  .      -
 


          ,             .                     -.               .





  

     -



 



 ,2020



ISBN978-5-4498-8472-5

     Ridero




1.



  ,                  .         - ,     ,     .         ,    CashBerry,       ,    ,      .

  ,    ,        1998 (,      0,2.,  2020ࠖ  260.).  堫  Amazon 20012002,    $510(20192020.    $17002100).     Netflix $12002 $300350 2020.

    頖        ,             . , 2005   Accel Partners $12,7.  10,7%    Facebook,      3 .  2019     $50.  ,  ,  Facebook  ,  3900!

 ,   ,   ,         .      ,   ,         .         ,  2011  12  300 1000 (   ), 18  .

   , ,   ,  ,      2010- .     $0,00012009 $20000 2017, ,  ,    .  ,         ,     . , 2015    Ethereum    $0,5,  2018ࠖ  $1380.     ,    ,   2760!

      ,    .          .    -     - ,      .            ,         ,     .



  ,             .      ,  -,     .




1.1.     


   ,         ,       .

ʠ       ,    ,   .         ,        ,   .   ,  ,     ,   ,      ,       .

,      ,         .          .             ,        .

     ,        -     . ,         ,    .




1.2. Π    


      ,  ,    .  ,        ,     .

        .         .        .    ,   ,  ,         ,         ,      .

     ,   蠖        .  ,           .           ,       ,    .




1.3.   


 ,    ,     ,      . ,          .  ,  -  ,     ,       ,     .   ,   ,  ,   .

 ,      :

      ,  ;

     ,     -,      ,       ;

            .

   ,     ,   .     ,    . Ƞ        !

     ,   ,    !     ,      : , ,  ,  ..




2.  



        2003.

Crypto Dog,     -


    ,      :    ,     ..,       .   ,    ,       ,             ,     .




2.1.    ?


  2020 ,   ,  11.       ! Ƞ  , 蠫 ̻, 蠫 , 蠫  . Ѡ      .  ,  ,    ,     .             380!

 ,  2018    Morgan Stanley        (https://finance.rambler.ru/markets/41185097-morgan-stanley-priznal-kriptovalyutu-institutsionalnym-klassom-aktivov/) ,  , ,   !   ,    ,     ,    .

ʠ  ,      (Ethereum, Litecoin, Dash, Ripple ..),     ,    ,     .  100                .

 ,    ,   , ,    ,     ,    , ,    . - Veldt Gold, APMEX JM Bullion      .   ,  Corporate Traveler, Expedia, Surf Air CheapAir,       .

Ѡ2019   - Digitec Galaxus,    Amazon   2,7 ,    Coinify     (https://coinspot.io/law/europe/krupnejshij-shvejcarskij-internet-magazin-teper-prinimaet-kriptovalyutu/)   .      AT&T:  150         (https://about.att.com/story/2019/att_bitpay.html).

,        -  200  .            PayPal   PostePay,     Visa MasterCard.

  2020      7000,       ,  ,  Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, Monero, Dash, Dogecoin ..Ƞ   ,      .

        , ,   SUBE (https://www.rbc.ru/crypto/news/5c5d83c69a79471a4a9662a0) 37 ,   蠖    ,        (https://www.rbc.ru/crypto/news/5e31acee9a79475fa5f6e836).  ,  2019            .   ,             .

               .   ,  , , ,   ,          ,           .

     ,   ,    ,            ,      .  ,   2000,        .

   ,  ,            ,   ,     .       黠     .




2.2.       ?


  ,       .     蠫    ,         堖        !

         :      (    2017),    ,      - .








 20182019        . ,           ,    . Ƞ      , ,  -       ,    .

,    20172018,    ,  ,    䠖       19992001.      -,   ,      .         ,   ,      -,   -   .

   ,     黠     :

2011      93%  ( $31$2);

20132015   12  83% ( $1000$173);

  20172018     20, 젖  84% ( $20000$3128).








            .

