.




61


 . .441442.




62


. .1257. .1. .3. .402403.




63


Hellie R. The Economy and Material Culture of Russia, 16001725. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. . 419, 450451, 139, 105.




64


 . .17. .2. .1; .148; .229. .1. .4. .79; . .615 (    XVIXVIII .). .1. .8526 (, 17041710); .8529 (, 1714).  ,     ,    ,     .




65


. .1202 (   ). .1. .265, 324, 451, 502;  . .  ,      XVII  //        . 1881. 1. .72.




66


       1690- .    :  .  .      1690- . //  . .:  , 2006. 2. .8198.




67


. .1202 ( ). .1. .499, 502.




68


. .1202. .1. .324. .29.   .:  : .4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28.   ,          ,       :  .  . ,     ,   , ࠖ   .




69


      :  . .      II. .1. .302324    ;  . .     (XVII  XIX.). M.: , 1976. .303309;  . .   : , ,  (X  XIX.). M.: , 1997. .152153;  . .      (XVIII  XX.).  ,  ,     . .:  , 2003. .1. 3- ..167168.     : Moon D. The Russian Peasantry 16991930. The World the Peasants Made. London: Longman, 1999. . 168.       XVIII.        .     :  . .  . .47116;  . .        XVIIXVIII .:   . M.; .:  , 2005. .337413; . .      XVIII. (- ). M.: .-  , 1957. .132148.




70


 . .     XVIII //  . M.:  , 1953. .8. .224, 234235;   . .: .   , 1911. .23. .9697. 50-    ,        蠖  ,   ࠖ  .




71


 . .. .250253;   . .: . . . , 1905. .22. .183194.




72


      :  . .  . .: , 1979. .409.




73


            . ., 1881. .14, 1619; Anisimov E. Five Empresses. Westport: Praeger, 2004. .78, 100, 121123.




74


 -    1730- . ,              ,       (      . .201. .2).     1724 .,         ,  I  ,            (    . ., 1830. .7. .197198).  1723 .   ,      1722 . ,           .       ;  ,  ,           .




75


 . .    1709 . //  . .:  , 1953. .8. .271 ( , 1709);  . .      XVII. //  . .:  , 1949. .4. .160161 (, 1725);  . .     . .: -, 1947 ( , 1727). .267;  . .      XVII   XVIII . , 1927. .3940 ( , 1732); . .1441. (- ). .2. . 1. .2285. .2 (1735);  . .     ,   . , 9881738 . .: . . , 1871. . .168169 (1714).




76


. .1365 (). .1. .20. .6 (1717), 1819 (1719); .36. .34 (1720), 5 (1721), 88. (1721), 2626. (1728).




77


 . .  () 1740  . .              //  . 2003. 3. .146151.




78


. .570. .552: 1726. .42. .11.       ,       ( . .2021.).       , ,       . ,          ,       ,         .




79


. .1187 (- ). .1. .2366. .109109.




80


. .196 (  . .). .1. .1618. .77., 3636., 48. 49;  . .      //      XVIXVIII . .: , 1975. .213226;  . .        (17521756 .) //  . 1888. 1. .140 (  ).




81


 . .    XVIII .        . .: , 1998. .5859;  : .32145.




82


    XVII.,   I  ,   1719 .      . .:  . .         //  . .: , 1958. . 7. .216273.




83


. .615. .10197, 10206, 10207, 10231, 10266, 10269.




84


 . .1290 (). .1. .193. .26.




85


 . .1289 (). .1. .149.  , ,   ,   ,        .




86


 . .182 (). .1. .13. .45.




87


   ,   17621764 .  ,      ࠖ         ,     65  ,         50   ,      10   (. .350 (    ). .2. .4301. . 1).    40            10    100   (  ,   ,   1438),  16      10     ,              (. .350. .2. .4301. . 2).




88


 . .615. .1. .9159 (1733), 9177 (1750), 9180 (1751), 9205 (1771), 9207 (1772).




89


  .127182.     10  (  4 ,     ,   )  2 .




90


. .615. .1. .8526, 8528, 8529, 8531, 8594.




91


 .   . . 4. .414422.




92


. .1288 (). .1. .7.




