 
 -


, , 
 - (. 1965)      ,   .            :   ,           . ,  ,          , ,                 .





 -

 



 Peter Godfrey-Smith, 2016

 . . , 2020

    . AST Publishers, 2020


* * *


 ,     


            . , ,          ,        ,      .

 ,   , 1890

             ,  蠖  ,         ⠖   ,   .            :  ,     .    ,         , ,    ,  㠖    .

 ,  , 1916






1.   





  


  2009                ,   .    ,    .    ,   , ,  ,   .

    ,         .       , ,      ,    .        ,    ,     ,       .      ,      ,   ,    .      ⠖  ,      .       ,   .      .         .  ,    .     -,     . Ӡ   ,  ,      蠖   ,  .

   ࠖ   .   .            .       ,       .        ,  ,   -  .   ,      ,         ,    ,   ,    .

        ,  .    . ߠ,    -  -  ,  . ,  ,  ,  . Ӡ    ,    ,    .     蠖   .   -       . ,        , , -.      .     ,     .       ,      .    ,   젖      .   ,   ,    -.

   .   ,    .    ,     ,   .      ,    ,           . Ӡ,       :    .[1 -       ,    Vampyroteuthis infernalis,     ,  ,      .              ,          ,   .]

 ,       .  ,       ,          ,   (? ?)  .      ,      ,       .     ,     ,       .   ,   ,    ,    ,   .   ,  . Ӡ    .  ,    ,   ,        ,    , 젖       젖    . ,       .  ,      ,    .

       ,         ࠖ , .         600  . ,  ,  ,  .   ,     , ,  ,      .  , ,      .  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,    . Ӡ            .        ,   ,  .   ,    . ,     ,   ,      렖   .    ,    , .     ,       , ,    .        젖  .       ,  .

     [2 -       ⠫ .    ,       ,    .    ,      ,  .         ,   ,       :          . ߠ,       (, .     . .2-, . /. . ..  . .. . .: , 2001. .117).      . Robert OHara, Representations of the Natural System in the Nineteenth Century, Biology and Philosophy 6 (1991): 255274.  ,    ,     : .   Philosophy of Biology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).     ,      ,      .    (.: , 2015; . . .).].           .     ,       (  ).      ,  ,         ,            , .     蠖 ,   젖   ,    ,      .  ,      ,       ,     .

  ,      ,      ,  :








  ,          .     ,     ( ,    ),    ,    .      蠖 ,  .   ,        ,   ,     .      ,  ,    .   ,  ,    ⠖ ,  .     [3 -       ,         .]  ,  ,             ,      .      ,        ,     .               .   ,    ࠖ ,  ,      .

       ,        ,    ,   ,   .       ,  .         . Ѡ      .      .            .   ,   , ,      ,   ,  .     ,   :         ?           ,    ,    ?

 :   .    320   ,     .    ,      .      堖    , ,  .  ,    ,  ,       .

  ,      ,  , .   ,      .   600  䠖    ,    .

    ,  ,        .      ,        ,     , ,    ( - ,     ).

,          .  ,   ,     ,    ,  .        ,        .        .     ,        ,     .

         ࠖ   ,       .      ,   ,   ,   ,  蠖 ,    ,  .       ,    [4 -      ,       ,   .     ,     ,      ,   . ߠ,      .],      ⠖ , ,   .

    ,   ,     .        ,  ,     - .      蠖   .     ,      ,          ,    . Ƞ    ,    .

堖     .           ,            .         ,      ,   , ,     . , ,     .




  


       蠖     .  ,      ? ߠ     , , 젖  . ߠ     ;  ,       .            ,    .          .      ,  ,  ,     .    ,      .    ,  -   ,    . Ӡ   -,      . Ӡ      ,      .

     ,       堖   ,    .     ,     . ,    ,         .       堖      ,   ,        .   ,   ,      .       ,       .     -  .      ?     .      ,     .     ,           .    [5 -          ,      .] ,       .

      . ࠖ       .    ,   ,    .           .        . Π  ,     . ߠ         .            .               ,   - . ,   ,      ,        ,            .