     2017       2018     . ,       ,   . -  ,    ,       . Ƞ ,  -        : ,     ,  .

      ,    .     ,           ,     .

  2019 Fidelity Investments,      ,    700 , ,   . ,  22%        ,   40%      .

 2019     ,        . ,    ,      - .      (      , )    $55.  ,  Morgan Creek Digital Capital. (https://forklog.com/pensionnye-fondy-udvoili-investitsii-v-kriptovalyutu-cherez-firmu-morgan-creek-capital/)

    ,           蠖       ,        !




2.3.     ?


          ,     ,    -.    ,    ,  ,          ,        .

 ,   ,    ⠖    ,      ,   . ,  ,   (      )    ,    .

      ,      . Ƞ ,       ,  ,   .      ,     .            .

     -  -   .          ,       .                ,        .         -,         ,     .

       :     ,     ,      .    2019    VOL  Volume Network  $0,0001.      . Ƞ  7    $0,07.  ,       700, ,  $1,   $700.

  ,         . ,    .   ,       . Ƞ  ,      2017  9599%      .

 ,        ,       -  .       ,  ,    ( 6070%)   ,  2025%       2030      .       , ,  ,     .




2.4.     ?


     ,      ,    ,    ?  :   !           (  mass adoption  ,      )      ,     .  ,       ,    ,         .

,            蠫.  ,   ,      ,      ,    .   ,      ,       .

             ,          .    ,          (  ),      ,    (IT, , ),   ( , ).      ,    ()     .

       ,       .        .    :   (  ),  ,  ,    .     1%,           25%.  ,         (      ,     ).

    (   )        . ,  Ripple (XRP) 2017   400,  Nano   2000,     20.

       ,    ,       ,   ,      .          (  )   ,        .

   ,     .   Pantera Capital 2013     Digital Asset Fund.  2018 Pantera Capital  10000%    ,         5000%.    Pantera Capital       ,      20 .

      ,      :

    ,    ;

      ;

        .




3.    



    ,          ,  .

 ,   Ѡ


            .       ,        .   ,           .    ,          .           ,      .

            -.        ,        .     ,      ,       .

   ,       ,         .




3.1.       ?


  (blockchain .  ) ,   ,    (distributed ledger technology DLT)          ,     .        .

          .              :   ,     ,    ,   ,   ,   , ,  .      ,       ,         .

       ,       .    ,    -   ,  ,     -  ,    .

        .              .

          ,  ,  .           ,  ,   ,     .

         ,     ,        .  1520     ,           .                   .

          .          How tomake amint: the cryptography ofanonymous electroniccash (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/money/nsamint/nsamint.htm)   1996     .        ,      .

   ⠖   ,   2009   ,     .     ,   . Ѡ20142015   IT-   -,  .

   ,       () ,    - ( )   ,   .          :   (),    .








    ,      . ,      910,   Dogecoin  60,  EOS   .   2019      600000,        .     ,         ,      .

  ,    蠖  ,  ,   ()    . ,     1     2700,      56 .  EOS    ,          3  .

        . ,  ,      2009,  2019     270    153 .  EOS,     2018,       200     500 .

    - ,         ,      .    ,         (),        ,    ,    .    ,           .

             (SHA-256, Script, Ethash, X11, CryptoNight .).   ,    ,       ,    .        ,    ,   .

  , Litecoin, Ethereum             .   ()    PoW (Proof-of-Work  ).                   .

     PoW   (. mine ),   , , .        ,   ASIC-,       .

 ,    PoW,   젖         ,      .

        51%,                         .      ,         .    51%                     ( ,   ).

Ӡ PoW     :     ()   ,     .                    ࠖ   .       (),   ,   .








              ,       6070*  0,25%    .         ,      ,   .

    ,        . ,      ,      .    ,   ,        .    PoS (Proof-of-Stake  ).       . ,       ,  Raspberry Pi       .

  ,        PoW PoS:. ,  Decred    PoW,     ,      .