93


    (M). .1614 (  -). .1. .118.




94


 . .229. .1. .91. .128218.




95


. .615. .1. .8509 (1737), 8510 (1738), 8511 (1739), 8512 (1754).           1751 .;     1754 ㅻ.         ,  堖   ,        .        ,     .




96


. .615. .1. .8510. .6. 7., 14, 18, 19., 22.; .8511. .24., 5. 6, 7, 8, 12, 13., 17, 18, 20, 24.




97


. .1290. .1. .193. .911, 1314, 17, 1925, 2731, 3440.




98


Mironov B. Consequences of the Price Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Russia // Economic History Review. 1992. Vol.49. 3. . 457459.




99


. .350. .2. . 2. .2616. .485574.       ,         ;  , ,   ,  ,      -   .  1792 .  150       (    )  2   26  28    ,     ( . .17 (). .1. .2503. .1628).




100


 . .2. .2616. .187212.        ,    , ,  .    -               .




101


. .350. .2. .2616. .295304.




102


 . .305350.    軠   ,       1744 .,  , ,     .




103


 (   ). .627 (  ). .249.     1781, 1785, 1786  1787 .  1760-        .              1762 .,           .




104


. .350. .2. .2616. .141186 .




105


 . .210212.




106


. .1290. .1. .193. .6, 12, 16;  . .1.  1700 .,    ,    5 ,      ; . .1200 (- ). .1. .157, 201, 616.




107


. .1441. .2. . 1. .2285. .2.




108


. .570. .552: 1726. .42. .46 .




109


  -       . .:  ., 1903. .1: 17131716 . .485, 623, 651, 704;  . .:  ., 1916. .3: 17201721 . . 412.




110


- . .        //  . 1903. 12. .7.             .      1750- . ,         :            .                 ( ,    ),            .  . ., .  ,    17541766 . ( III.    ). .: .  , 1893. .119120, 131.       III    1762 .     ,       ,       ,  1750- .,    . ,      ,   : . .      XVIII . .: . ., 1897. .1. .9091, 136, 140    .     .:  . .    XVIII .    . .: , 1986. .6468.




111


  - . .: 1911. .2. .256, 609611, 807, 83984 0.




112


 . . 10.




113


 . . 69.




114


 . .209, 332, 585.




115


         XVIII.  ,                XIX. (    1830- .).      ( .             XVIII. //      . XV  XIX . .: , 1994. .225236), ,    , ,        (12     15  ),  , ,   .   ,        ,    ,   XVII.       1415 .  .  . .92.      -  1737 .    (.  ),      20   .




116


 . .  //   . 1970. 11. .8082; . M.         XIX . .: , 1986. .103104;  .      (XVIII  XX.). .:  , 2003. .1. 3- ..161; Worobec C. Peasant Russia. Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. . 4, 264; . .,  . .    .  . .: , 1996. .264265.




117


 . .  . .326; Dennison T. The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. . 32.




118


            -. .1421; . .  . ., 1995. . 9. .418421, 538; . 10. .3941, 8992, 132137, 178179, 217, 259, 319; Anisimov E. V. Five Empresses. Court Life in 18th-Century Russia. Westport, CT, 2004. P.7274.




119


  -     //  . 1904. 1. .5.       .       1737 .,       1680 .,               (. .    . . 2. .170174).




120


       .   (  XVIII.). .182.




121


       . .189, 195.




122


 . .199.




123


 . .201.




124


 .




125


,       . .4. ., 1836. .145146.    1858 .    6,31%           ( .      1859 . ., 1865. .XIV).




126


 . . .. . .2:  . ., 2006. .1. .408.




127


            XVII. .: .  . ., 1895. .17, 7071; ,    .     .  -  , 1903. .585587;   XII   ՠ.    . , 2004. .153.  ,      XIX., .: . .150. .1. .4354. .710., 16. 17, 9698., 212215, 225226., 233236., 256263; .1. .6068. .2226., 4957., 104107.    1843  1852 .   ,      .




128


 . .   . .  //        . ., 1965. .460.




