  .     
  


       ()  ,    ,         .

    ,      ,      ,     .        ,          .       ,      .            ,        ,              .        ,       ,     ,        .                .             .

       ,      .            ,     ,   .





  .     



 .     , 2014



  .                        ,         ,           .











    (      )  ,     .

     ,       ,         ,    ,       [Mead, Morrison, 1996].   ,   ,   ,     ..         ,    ,      ,     .  ,   .  ,      :        ,                .      ,        -    . ,               [Perry et al., 2007].           ,          .  , ,  ,   ,       .

          .             , , .           .     ,           .               .

             -  ,    .        : ,  .,  ,                       .          ,  ,     [Kanbur, 2009, p. 2].

,        .             ,      [Oviedo et al., 2009].  ,    -      , , .          ,   .,    ,    ,      [Packard et al., 2012].

           .    ,   ,    . ,    ,     (),         ,   ,            ,     ,   ,     [ILO, 2002].         ,       ,         ,       [OECD, 2004, 2008].              ,      ,         [Packard et al., 2012][1 -    ,          :        ,        (),           (, ),      .].    ,  ,         ,     -    ( ,    ,      ),            .

  ,      ,      ,     .      ,  .   ,      ,      .       ,      ,     .    .

   (     , .. , )    XIX       ,     ,        ,     ..            .                       .

          ,  . [, 1990],    ,       ,              (   ).              ,         . ,    ,       .    ,            ,  ,         [2 -      ,   19501970- ,        ,               ,             (    ).     ,       ,  .             . ,  2005.     .           ,       .    .   .  ,    , ,         ,          ,                     [Hart, 2006].              . ,           [Lipton, 1984],              .      ,           .].

        ,    ,     .   .,        ,      ,  :          ,    ,   ,    ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    ,        ,    .       ,      ,     ,          [Hart, 2006, p. 5].        ,      ,       .     ,    ,    ,        ,      [3 - ,                .].

         ,     [Levenson, Maloney, 1998],  :    ,    (   ),  ,  ,       ..       ,       (    ).  ,              ,       ,     ( ,   ,       ..).                     .

                .  ,          :       ;   ;   ; , ,    [Hart, 2006]. :     (,  )      ,      (, )          . :          ( ,    ..),        (       ,            ). :                 (  ,     ..). :        ,        (          ).    ,         ,         .

 ,       ,       .            : ,   ,    1,8       1,2      [OECD, 2009].

       ?  -  :             .           .  ,       ,      .       ,              [Perry et al., 2007].  ?

-,       .       ,          .          ,    ,      .         (  ,   ,     ),    .  ,             .

-,        .  ,  ,    ,  ,     ,     .         .      ,      . ,          ,     .

-,        .        ,   ,      .   ,    .  , , .        ,        .        ,       .            .       ,         .

    ,    . ,       .       ,        ,         .

                 .          .

 ,        ,    . -        ,       .     ,             .                     .

    ,      .

-,     ,      .      ,         .       ,       ,   ,  ,   ,      .           .

-, ,      ,        .        ,      .      ,      .

-,      ,        ,    .    ,               , , -,   .  ,              .           . ,     .            ,           ,     .

    ,   ,         (   )  819 ,    19982011.      ,   ,            2009.               .

        :      ()   19992011.;         .

 .    , 11 ,       ,  ,   .

 1            .          ,          .     ,  ,  ,     .       ()   ,        .        ,           .        .

 2        .    ,   ,    ,       .              ,  / ,    ,    ,    .            .

  3           19992011.   .          ,        - .                        .

 4       ,      . -,       . -,      .         ,   2009.      ,                        .

  5        ()         .               ,     ()    ,     ()  .                 ,     .                .         ,       .

     ,          .          ,             .

  6   .   2001.      ,            .          ,               .         (..    ,    )     ,          .

        ,                       . ,         ( ,   )   .

  7           .     ,   ,     ,       . ,     ,    ,          .

 8      ,       .       ,    4.      (20002010.)           ,     10    . ,  ,   ,        .

               .                      .                . ,       20002010.           ,      (  ) .

   ,          ,    .             .      9.     ,       20%  ,     .               .

   ,            ,     .     .         ,       .    ,      ,     .               .

  10     ,         ;      .   (    ,    ,    ,                )       ,         .      ,                 ,  ,        .    ,           .

 11               .        ,        .        ,       .   ,       23-    ,        .

        ,   ,     ,   ,   ,   ,      :        ,      2000- ,     .     ,       :    ,       .

    .         ,       ()        .          (2005),    :    (2007)   : , ,  (2011). ,             ,       [4 - .: http://www.hse.ru/org/hse/wp/wp3].

 .             ,  ,   ,   .               (20102012.).     ( 4  6)            :    ,   2009.  .  ..

        ,      .     ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .  .,    ,     .

          .           ,          ,             .  ..           ,  ,  .  .        ().

            ,       ,    ,      .    .,        ,  .,      .             WP3   .    .       .

    ?  , ,    ,       .   ,      ,        .  ,        -      ,      ,        .

        ,   ,  ,  ,     .