  PoS  ,             , -      .         ,  ,           ,        .

    Delegated Proof ofStake (DPoS)   .           ,           c   ,      . ,  EOS    21,  Tron 27,  Lisk Bitshares 101,  Tezos400.

     ,     :       .            .          (Hyperledger, Corda, Waves Enterprise, IBM Blockchain),   ,           .

  ,     ,            :

       ,       ;

 ,   ,     ;

      ();

       .

      ,          ,    .




3.2.    


,  2009,         ,    . Ѡ         ,     .

,   ,     ,     -  .          ,       ,     . Ѡ ,      .  ,        ,        .

     -    :

     ( IBM Maersk (https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/news/2018/08/09/777811-ibm));

       ,  ,    (IBM  Merck (https://bitnovosti.com/2020/05/05/ibm-i-merck-podveli-itogi-testirovaniya-blokchejna-po-otslezhivaniyu-lekarstv-dlya-fda/), LVMH, Carrefour, Nestle, Tyson Foods, Walmart);

     (Volkswagen IBM);

     (  -,    (https://hightech.plus/2018/07/04/v-cuge-sostoyalsya-pervii-v-mire-referendum-na-blokcheine));

    (Bank ofCommunications,     );

     (    (https://forknews.io/blockchain/006481-tamozhni-azerbajdzhana-i.html));

    (  BBVA  MUFG  BNP Paribas);

     (Barclays .  ).

     (   , );

   (- , );

     ( - IT- 24 (https://anycoin.news/2019/02/08/v-rossii-zapustili-blokchejn-platformu-dlya-raschetov-v-sfere-zhkh/), );

      ( (https://forklog.com/shvetsiya-testiruet-smart-kontrakty-dlya-registratsii-prav-na-zemlyu/),  (https://sputnik-georgia.ru/economy/20190212/244300905/Besplatnaya-registratsiya-zemli-v-Gruzii---premer-podvel-promezhutochnye-itogi.html));

   (-     (https://forklog.com/provedeny-pervye-transgranichnye-blokchejn-platezhi-s-uchastiem-tsentrobankov/));

    (Vakt Global (https://bitnovosti.com/2018/11/29/nachala-rabotu-blokchejn-platforma-dlya-torgovli-neftyu-i-gazom/) ,     BP, Statoil Shell .);

    ( De Beers   Tracr);

     (   ,   );

         (   KEPCO ..);

     ( (https://www.spot.uz/ru/2018/11/12/uzpharm/));

  - ();

       (  );

    (Samsung, Deloitte Global .);

    (    (https://cryptobit.media/ru/news/other/532/));

       (, ).

           - ,   -.

     -       .  2016           ,  Alibaba, Wanda Finance, Onchain Solutions,  WeBank    Pingan Insurance,          .   ,        ,     .         ,   ,   ,   .  2019  ,  ,  ,        ,       .

           ,     .

  ,  Amazon, Walmart, Facebook, Mastercard, Microsoft, Nestle Google,       -,      .     -   ⠖ Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, IBM Blockchain, Parity Quorum.    DLT- (Facebook Mastercard).

  , 2030 10%           . ,        -.




3.3.   


     .       ,     ,         .

    .     ,   ,    1980- .     蠫,  ,                .

          .  1990         DigiCash,        eCash   CyberBucks   .      ,  Deutsche Bank Credit Swiss,  1998      ,  DigiCash .

  1998    Beenz,  ,   .     ,          -.  Beenz   15 . 2001,    ,    .

         ,  19982008 -   BitGold.            .  ,  BitGold     Proof-of-Work,        ,       .  BitGold,   ,  .

Ƞ      . , 18 2008     bitcoin.org, 31 2008        Bitcoin: APeer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (https://bitcoin.org/ru/bitcoin-paper),      ,       .

           Satoshi Nakamoto  .      ,     ,        ,      BitGold     .  ,      , ,        .  ,     ,     .       ,  ,     ,       .