          ,    [6 -           (William James, Principles of Psychology, vol. I.New York: Henry Holt, 1890, 148;      1902.  . ..    . . .).               젖  ,    . .   A World of Pure Experience, The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 1, no. 2021 (1904): 533543, 561570.].   ,     .      젖   ,      ,    .  ,   ,          .

 ,      ,   ,  ,  ,   ,   .     ,       :  ,   ,     ,  .   ꠖ         .      ,         ?     ,    ?      -  ,    ,      ,    ?[7 -           :     (.: URSS, 2013; . . ..). ,           .  ,    ,   ,    ,  .      ,     .] Ӡ   ,    -   ,           . ࠖ ,      ,  ;   ,  .

ߠ       ,     ,   ,   . -      .   ࠖ ,     .       .          ,     ,    - .             ,   . ߠ,       ,        ,    .

 ,  ,    ,    .      . ࠖ    ,           .

      ,     :



    ,  蠖  ,         [8 - . : Roland Dixon, Oceanic Mythology, vol. 9of The Mythology of All Races, ed. Louis Herbert Gray (Boston: Marshall Jones, 1916), 15.    ,   ,    (.: , 2012; . . .),  ,       .]


 ,   ,     ,       .       .   ,    ,    . 㠖     ,   ,   ,      ,  ,   , , ,    .




2. 








  4,5  ,    , ,  3,8  [9 -   ,    4,567   . Π    .: John Maynard Smith and E?rs Szathmry, The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).      . : Eugene Koonin and William Martin, On the Origin of Genomes and Cells Within Inorganic Compartments, Trends in Genetics, 21, no. 12 (2005): 647654.    , -,         ,    ,   ,       . , ,   ,    , 3,49   , ,   .     ,   ,  ,    .].    堖  ,   , ,  ,   . ,         ,   .         . Ƞ       .

          ,      蠖    ,   ,  (- )  .       ࠖ , ,    ࠖ    .       蠖       ,   .    , ,   ,         ,           렖  [10 - .Bettina Schirrmeister et al., The Origin of Multicellularity in Cyanobacteria, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11 (2011): 45.].

   ,   ,     ,   ,   . Ƞ   .      [11 - C.Howard Berg, Marvels of Bacterial Behavior, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 150, no. 3 (2006): 428442; Pamela Lyon, The Cognitive Cell: Bacterial Behavior Reconsidered, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6 (2015): 264; Jeffry Stock and Sherry Zhang, The Biochemistry of Memory, Current Biology, 23, no. 17 (2013): R741745.].  , ,   ,       ,         蠫,   ,    .       ,     ,  ,   , ,    .        - , .

             , E. coli[12 -    Escherichia coli.], ,     ,   .        ;   ,      , ,       .       ⠖  ,    .    .    ⠖  ,    . Ӡ       :    .   ,    ,  , , ,    .     ,    ,    ,   .

  ,         ,         .    ,     .   ,       ,  ,     .               ,       ,     ,     .      :     ,   ,    ,  ,    .    ,  ,       ,  ,    .    ,   .

蠖       ,     ,   ,     .     ,  ,    [13 -      ,       , . John Archibald, One Plus One Equals One: Symbiosis and the Evolution of Complex Life (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).      (  )   . ,  ,   .].    1,5     ,   ,   ,      . Ӡ        ,  ,     ,       .

      [14 -     .  Gspr Jkely, Evolution of Phototaxis, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364 (2009): 27952808.  2016.   ,  , , ,   ,              ,   . .Nils Schuergers et al., Cyanobacteria Use Micro-Optics to Sense Light Direction, eLife, 5 (2016): e12620.].        .      ,    .     ,       .        :  ,    .         .      ,   ,    ,   ,    , ,   ,   . Ӡ  ,  ,  -,      ,    .    ,   ,     :   ,      ,  ,   .    ,     ,  ,     .       ,   ,    .