 .   //  . . .: , 1990.

Hart K. Formal Bureaucracy and the Emergent Forms of the Informal Economy // Linking the Formal and the Informal Economy: Concepts and Policie / ed. by B.Guha-Khasnobis, R.Kanbur, E.Ostrom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

ILO. Decent Work and the Informal Economy. Report of the Director-General; International Labour Conference, 90th Session; ReportVI. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2002.

Kanbur R. ConceptualisingInformality: Regulation and Enforcement: IZA Discussion Paper 4186. Bonn: IZA, 2009.

LevensonA.R., MaloneyW.F. TheInformal Sector, Firm Dynamics, and Institutional Participation: Policy Research Working Paper 1988. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1998.

Lipton M. Family, Fungibility and Formality: Rural Advantages of Informal Non-Farm Enterprise versus the Urban-Formal State // S.Amin (ed.) Human Resources, Employment and Development. Vol. 5: Developing Countries. L.: McMillan, 1984.

MeadC., Morrisson C. TheInformal Sector Elephant // World Development. Vol. 24. 10. P. 16111619.

OECD. Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD, 2004.

OECD. Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD, 2008.

OECD. IsInformal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries / ed. by J.P. J?tting, J.R. de Laiglesia. Paris: OECD, 2009.

OviedoA.M., ThomasM.R., Karakurum-Ozdemir K. EconomicInformality: Causes, Costs, and Policies  A Literature Survey: World Bank Working Paper 167. Washington, DC: The World Bank. 2007.

PackardT., KoettlJ., MontenegroC.E. In From the Shadow: Integrating Europes Informal Labor. WashingtonD.C.: World Bank, 2012.

PerryG., MaloneyW., AriasO., FajnzylberP., MasonA., Saavedra-Chanduvi J. Informality: Exit and Exclusion. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2007.




 1.    :   





1.1. 


         ,      .

  ,      ,     .,       [Hart, 1973].         ,  ,      (  )    .        ,         ,         .                  () [ILO, 1972].              .          ,           ,            (-93).   ,  ,         ,       ,   .      ,  ,     ,        .

 .     -  .                      ,       ,      .            .                 ,       .   ,       ,      .  1960-   1970-             5060% [Hart, 2006].

  ,      ,             .          ,  :   ,   ,     ,  ,  ,       ..         ,      .

           ( )     ,  ,     .            ,            ,       .       ,        ,      . (   ,          ,        ,       .)  ,    ,        ,           ,      [OECD, 2009; Feld, Schneider, 2010].

       ,     ,    [Maloney, 2004].

        .  .  ,       .  .      ,     .         , ,             [ILO, 2002].

  ,               ,     , , ,             ,        . ,  ,                     [Maloney, 2004, . 1159].       ,        ,        .

-  ,      ,        .        ,       ,  , ,    .     (   !)   ,   ,        .     (  ,   )       ,     ,                    .                 .

      (    ,   )    ,   ,     :       ,     ,      [ILO, 2002].     ,   .    ,     ,   ,   ,             [Kucera, Ronkolato, 2008, p. 326].          ,     ( )     (.. )  .  ,                ,                .            ( ) .

        .      ,        .,      [Fields, 1990].   ,        ,     ,  .  ,  ,          ,     .

    ,       ,       ,      .     ,    .         ,        .                 .          ,      .         ,             ,       .        , , ,     , ,    .        .




1.2.    


              .          (    ) ,            (               ).       ,       (),    ,       , ..  .     ,    ,             .

          .    (  )          (  )     ?             ,   ,         ,       (,   )[5 -              . ,    ,   ,        ,           , ..      .                .          ,                 .]?            .

  ,      ,           ,              .            ,           ,                [, 2003].

     ()         .      ()  ,                           [Taubman, Wachter 1986; Leontaridi, 1998].        (    )     .  ,              (    ),     ()           .

.         ,    : 1)        ; 2)            ; 3)     ,           ,   ; 4)           ,              [Wachter, 1974].

       -,            [Fields, 2009].       ,   ,    ,    ,        ,          ..[6 -          . ,     ,   ,            ,              ,    .    /,          ,              .           .]    ,     ,    ,   .    ?      ?              ?

        ,         ,         .  ,      .                    . ,         ,  ,    ,        .    ,          :   ,           (  ),       .

   ,        (, ,  ,    ),      (,  ,   ,    ).            ,        ,  .               (        ),    ,                ,    .             .         .   , -                .  , -                  .

  ,        ,   :      (  ,      -   ,    ),   .               :                          ()  ,        ,  -          ()   [Taubman, Wachter, 1986; Fields, 2009].

          ?    ,       ,          .   .,          ,          -      ,                ,   ,      -       [Mazumdar, 1976, p. 656].               ,  ,     .  ,              ,  ,   ,      ( );        ;         ..    ,          ,                 .

 ,      .       ,    ,          [Fields, 2004a].        ()   ,       . ,         ,    .        ,   ,  ,  ,   .           ;    ;        () ;         ,         (  ,                    );     .      :     ,       .          .