   , 3 2009          (  genesis )    50.      (https://www.blockchain.com/ru/btc/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f).

12     ,       (Hal Finney),              .   10 2009     : Running bitcoin (https://twitter.com/halfin/status/1110302988) ( ).

         . Ƞ     1       ,  ,  ,   .

5 2009  New Liberty Standard (http://newlibertystandard.wikifoundry.com/page/2009+Exchange+Rate)       : $1= 1309,03BTC.        .       ,      .

 2009     , -     .           bitcointalk.org,      ,        .         .

17 2010    BitcoinMarket.com     ,  ,   .   ,     ,    $0,003 333BTC 1.

18 2010     :      ()   Bitcointalk.org   2 10000,     .   10000  $41.   , 22 (       Pizza Day),     ,    . Ѡ    ,   ,    10    .        ,     ,    .

12 2010       Slashdot.          10: $0,008$0,08.

18 2010    - Mt. Gox,     ,         .  6 2010    $1.,    $0,51BTC. ʠ9 2011      蠖 1BTC 1.

28 2013    :     1 .  , 29 2013,          $1242.  2014      Zynga ,        BitPay.

  2014         Mt. Gox,      850 ⠖  ,    .     ,      $1000  2017.

  2017        (CME), 17      ࠖ $20,       ,   2018     $3100.

          ,  .         ,     .

  2018   : 48500BTC    $300.     4.          Lightning Network,       .

             ,   . Ѡ ,        ,      ,           . Ѡ ,  ,   ,            .

    ?   bitinfocharts.com,  2020     20. .      300400    $79.  , PayPal     $1,9.,   MasterCard $11., Visa $22.  11      500. .

, ,     ,       ,    .         35,     $100., $250.  $1.    2009 , ,       ,     $10. ,    ,    ,    .       ⠖  . Ƞ    ,         ,   .




3.4.    ?


 ( )   ,      .        (      ),        .

  , ,    Namecoin,      Bitcointalk 18 2011.          ,     .

  201113    ,     ,    젖 , Litecoin (),     -10.   ,  Terracoin, Peercoin, Novacoin, Devcoin,   2013  -10 (https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/historical/20130428/),       .

 ,     ,   .   2013     CoinMarketCap.com  25,         340. ʠ2020     ,   ,    .

   ?            GitHub.            ,         .

       ,       ,      .       2017   mapofcoins.com (https://mapofcoins.com/).




3.5.  


  ⠖   () .   ,       ,         .       .   ,       .             ( )       .           ,          .           (https://list.wiki/Bitcoin_Hard_Forks).

          ( ),        .     Bitcoin Cash (BCH),    1 2017.      BCH  1:1.   Bitcoin Cash  8  , ,  ,      .

   ,       ,     . ,  Bitcoin Gold (BTG)   2017     SHA-256 Equihash,     ASIC-     .

      .        () , 2019     9095%   . ,  Bitcoin Atom (BCA),    2018,  $1200$0,09.  ,  ,     20172018,    .

      . , Bitcoin Cash          .           . Bitcoin Gold     300,   -,    -.

  ,    ,    bitcoin,   .          : Bitcoin Green, BitcoinZ, BitcoinX, Bitcoiin, Bitcoin Incognito ..    ,      .      deadcoins  ,   .




3.6.     


Ѡ        .     ,        .            ,           .  ,        ,       .

   Ethereum 2015,   - (Waves, Neo, Stellar ..),    -,      ,       .       ,      .

 ,   -   .     ICO  IEO (      )    .

   ERC-20 Ethereum   23,     -   .     ,   (   )   .    -            Ethereum     ,   ERC-20.

          .     Ethereum    250 (https://etherscan.io/tokens),     56.




3.7.     ?


      ,     ,    ,       . ,    Hublot      (https://www.vedomosti.ru/lifestyle/articles/2018/11/06/785672-hublot-bitkoini),     .      , ,  ,  ,  ,   ,          ,    .    ,   ,  ?