129


 . .   . . . .432469.       . .     . .  (., 2011. .342);     : Shcherbatov M. M. On the Corruption of Morals in Russia. Cambridge, 1969. . 21  .;  . .    //   . .24. ., 1912. .104124,       ,               . . .  ( . .     . ., 1967. .132158)        . . .  ( . .     XVIII//  . , 1960. . 4. .197211)      1758 .,  .  (Daniel W. Conflict between Economic Vision and Economic Reality //Slavonic and East EuropeanReview. 1989. Vol.67. 1. P.4267)       .             1758 .     .: Lentin A. A la recherche du Prince mconnu // Canadian-American Slavic Studies.1994. Vol.28. 4. P.361398.




130


. .1289. .2. .84.         ,     ,        .




131


            20       1762 .,     ,    .    20        .




132


. .1289. .1. .281, 306, 323, 326, 335, 356, 359:  1753 . ( )  17571761 . ( ).




133


   ,   1745 .   ,    ,    . (. .1289. .4. .55).




134


. .1289. .1. .236.       XVIII.:  . .113, 121, 144, 165, 169, 176, 183, 209, 214, 223, 225, 228, 237.




135


 . .350. .2. .4302. .2. .2938.      ,   -      .




136


 . .491505.




137


. .350. .2. .4302. .49., 49165, 176401, 416429, 439460, 513423. ,     813%  ,  ,          .




138


 ,  ,    .   65  ,  1762 .,             .     ,      ,        50   ,      10 (. .350. .2. .4301. .2).




139


. .1289. .4. .162.      ,        .  : .1. .484, 493, 508, 510, 519, 523, 525, 550.




140


 . .   . . . ., 1898. .2.  ,       .             :  :          -  . .   . .  // ,       XVIII . .:   , 2012. .345.




141


       1800 . .  6  .




142


,               ,         ,      ;    ,        ( . .182 (). .1. .8. .203204.).     30-          ,       ( .         . .: . . , 1837. .275).   , ,  .




143


 . .          ,     //  . .  . .: , 2010. .154.




144


    1746 .     2  ()  ( . .  . .: - , 2003. .10).   27 000   ,        ( . .      II. .: . . , 1903. .1. 2- ..34).    23083            1774 . ( .           XVIII    XIX.     (   -) //     .  . 1973. .76. .310).




145


     :   . .: .   , 1905. .12. .347348.  ,       -:      . .: .   , 1878.     :  . .  . ., 2007. .385432.




146


  ,    . . . .: . . . , 1897. .3. .338.




147


- .  . .1. .280281.




148


. .1454 (  ). .1. .343. .25.     1785 .,   1773 .      ,    .




149


 . .1273 (-). .1. .510. .7., 107107., 112112., 114114.                  ,  ,      .    1774 . ,     1774 .    1776 .    1774 .,   : . .1454. .2. .92. .15.




150


 . .1273. .1. .516. .60, 80.; .662. .7777., 113113., 114. 115.    1776 .    (  ,    )         , , - ,            ( . .510. .52. 56).




151


. .1273. .1. .516. .80. (); .2763. .29. ( ).




152


 . .1384 (-). .1. .1484. .17. 19.     ,   ,     ,   .   .: - . .        //  . , 1910. 11. .253288.




153


. .1273. .1. .510. .10; .1454. .1. .344. .4.  1789 .,       (),     . ,    ,        (      ).     ,        ,         .




154


. .1454. .1. .164. .1, 2, 9, 10, 1213; .41, 58, 115;     (). .228 (  ). .1. .6. .12.; .34, 41, 58 ( ). . .615 ( ). .1. .9205, 9207 ( ).




155


 . .     II. .1. .174.         .   1774 .        10   ,      ,       (. .1289. .1. .149. .57).




156


. .1454. .1. .308. .1.    1780 .   - 15 :  . .238. .7, 9, 20, 22, 26. 10- ,  ,          1780 ., .:  . .253. .12.




157


   ,    XVIII.         ,     , .:  .       . .:  , 2010. .257; Kahan A. The Plow, the Hammer and the Knout. An Economic History of Eighteenth-Century Russia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. P.64, 348.




158


. .1273. .1. .516. .79.; .1454. .1. .419. .1 1.; .446. .12;  .  . .329.