Ӡ       ,     .      E. coli  ,     .    ,   [15 - .Melinda Baker, Peter Wolanin, and Jeffry Stock, Signal Transduction in Bacterial Chemotaxis, BioEssays, 28 (2005): 922.]. ,   ,    ,           ,        .        ,   ,       젖     .   ,    ,     .       ,      .      .

    [16 - .Spencer Nyholm and Margaret McFall-Ngai, The Winnowing: Establishing the Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2 (2004): 632642.].  -      ,     ,      .     ,     ,    ,      ,      .

            堖  . ,    ,     ,       ,    .   ,     -,          ,    .    ,    :       ,     .

    , ,   ,   .   ,          ,   .      .  , ,      .

     ,     ,          ,      [17 -     .   Mind, Matter, and Metabolism, Journal of Philosophy, 113, no. 10 (2016): 481506.].  蠖   .     ,       . Ƞ        ,  蠖        .

  ,    ,    . Ӡ      ,  .    ,   ,       ,   ,     .    ⠖ ,    ,       ,   ,     .

 , ,   ,  [18 - .       : John Tyler Bonner, First Signals: The Evolution of Multicellular Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).             .].  ,             .         .      ,     ,      ,        [19 - . ..,      ,  1954.,     ,        ,     ,   . ,      ,        .  ,       ,   -    . .: Haldane, La Signalisation Animale, Anne Biologique, 58 (1954): 8998.       ,        .          .].            . ,      ,   ,          .         ,  ,          .




 


  ;       [20 - .  : John Maynard Smith and E?rs Szathmry, The Major Transitions in Evolution (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995)     : Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, eds. The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011). Π  ,    , .: Richard Grosberg and Richard Strathman, The Evolution of Multicellularity: A Minor Major Transition? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38 (2007): 621654.     .       Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection (Oxford University Press, 2009).].   ,      ,     .      :     ,  砖  ,   ,     .  ,        ,   .     ,         . ,    ,    ,   .     ,  ,      ,    .   ,    ,   .          ,     [21 -  ,    ,  .     ,   ,        :      ? (Claus Nielsen, Six Major Steps in Animal Evolution: Are We Derived Sponge Larvae? Evolution and Development, 10, no. 2 (2008): 241257).    ,     ,          . .      ( 16 ): Joseph Ryan et al., The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution, Science, 342 (2013): 1242592.].   , , -,   ,       ()      .    ,      ,   .

?  ,     :     [22 - ,   ( )    ,   ,        ( ).  ࠖ     ,   . Ѡ      ,   ?      .      ,     ,     ,   .  ,  蠖  ,         ,    .   ,    (, ,  ) ,     -  ,              .]. Ѡ     .     . 蠖   蠖   .     ,     . Ӡ   ,   ,    . ,       ,    .   ,   ,    ,    .      ,         .

,    ,   ,  蠖       .    堖       ,  .     ,         ,      ,    . ,   ,         蠖        .

 (Ctenophora)     .        ,  ,    .     ,     : , ,   ,   ,  ,  .   ,   ,       .         .       ,     ,        ,   .     ࠖ    ,     ,      .

Ѡ   ,     ,        .       - ,     ,  .    ,  . Ӡ ,    , .  ,     ⠖  ⠖      .         .   , -    ,      ,  [23 -      .   : Sally Leys and Robert Meech, Physiology of Coordination in Sponges, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84, no. 2 (2006): 288306; Leys, Elements of a Nervous System in Sponges, Journal of Experimental Biology, 218 (2015): 581591; Leys et al., Spectral Sensitivity in a Sponge Larva, Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 188 (2002): 199202;  Onur Sakarya et al., A Post-Synaptic Scaffold at the Origin of the Animal Kingdom, PLoS ONE, 2, no. 6 (2007): e506.].

Ӡ     .       ,  ,   ,  , ,    .         . Ӡ ,   ,         ,   .      ,  ,    ,   ,  .




  


     ,        ,   .            .

     . 頖   ,      ,  ,      . 頖    .              .        ( )   ,     .   堖      ,  .        ,      . -       ,     XIX.      .