 ,       .  ,            .       ,   .      ,    -.      , , ,    堖   .

   :

   (security tokens)       .     ,     (, SEC    )   -,       .     NEXO   Nexo Platform,        .     MERCA,   Mercatox.

    ,       -,     STO (security token offering   ).     -  . ,   STO - Tezos     ,      .

,      ,          .       ,   -    .

/ (utility tokens)             .      .        . ,       -,    ,    ,    ..

  ⠖   ,     .   ,        ,     -.          ,      .  -  ,      ,    Microsoft Office.

 ,         .   ,     ,    ,    .     ,    ,   .        ,           .    ,         : -   , -   .              (   ,    ,    )    .

  2017,       ,       .      ,      .        -.

Ѡ2019,    ,  -   .                     (   ),   ,       .




3.8.   


    蠖    .        (   ),     . Ƞ       ,    IT-,         .

   , ,   .   -     ICO IEO (Initial Coin Offering    Initial Exchange Offering   ). ,     ,           .

  ICO/IEO        ,         . , ,    .  ,      .  ,    ,           ,       . Ӡ ,     (tokensale a.  ),        .

    ICO/IEO  -   white paper ( )    ,    .         ࠖ    .   roadmap ( )   12,          .

       ICO/IEO    Ethereum, Neo, Stellar .         ࠖ MainNet (.  )  ,  ,    (swap).     蠫   -,        .  ,  ,            ( , ,   -    ..),      IT-,     .

     ICO/IEO   , -      (   )      (   )      .       ,   ,    -.  ,  -,   ICO/IEO 20162019,       .

    ICO/IEO,    ,      . ,    1020,   , ,   ,   $0,52.       . Ƞ    ,   ,    .  ,   ,   20172018,    X,    ,       .

Ѡ 2018      ,   -  . ,  2018    Steemit Inc.,      Steem,    70%      .  2018  ETCDEV,     Ethereum Classic ( Ethereum!),    -      .

-          .               ICO  IEO. ,  Substratum,        ,  2017   $13,8.   2018  - ,    .      ICO,        Amplify Exchange, ,      .

  ,         .       !          (scam . ).         ,    , ,     -   .

    堖  ,     ( ),          .      Bitconnect,   2016    1% ,      2018.

    -    OneCoin,  2014    ,   . 5  ,      ,   , ,    $16.    - PlusToken        $3.

    ࠖ  exitscam.   ,     ,            . -       . ,    ICO,      Prodeum,    2018  $6.  ,       penis.

   ,   ICO     :

Dorado      Foodout,  6        200 . Dorado                 .      2018 ICO    $6.    FoodoutGroup    Dorado. ʠ  2018  Foodout    ,  .     ,  ,  ICO Dorado,     Foodout .   .

Authorship,    -,             .  ICO   2017  $2,5. -   2018,    .   , ,   ,   .

CarTaxi   ,    ICO $8,7.          .       ,      ,      ,      .

Atonomi     Centri       .  2018 ICO    $25.   2019  ,    Centri    Atonomi    ,   . Ѡ   ATMI  99% , ,      Centri,   ,     .

     ,     ,    .  -      .  ,    , -  ,  ,     .

      ,    :      .   ,      ,       ࠖ  ,        .

        :    ,   ,   .           ,  -    .

  ,     ,    ChainLink,   ⠖          .  ICO   2017  $32.,  2019    $1.           3000%.  ,  ,   2020   - 200300   .        .

     - ,    ,   ,       .




4. 



   ,   ,    .

 ,  ,  


    ,       .  ,        (, IT, , ,  ,  ..),         -. ,    .  -    ,       .  ,  -            ,    .

          ,      ,         .  ,           -    .

             CoinMarketCap.com  CoinGecko.com   .




4.1.    


            ,    ,     .        ,     .            2017,      ,      $2050.

  ,    2011,      ,  ,       ,     .       ,     .