159


. .1273. .1. .705. .103o.; .562. .50; .661. .86; .662. .128; .707. .26o. 27, 58.; .742. .6., 167; .937. .59.; .1000. .50.; .936. .8. (, 1821).




160


 . .533. .43. 44, 61, 89. 90; .531. .162162.; .564. .100.; .662. .76., 86. 87; .707. .99, 161; .742. .2.; .937. .101. 102; .973. .1;  . .1454. .1. .1154. .2.  1784 .       150       ;    ,   ,  50      ,     ,   80    .  1785 .           50      ,     ( .  .        . .: , 1993. .23, 25 (   1874 .)).




161


      :  .    XVIII. //  . 1971. 11. .4961.  : Mironov B. N. Consequences of the Price Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Russia // Economic History Review. 1992. .45. 3. P.457478.       ,     1769 .       : Owen T. A Standard Ruble of Account for Russian Business History, 17691914: A Note // Journal of Economic History. 1989. .49. 3. . 703704.       , , ,      ; .:  . .        I. .:   , 1994.




162


   (  )  1777 .,             , ,      -:  25   2 ,    5  (. .1239 ( ). .3. .4940949420. .432435.).




163


 . .1454. .1. .145. .2 2.




164


 . .2.; .181 (, 1778). .1111.




165


. .1454. .46. .17 138.




166


 .  . .315316.




167


. .1454. .46. .1 10.     25- ,      1763 . 25    , ,       : 1763 . 10  37    2024    ,        2529  6  21     ,   6  21   3034-.      ,   , 30 .




168


., ,          1772 .: . .1454. .1. .38. .26.




169


. .228. .1. .7o. 8.




170


. .1454. .1. .145. .22o.; .166, .26. 27 .




171


 . .166. .53 .




172


 . .1273. .1. .516. .50 .




173


 . .57.




174


 . .1454. .1. .238. .101; .345. .22.




175


. .1273. .1. .516. .66 ., 95 .




176


    : . .1273. .1. .1000. .23., 24.   ,    : . .570 (  ). .557 (1830). .46. .23.       :  . .        ,          //      .  , 1910. .9. .166178.      1854 .




177


. .1273. .1. .2763. .29 .




178


 . .561. .27 .; .936. .143 .




179


. .1273. .1. .2763. .29 ., 30.




180


 . .   ..  (17901800 .) //   . 1929. 2. .181.




181


. .1384. .1. .1484. .17 o. 19.




182


 . .1273. .1. .561. .26.; .2830. .12.; .936. .143.; .661. .6667.; .937. .41. 42; .705. .78.




183


. .1384. .1. .113. .12.




184


Bushnell J. S. Did Serf Owners Control Serf Marriage? Orlov Serfs and Their Neighbors, 17731861 // Slavic Review. 1993. Vol.52. P.437445.




185


. .1273. .1. .561. .6. 8, 33 ., 3737., 58.




186


 .




187


. .1273. .1. .756. .12; .533. .61.




188


  ,  : Hoch S. Serfdom and Social Control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a Village in Tambov. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. P.91132    .




189


 .  . .312.




190


. .1273. .1. .2772. .111; .632. .25.; .731. .1 5.




191


 . .731. .1 5.  ,  ,   ,    .      ,  .   ,      .




192


 . .1454. .1. .3057. .12.      1812 .,    ,         ,     ,         25  ( . .2994. .55 .       ).




193


 . .1454. .1. .2971. .77., 88., 1010., 12., 1414., 2626.; .2993. .9.




194


 . .3131. .2 . 3.




195


 . .3113.




196


 . .3178. .13.




197


. .1454. .1. .3172. .5  5 . ();  . .77.; .3176. .4.




198


 . .3195. .1.         ,     ,     ( . .3167. .34).




199


 . .3163. .55 ., 10, 2525 ., 2727 .; .3193. .12; .3197. .12 .




200


 . 1. .3187. .22 .




201


 . 1. .2075. .4 . 59.




202


    (). .200 (  ). .13. .400. .165240.




203


. .1454. .1. .3137. .10.




204


 . .1384 (-). .1. .44, 145, 163, 782, 1059, 1060.