        蠖    ,     [24 -        :       ,     ,   .  ,      . ,   ,    , ,           Caenorhabditis elegans,  ,      . ,       ()      .]. -,    .   ,       ,  . -,                         .          ,   ,  堖  [25 - ʠ    .: Leonid Moroz, Convergent Evolution of Neural Systems in Ctenophores, Journal of Experimental Biology, 218 (2015): 598611; Michael Nickel, Evolutionary Emergence of Synaptic Nervous Systems: What Can We Learn from the Non-Synaptic, Nerveless Porifera? Invertebrate Biology, 129, no.1 (2010): 116; Toms Ryan and Seth Grant, The Origin and Evolution of Synapses, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10 (2009): 701712.   ⠖ : Benjamin Liebeskind et al., Complex Homology and the Evolution of Nervous Systems, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 31, no. 2 (2016): 127135.   ,     . .Michael Pollan, The Intelligent Plant, New Yorker, December 23, 2013: 93105.].          ,    ,       ,     .

       .       .              . Ӡ     ,  頖    ,      .   ࠖ ,  .      , ,     .       ,   .

         ?   ?   , ,   ,   [26 -           (Fred Keijzer)  . ,  ,   ,         .  ,       .    ,     ,     ,   . , ,    .  ,      ,      ,      , -,       (George Parker, The Elementary Nervous System. Philadelphia and London: J.B.Lippincott, 1919).         蠖 . George Mackie, The Elementary Nervous System Revisited, American Zoologist ( Integrative and Comparative Biology), 30, no. 4 (1990): 907920; Meech and Mackie, Evolution of Excitability in Lower Metazoans, in Invertebrate Neurobiology, ed. Geoffrey North and Ralph Greenspan, 581615 (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2007).      (Gspr Jkely, Origin and Early Evolution of Neural Circuits for the Control of Ciliary Locomotion, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278 (2011): 914922).      ,         : Jkely, Keijzer, and Godfrey-Smith, An Option Space for Early Neural Evolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 370 (2015): 20150181.].      ,     ;   .   ,         .  ,   ,     젖  ,   , ,    (,    ..).  ,    ,        ,  .        .

         - , -,   ,   .     ,      . Ӡ   ,      ,   . ,   ,        頖  ,        .       ,         .    ,   ,  .         ,     - ,    堖    .    [27 - .Fred Keijzer, Marc van Duijn, and Pamela Lyon, What Nervous Systems Do: Early Evolution, Input Output, and the Skin Brain Thesis, Adaptive Behavior, 21, no. 2 (2013): 6785;        : Keijzer, Moving and Sensing Without Input and Output: Early Nervous Systems and the Origins of the Animal Sensorimotor Organization, Biology and Philosophy, 30, no. 3 (2015): 311331.].      ?

 :  ,  ,  - .  -        ,  ,    .        .       ,      ,   .               ⠖  ,  頖   .     .

      ࠖ   .       ,        ,      .      . Ѡ,    ,     .     :    ,  ,    ,      .            .

       [28 -       : David Lewis, Convention: A Philosophical Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).       (Brian Skyrms, Signals: Evolution, Learning, and Information (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).     Sender-Receiver Systems Within and Between Organisms (Philosophy of Science, 81, no. 5 (2014): 866878)          .].    ,         ,     .          1775,  (  )   .                 (,  , 젖 ).     , [29 - . ...]  ,    .

   ,      . Ƞ   .          ,     .   ,   , . ,     ,      .       , ,     ,       ,      . ,       ,      .        ,   , .

      : ࠖ ,   ,     ,  , ,  ,   ,   .      ,    .     ,  -   ,   .    ,        .       .

      ,    .     XX        ,   ,    ,     .     (Chris Pantin),  , 1950-,      (Fred Keijzer)[30 - . C.F.Pantin, The Origin of the Nervous System, Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 28 (1956): 171181; L.M.Passano, Primitive Nervous Systems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 50, no. 2 (1963): 306313;      .].   ,           ,           , ,    .         ,      .   , ,  ,      .     . ߠ          .

  :    ,    ?       ?     .         (),  ,   ,  .      ,    ,  ,    .          ,  ,   ,   ,      ,   , , .      ,      .