Litecoin (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/litecoin/) (LTC)     .    2011,         GitHub       .        ,       ,      .       4 ,   .

   Litecoin Foundation.          ,      .         .    400 -    ,          ,  Coinify .

       .        20 , LTC     1,5. .      ,   -.

          Litecoin Foundation, Bibox Exchange Ternio BlockCard   ,      LTC ,    .



Ripple (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ripple/) (XRP)     ,      ,     .  2004,   ,          RipplePay        SWIFT,     .  2012      RippleLabs,            c    .

 Ripple    : xCurrent xVia     xRapid    XRP.   Ripple   410,    .  ,       1500 .

   ,      .   Ripple Labs FidorBank   2014.        Earthport,    ,  Bank ofAmerica HSBC.  2015   Ripple  Western Union Commonwealth Bank ofAustralia.

 2020 Ripple    40  .  100 (    ) -    .

   Ripple Lab  XRP,   2017  $0,006,  2018  $3,65.  ,   XRP      $600.

   Ripple Lab     xCurrent,   2019          xRapid,     XRP   .

      ,         . ʠ 2020  Ripple    38  .

   ,  XRP, ,  ,     .     ,  Ripple Lab     XRP       . , 20182019    5,4. XRP,      .  Ripple Lab    55. XRP (100. ),        .

  2020  , CEO Ripple Labs,  ,         (IPO).     ,  ,     XRP.    ,     ,     ,  XRP        .



Dogecoin (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/dogecoin/) (DOGE)  ,   Litecoin,    6 2013.        ,        -Doge (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge)    -.

              .     -30    .

    100.  DOGE,    . ʠ     118. ,    5,2. ,     4,5% .

  Dogecoin Foundation  .   DOGE      ,  -.     CoinGate       4500-  ,  Doge4Amazon,   ,      - Amazon.

 DOGE    ,     ,    Dogecoin.   ,   ,       .



Nano (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/nano/) (NANO)   ,   ,   Qualcomm,  RaiBlocks (  XRB),      2014.    :  133.     95%           (    ).   2017        Nano.  ,         40%.

 Nano   ,   :    ,       (DAG).        ,       .   Nano   ,   ,      ,   Ripple.       7  .  ,  Visa    1700 .

       Nano Foundation.     . ,    ,   Nano         .

          ,     60 ,  Nano   .   2019    Nano  POS-  Kappture (https://kappture.co.uk/),       .   ,     ,    .



        堖     .       .

 ,     . ,       ,     ,     .  ,  2017    Segregated Witness (SigWit),      ,      .    ,     20182019,    Lightning Network.            . , ,             . ,           5000 .

        ,      .      ,          .     ,         .

      ⠖  ,     .  20182019        ,  ,    .      .




4.2.  


Ӡ  ,   ,   :    ,     . Ѡ - blockchain.info   -        ,        ,    genesis-.    ,      .      ,   ,   .

    , ,    ,      . ,       - Silk Road (. ظ ),  20112013,    ,     . Ѡ         - .  ,       ⠫򻠖    .

  ⠖      .         .      ,   蠖   .         ,                .

  ,          .  ,             .        .

          ,    .



Bytecoin (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bytecoin-bcn) (BCN)     2012  ,      ,     . ,    Bytecoin     70,  ,    ,   . Bytecoin   CryptoNote,      .        .        .

      ,      .          .   2018 -     Bytecoin         Binance OKEx,      .

 ,  Bytecoin -  -100,           $10. ,      . ,    .    ,      .



Monero (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/monero/) (XMR)    2014   Bytecoin,       . Monero    CryptoNote,         .     Monero    .

     ,    ,       .      ,    ,     ASIC-     .

   XMR  ,        ,     Monero.        .   XMR     ,     :  4%  Monero  .

  2019  - Fortnite    XMR  -.    Bity    XMR.



Dash (https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/currencies/dash/) (DASH)  ,   ,  2014.    Xcoin,  Darkcoin, 2015     Dash.