205


 . .   .     . : , 1948. .4245.




206


. .1365 (). .1. .120. .26, 38; .202. .20, 38, 40, 47, 84, 126 ., 145146.




207


   //      . 1912. .10. .4957.




208


         XVIII.,   ,   ,    ( . .     XVIII //    - . .: , 1957. .10. .237238).  ,         ,  ,  , ,   XVIII.,    (. .1272 (). .2. .28. .2929 .).         1778 .   , ,      1788 .    (       .   ( XVIII.). .: -   , 1987. .251255; . .1277 (). .1. 665. .168).  ,     1817 .,  ,            ,    ,      ,        ( . .223. .126).




209


 . .  . .: . . . , 1884. .1. .272275;  .  . .2224, 6667, 76;  . .   . .1. .309310, 313, 317.




210


 . .14 (). .1. .2483, 2484, 2489, 2490, 2503.       1785 .,        ( . .2484. .51 62 .).




211


         1780, 1788, 1792, 1795, 1796, 1798  1799  //   ,    . . . .: . . . , 1901. .9. .7, 25 ( ).




212


Hoch S. Serfdom and Social Control. P.119122.            .




213


Pickering Antonova K. An Ordinary Marriage. The World of a Gentry Family in Provincial Russia. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2013. P.58.




214


  . . ,  ,  ,       //     ,   . ., 1862. .3. .1920, 2829.




215


   //  . 1865. . 4. .275279.




216


. .627. .249. .55. . 27.




217


 (   ). .737 (  ). .1. .3. .3745.   1804 . .




218


 . .3752.




219


 . .   . .1. .316;  . .    . .      //  . 1951. 37. .124.




220


  ,    . . . M.: . . . , 1897. . 3. .337338.




221


 . .14 (). .1. .3097. .5, 1414 .; .3101. .1, 4, 8.




222


   . . .  //  . 1864. 56. .584;  . .182. .1. .8. .202.




223


 .  . .312, 330.  ,      .




224


. .1274 (  ). .1. .1268. .17 ., 28 . 30, 3536 .




225


. .1614 (  -). .1. .278. .1, 2828 .; .279. .3535., 4646 ., 4849, 5455; .281. .22 .; .283. .1414., 5556; .288. .4; .288. .7576 .; .290. .152; .297. .141; .302. .69.




226


 . .  . .269285,  ,    ; ,  :  . .272, 274, 281282.                 :  M. .       //  . . 1904. 7. .7996; 1905. 8. .97103.     .:    . . .615. .1. .9159. .44 (1733); .9177. .17, 21, 23. (1750); .9180. .4. 5., 1212., 15. (1751).




227


. .1287 (). .3. .555. .9, 11, 21, 4950; . .  . .78;  . .  . .140;  . .       XVIII    XIX. (   ). .: , 1981. .4849.




228


      :  . .  -,       .: . . . , 1884. .1. .111;  . .  . .140;  . . . .49.    : . .1287. .3. .791. .18 (1821); .1217. .18 (1834); .1837. .14 (1848); Dennison T. The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. . 74.




229


 ( . .210) ,   1814 .       7800   (     ),    .    25 ,           1818  1850 .  1834 ., ,         8  9  (. .1287. .3. .1217. .168).  1840 .   10        ( , ,   ) ( . .1837. .162).




230


 17711772 .              : . .615. .1. .9205. .10. 11, 1616., 22. 23; .9207. .99., 2829., 3939., 7070.  1837 .      : . .1287. .3. .1217. .412, 2128., 4448, 5763.  1848 .           :  . .1837. .59, 2125, 2830, 3135, 3638.




231


 . .1287. .3. .1217. .4956.        .  ,        ,    1000 ,   2000,    ;       ( . . . .49).    ,            ,  .




232


    //  .   (  ). 1869. 2. .365368.




233


 . .   . .1. .311312.




234


 . .312.




235


  .   ( ). .586 ().  2. .1. .1139;  .  1. .1. .81 161.   1770 .  ,   1763 .      ,       .  . . . - . : .  , 1886. .110,        ,        .  .1126     ,   1794 .,     .  1770 .     ,    .       ,     .