,    700   .       蠖       .       ,      .       ,      ,  ,    , ,    - .          ,      .        ,   .







 1946           [31 -   .: Kristin Weidenbach, Rock Star: The Story of Reg Sprigg An Outback Legend (Hindmarsh, South Australia: East Street Publications, 2008; Kindle ed., Adelaide, SA: MidnightSun Publications, 2014).             ࠖ .              (90, ,      ).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/piter-godfri-smit/chuzhoy-razum/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


      ,    Vampyroteuthis infernalis,     ,  ,      .              ,          ,   .




2


      ⠫ .    ,       ,    .    ,      ,  .         ,   ,       :          . ߠ,       (, .     . .2-, . /. . ..  . .. . .: , 2001. .117).      . Robert OHara, Representations of the Natural System in the Nineteenth Century, Biology and Philosophy 6 (1991): 255274.  ,    ,     : .   Philosophy of Biology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).     ,      ,      .    (.: , 2015; . . .).




3


      ,         .




4


     ,       ,   .     ,     ,      ,   . ߠ,      .




5


         ,      .




6


          (William James, Principles of Psychology, vol. I.New York: Henry Holt, 1890, 148;      1902.  . ..    . . .).               젖  ,    . .   A World of Pure Experience, The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 1, no. 2021 (1904): 533543, 561570.




7


          :     (.: URSS, 2013; . . ..). ,           .  ,    ,   ,    ,  .      ,     .




8


. : Roland Dixon, Oceanic Mythology, vol. 9of The Mythology of All Races, ed. Louis Herbert Gray (Boston: Marshall Jones, 1916), 15.    ,   ,    (.: , 2012; . . .),  ,       .




9


  ,    4,567   . Π    .: John Maynard Smith and E?rs Szathmry, The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).      . : Eugene Koonin and William Martin, On the Origin of Genomes and Cells Within Inorganic Compartments, Trends in Genetics, 21, no. 12 (2005): 647654.    , -,         ,    ,   ,       . , ,   ,    , 3,49   , ,   .     ,   ,  ,    .




10


.Bettina Schirrmeister et al., The Origin of Multicellularity in Cyanobacteria, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11 (2011): 45.




11


C.Howard Berg, Marvels of Bacterial Behavior, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 150, no. 3 (2006): 428442; Pamela Lyon, The Cognitive Cell: Bacterial Behavior Reconsidered, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6 (2015): 264; Jeffry Stock and Sherry Zhang, The Biochemistry of Memory, Current Biology, 23, no. 17 (2013): R741745.




12


   Escherichia coli.




13


     ,       , . John Archibald, One Plus One Equals One: Symbiosis and the Evolution of Complex Life (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).      (  )   . ,  ,   .




14


    .  Gspr Jkely, Evolution of Phototaxis, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364 (2009): 27952808.  2016.   ,  , , ,   ,              ,   . .Nils Schuergers et al., Cyanobacteria Use Micro-Optics to Sense Light Direction, eLife, 5 (2016): e12620.




15


.Melinda Baker, Peter Wolanin, and Jeffry Stock, Signal Transduction in Bacterial Chemotaxis, BioEssays, 28 (2005): 922.




16


.Spencer Nyholm and Margaret McFall-Ngai, The Winnowing: Establishing the Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2 (2004): 632642.




17


    .   Mind, Matter, and Metabolism, Journal of Philosophy, 113, no. 10 (2016): 481506.




18


.       : John Tyler Bonner, First Signals: The Evolution of Multicellular Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).             .




19


. ..,      ,  1954.,     ,        ,     ,   . ,      ,        .  ,       ,   -    . .: Haldane, La Signalisation Animale, Anne Biologique, 58 (1954): 8998.       ,        .          .




20


.  : John Maynard Smith and E?rs Szathmry, The Major Transitions in Evolution (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995)     : Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, eds. The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011). Π  ,    , .: Richard Grosberg and Richard Strathman, The Evolution of Multicellularity: A Minor Major Transition? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 38 (2007): 621654.     .       Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection (Oxford University Press, 2009).