    PrivateSend,     .   -      ,  .

    . Ѡ ,      ,   -20  . DASH        1000-,   .            .

Ѡ ,         . ,  2014,     Dash   1,99. .  ,       8,7. .        ,     .

  Dash    . ,  2018      ,    KFC     DASH      KFC    .

  ,      .  2019 Dash     ,    .



Zcash (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/zcash/) (ZEC)  ,   Electric Coin Company 2016.    zk-SNARKs,      :    ,   .   ,        .  -50    .

  ,   2019  ECC,    ,  .  ,           2020.  ,   2020    30%,   ZEC    頖  ,        .



Verge (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/verge/) (XVG)   2014   DogeCoinDark.   Verge  Wraith,     ,   .    Verge   IP- Tor,    .  ,      I2P    IP-.

 ,    ,      51%   ,   .         -100.

Ѡ 2018 Verge   Mindgeek,    XVG         Pornhub, Brazzers Nutaku.   XVG    ,          .



    ,    ,    : Horizen, Phore, PivX, Ycoin, Zcoin, Bitcoin Private, Bitcoin Incognito ( 堖   ,     ).      ,   70,    (https://cryptoslate.com/cryptos/privacy/).

  2019      Beam (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/beam/) Grin (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/grin/),    MimbleWimble (     ,      ),       .  2016  ,       ,   ,    privacy-  ,      .      ,       . ,  Beam        Recruit Holding.

    .  ,        ,    .         ,         .          Monero Dash.        ,    .    -            .

       ,          .    ,         . Ƞ   ,        . ,  20182019              .  ,         ,         .

   ,    .  ,  Lightning Network,        ,      ,       .

         Litecoin    MimbleWimble,   .          ,     ,    .




4.3. -


   ,       ,      .         -,    - (   ),       (Dapps).

 -,      ,    1996     (  ).   Extropy    -:      ,   ,      (, ,   ,   ..)     .

  -  ,        -          . , -      QR-  ,         ,    ,   ..                ,   -.    -  ,   .     2015  .



Ethereum (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/) (ETH)    c  ,   -   .              ,    - 2013     .  Ethereum   30 2015  ICO,  $18.

             -.   -     Solidity,      Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

 -      ,     Ethereum. ʠ     6000  ERC-20,    2200  (Dapps),   .     Ethereum     , -   -    .  ,           .

   Ethereum   :       ,    15 . ,   CryptoKitties (https://www.cryptokitties.co/),  ETH  ,    ,     2017     .

 2019       Ethereum  Tether (USDT): -               USDT.

            Ethereum.       sharding/ (  仠     ),       1000 ,        .  ,  2020    Ethereum   PoW  PoS.

      -    -,    .  ,    ETH  .  ,     .      ,    .        ,  ,              .  -     ETH.  ,  350     Dapps  Ethereum.    Ethereum         .

       Ethereum,    Ethereum Classic (ETC).    2015        -.

        -,        Ethereum.      ,    -  ,     ,    Ethereum.      .



Icon (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/icon/) (ICX)  -,  2016   ICON Foundation   ICONLoop,  - Dayli Financial Group. ICO    2017   $45.  LoopChain    2018,       ICX     .

       ICON Republic,          .     21- C-rep,     ,   ..  Icon   Iconwatch. (https://iconwat.ch/)

ICON     -           . Ӡ   100,  ,   Samsung Electronics,    Kyobo Life Insurance,     ..  2019       ICON    .

    ICON       MyID.         MyIDAlliance,     60       . , Samsung Electronics 2020   MyID Samsung Pass,     . SBI Savings Bank,    ,   MyID        .

 ICX     -  LoopChain,           ICONLoop.



Stratis (https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/currencies/stratis/) (STRAT) -,   .  2016 ICO    $590.     2018,     ERC-20  STRAT.

Stratis     C# . NET,    -.   ICO  Stratis    2018,       Blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS),       -  .