236


 . .   . .124.         ,     ,  ,   ,   .




237


,     27  1796  //   ,    . . . .: . . . , 1900. .7. .144.




238


- . .       //  . 1909. 7. .231.




239


 . .182. .1. .8. .219219 .




240


        XVIII .//    . : -  , 1904. . 6. .34, 1516, 2627, 36, 49, 59, 9293.      ,       .




241


 . .14. .1. .1754. .4343 .




242


 . .3082. .1617.           ,  18141855 .;    ,   1807 .  ,     1770-  1780- .




243


. .1614. .1. .283. .68; .288. .10, 58, 59 .




244


 . .278. .20.




245


 . .48, 49; .279. .23, 4646.; .283. .13; .281. .22o., 44.; .288. .10., 7576.




246


 . .           XIX . .: -  , 1951. .157;  . .   ( . .       XVIIIXIX ).  . .: , 2012. .21.         ,            .




247


 18321833 .               .         ,      ,     10         ( . .     XIX   //   . 1926. . 6. 78. .518;  .         //   .   . 1928. . 7. 47. .347348.




248


. .1290 (). .3. .6732. .1823 (  1825 .);  . .  . .3846, 5052.




249


 . .    . .501.




250


          ,  ;        ,       ,      .




251


. .1290. .3. .4731. .22, 25, 35.




252


 . .4736. .55. . : .89, 147.




253


 . .  . .177.




254


 . .160.




255


             .     400  25        , ,    ;     418  ,  ,   ,  ,  (. .1290. .3. .6783. .22. 51, 53. 67, 95. 120, 162. 171).




256


     .: . .1290. .3. .4352 (1830). .55, 6466, 75, 115117.   :  . .3. .4715,       1834 .;    .




257


. .1290. .3. .4322. .182 . 264.




258


 . .    . .514515.




259


 . .    . .514.




260


. .1290. .2. .330. .11, 12 ., 3435, 41; .331. .3738.     , ,          . ,        ,  -.         .




261


 . .331. .60., 73, 108, 143., 145166. ,    ,     ,   ,     .




262


  .143 ., 143a.




263


 . .2. .480. .9, 13, 21, 25, 3134., 3838., 4040., 4445.  1836 .    17- ,               16 .




264


. .1290. .2. .330. .34, 35, 37; .331. .143, 143a.




265


 . .     . . //  . 1898. 6. .179, 190;  . .  -. .42, 163164. ,   , ,       ,         -  .




266


         1816 .: 9,6%    4044     .   5-   4554   1816 .  3,2%  4,8%      (Dennison .The Institutional Framework. . 75).




267


. .1287. .3. .555. .21. .2626., 49; Dennison .Institutional Framework. . 74.     1800 .     1796 .   ,        , ,   j   .




268


 . .   . .1. .312.       ,      1796 .    :  . .    . .310.




269


 . .  . .116.  :  . .440.




270


 . .116.




271


 . .117.




272


 . .      //  :   . .: , 1999. . 5. .243261.




273


Hoch S. Serfdom and Social Control. . 95102.                .




274


 . .  . .207.




275


   ,  ,         ,         ,   .    ,         (Dennison .The Institutional Framework. . 5076).   ( )        ,     .      ,   ,       .         ,  ,   .




276


. .1287. .3. .1759. .69 .




277


. .230 (  ). .3. .47. .111.;  . .         . , 1903. .23.




278


Dennison .The Institutional Framework. . 75.




279


Ibid. . 171172    .




280


   . .:  , 1804. . 2. .78; -   . .: . , 1863. .1. .675.




281


 (   ). .301 (  ). .5. .120. .6873., 164. 172., 182. 191; .556 (  ). .111. .108. .187198. ,        .




282


 . .     . .: -  , 1851. .33.        :  . .810, 14, 2122, 31.      ,        .




283


     ,     -,        ,    2012 .         .




284


 . .  . .1314, 8890;  . .  ,       . .:   , 1772. .1. . 2.  ,  , , ,  ,       . .127129;    . .2. .80; - . ., 1863. .1. .676.




285


    . ., 1900. .107. .177178.




286


 . .   . , 2008. .3237;  . :  . : , 2010. .1356.