21


 ,    ,  .     ,   ,        :      ? (Claus Nielsen, Six Major Steps in Animal Evolution: Are We Derived Sponge Larvae? Evolution and Development, 10, no. 2 (2008): 241257).    ,     ,          . .      ( 16 ): Joseph Ryan et al., The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution, Science, 342 (2013): 1242592.




22


,   ( )    ,   ,        ( ).  ࠖ     ,   . Ѡ      ,   ?      .      ,     ,     ,   .  ,  蠖  ,         ,    .   ,    (, ,  ) ,     -  ,              .




23


     .   : Sally Leys and Robert Meech, Physiology of Coordination in Sponges, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84, no. 2 (2006): 288306; Leys, Elements of a Nervous System in Sponges, Journal of Experimental Biology, 218 (2015): 581591; Leys et al., Spectral Sensitivity in a Sponge Larva, Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 188 (2002): 199202;  Onur Sakarya et al., A Post-Synaptic Scaffold at the Origin of the Animal Kingdom, PLoS ONE, 2, no. 6 (2007): e506.




24


       :       ,     ,   .  ,      . ,   ,    , ,           Caenorhabditis elegans,  ,      . ,       ()      .




25


ʠ    .: Leonid Moroz, Convergent Evolution of Neural Systems in Ctenophores, Journal of Experimental Biology, 218 (2015): 598611; Michael Nickel, Evolutionary Emergence of Synaptic Nervous Systems: What Can We Learn from the Non-Synaptic, Nerveless Porifera? Invertebrate Biology, 129, no.1 (2010): 116; Toms Ryan and Seth Grant, The Origin and Evolution of Synapses, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10 (2009): 701712.   ⠖ : Benjamin Liebeskind et al., Complex Homology and the Evolution of Nervous Systems, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 31, no. 2 (2016): 127135.   ,     . .Michael Pollan, The Intelligent Plant, New Yorker, December 23, 2013: 93105.




26


          (Fred Keijzer)  .

 ,  ,   ,         .  ,       .    ,     ,     ,   . , ,    .  ,      ,      ,      , -,       (George Parker, The Elementary Nervous System. Philadelphia and London: J.B.Lippincott, 1919).         蠖 . George Mackie, The Elementary Nervous System Revisited, American Zoologist ( Integrative and Comparative Biology), 30, no. 4 (1990): 907920; Meech and Mackie, Evolution of Excitability in Lower Metazoans, in Invertebrate Neurobiology, ed. Geoffrey North and Ralph Greenspan, 581615 (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2007).      (Gspr Jkely, Origin and Early Evolution of Neural Circuits for the Control of Ciliary Locomotion, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278 (2011): 914922).      ,         : Jkely, Keijzer, and Godfrey-Smith, An Option Space for Early Neural Evolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 370 (2015): 20150181.




27


.Fred Keijzer, Marc van Duijn, and Pamela Lyon, What Nervous Systems Do: Early Evolution, Input Output, and the Skin Brain Thesis, Adaptive Behavior, 21, no. 2 (2013): 6785;        : Keijzer, Moving and Sensing Without Input and Output: Early Nervous Systems and the Origins of the Animal Sensorimotor Organization, Biology and Philosophy, 30, no. 3 (2015): 311331.




28


      : David Lewis, Convention: A Philosophical Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).       (Brian Skyrms, Signals: Evolution, Learning, and Information (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).     Sender-Receiver Systems Within and Between Organisms (Philosophy of Science, 81, no. 5 (2014): 866878)          .




29


. ...




30


. C.F.Pantin, The Origin of the Nervous System, Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 28 (1956): 171181; L.M.Passano, Primitive Nervous Systems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 50, no. 2 (1963): 306313;      .




31


  .: Kristin Weidenbach, Rock Star: The Story of Reg Sprigg An Outback Legend (Hindmarsh, South Australia: East Street Publications, 2008; Kindle ed., Adelaide, SA: MidnightSun Publications, 2014).             ࠖ .              (90, ,      ).