   Stratis      ,     ,  Stratis,     . ,     ,  ,     ..  Stratis        .

    Stratis     Microsoft Azure    Azure Marketplace.   Microsoft Azure   ICO,   ,  , -    Stratis.

  2019   Stratis     STO (Security Token Offering),              .          STRAT.   STO- Stratis   Gluon.



EOS (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/eos/) (EOS) -,   Block. one,   .     ,      BitShares.        $4.  EOS    2018,   EOS  ERC-20    .

EOS    Delegated Proof ofStake (DPoS),      .    21  100,   .   ,    ,   , 堖   .

-          . ,   Whiteblock ,  EOS  -, ࠫ   ,   .  , EOS   ,  Ethereum Tron,         .



Tron (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/tron/) (TRX)   -,   .    ,     ,  ,    , , ,      .

TRON    ERC-20,  2018    ,   2000 .   DPOS     TRX 27 (  EOS),     .

 Tron    :  ,     white paper   ,    ,       .    - Tron     .

 2020  Tron    700Dapps,   ,      1000  .  ,      4,6.  Dapps.   ,       Tron  ,       .



Tezos (https://coinmarketcap.com/ru/currencies/tezos/) (XTZ)  ,        -.  2017   ICO  $228. -           .  XTZ      2018,      ICO.

 MainNet   2018.       DPoS.           .

,    Tezos    zk-SNARKS,      Zcoin     .

  2019      Elevated Returns,    Tezos      $1.   STO   security-,        .

       2019.     BTG Pactual    Dalma Capital    Tezos   STO   $1.  ,  Tezos           STO.

  -   ,  2019    SIX      (Exchange-traded product ETP)    XTZ.



Qtum (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/qtum/) (QTUM) , 2016     Qtum Foundation,    蠖     .

ICO  2017   $15.     3 2017.      10  .

        Ethereum.     頖  -   -,     ,     ..Qtum  -,         ,    蠫 .

 2018 QTUM     Amazon Web Services (AWS),  2019ࠖ Google Cloud.          (BaaS).

  2019 Qtum   Unita  ,       ,     ,    ,        .

 QTUM     - ,    .   2019   Zeux Payments,        ,  Apple Pay SamsungPay.



Waves Platform (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/waves/) (WAVES)  ,  2016       $16.     -   Kickstarter,                .      Waves      ,       .

    -      . ,   2017     (DEX)      .       DEX   -,   ,  2018      Android iOS.

C       Waves Platform,  Waves     - Waves Enterprise ( Vostok),   Bi. Zone ( ), ,   蠫.    ICO      $600.  2019 -     X5 Retail Group   Waves Enterprise     Distributed Treasury and Cash Management (https://vostokmedia.com/news/society/05-10-2019/alfa-bank-i-x5-otkryli-platformu-distributed-treasury-and-cash-management).

 ,        Waves Enterprise,      Waves Platform.  ,  2019     Neutrino (https://forklog.com/neutrino-na-blokchejne-waves-kak-mozhno-zarabatyvat-na-detsentralizovannyh-stejblkoinah/)    (  ),   -     ,    ,   .      USD-N,  .



Cardano (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cardano/) (ADA)    2014     ,   BitShares Ethereum. Cardano           -  .     ,       ,   .   2020 Cardano ,  ,  -,   .

 Cardano    2017  $62.    Cardano    2017. ,      :  2018,  ,  ADA   $30.      .        -   ADA    .

,  2020   Cardano :      ,     ,      -  .  2019  ,    New Balance    Cardano    .



Neo (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/neo/) (NEO)   ,  2014,  Antshares     Ethereum.  201718  -    ICO.   -,    NEP-5,     ,    ,      .

    ,  2020      Neo     3.0,     .     Neo      PoW  POS.



Lisk (https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/lisk/) (LSK) - ,  2016   ICO $9. Lisk     ,   sidechain ( ).     ࠫ ,      .

-   Lisk    Javascript.     DPoS:    101




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