              ,     .     ,   ,        ,   ,            .             ;     ,      ,    ;    ,   ,      .    ,            ,       :     ,         ,       .           ()      .

  ,       ,  ,      ,                    .   ,      ,          .

,    ,                .     ,       ,       ,       .          ,               ,            ,      . ,          ;                   .  ,        .

,           .       ,          :          ,   .  ,                   .      ,  ,         .          ;        ; ,       ,    [Fields, 2004a].

         ?    ,        ,            ,  .   ,                     ,    .        .

         ,       , ..       ,  - .  ,       ,   , ,       -  [7 -    ,              [Sudarshan, Unni, 2003].].         ,           .              ,       ,            , ,    .

              - [Fields, 2004].

1.   .    ,               .      .1.1.

,          ,        .       ,    .     ,          ,   .     .1.1         (W


),      (W


).           D


,      D


.         O


  O


.        ,     W


      D


  D


.     O


E       O


E    .             ,       .






.1.1.    



 ,                D


  D


',       .           ,    ,        ,    .        W





(W





>W


),          O


E',      O


E'.

 ,                    , ..       ,     .

2. .       ,   .1.2. ,           W


,         (W


 > W


).         O


E' ,   EE'            ,         .             W,         ,  (W


  W).  ,    ,     .           .






.1.2.     



             ,    ,  ,       .           (D


)     (W


)     (, ,      ,           ),        ,            .          W  W


.                    W      W


.  ,                           ,       .

3.   .           ,     . ,    .               .

,          : ,     ,     (          ,        ).   ,       ,    ,           . -       ,   . ,   ,  .

,   ,  :          W


  ,     ,         W


   ,        . (, ,        ,        .)         ,               ,            [Harris, Todaro, 1970].  ,           ,        .

,             p  (1  p).     ,    ,  W


,   ,    ,    

W


 p+0  (1-p)=W


  p.

         ,    [8 - ,      ,    ,        , ..         .]W


= W


 p.

   :              ,     (   ). (   :        ,    ;    ,         ;       ,    .)                (    ),    :   ,  ,        ,     ,     ,    ;  ,  ,     ,     ,     ,    .

4.   .    ,                .            .

,   ,       ,    .    ,            W


(W


< W


). ,              q  (1  q).    ,     ,   :

W


  p+W


 (1 p)q+0(1 p)  (1-q)=W


  p+W


(1-p)q.

          ,     : W


= W


 p + W


 (1-p)  q.

       ,       . ,           ,      ,    ,      ,     ,       .    ,    ,   ,      ,  ,      ,   ,      .      ,        ,    [Fields, 2004a].   ,      (,       )            :    ()   ,     ,      . (,       ,    .)

      :  ,                    (W


 < W


),          (W


 < W


).  ,       ,              . ,         ,           (        ).                    -        .

5.    .                 .   , ,  .                  ,      (,      ).   .,         ,      ;   ,       ,    [Hart, 1973, p. 68].

       . [Fields, 1990]        .      (easy-entry),             .  (upper-tier)     -.          ( ,   ,     ..),     .        -,   .

      ,    ,          .              (       ),            .                  ,              ,     . ,        (    )  ,          .

6.     .             ,             .            ,   .                 . ,        ,     ,  .

, ,             .    ,   ,      ,        .   ,     ,   ,                ,         ,     .    ,    ,    ,      ,   .

      ,   .   ,    ,    ,      .  ,     , :   ,    ;              ,         ;           (, ,        );              ( ,        );     ,          ,   ,   -    ; ..      ,   ,      ,    .

             :     ,         . ,         , . (      ) ,     , ,         [Maloney, 2004].

                 .   ,         .1.1     ,   ,       ,     ,           ,    ,    .

  .   ,   ()         ,       ,      .        ,       .        ,       ()         [Leontaridi, 1998; Williams, 2009].

   ,            .          ,   .   ,   ,   ,        ;  ,     ,     , ,   ,          .  ,    (    )      / .            .    ,    ,    :        - .

             .           .           ,      .        ,          .    ,                   ,       .

                ,        , ,   .          ,      ,     ,   [Williams, 2009].

            .                   ,     .      , ,   ,        .      ,  :        ,             ,       [Ibid].

      ,     ,       .




1.3.    


 ,    ,     :                      .        ,     ,      ( ,   )     .

               :  ,    ;  ,    ;   ,     ..     , , ,                ( ,   )     .

        ,           :     ;    ;              ,   ;                     ;            .

 ,          ,     .    ,           , ,     . (              , ..     .)         ,      (),  - ,        (  ),   (     )  ..                 ,   ,    ,    ,       ..  , ,   ,      ,      ,     ,      .

,    .              (       ..),    (       ..)        (        ,      ,     ..).        (   ),      ,           ,     .  ,        ,          ,          . (        .)

  ,         ,   ,                    .         ,       C


,        B


. (  ,       ,          .)

1.,             (C


)           q.  ,       W


,     .           ,     .     ,     (Ef),          (W


+ C


).  ,                 P


,                :

P<P* = E


=W


+ q  C


=W


 + q  C


.

                  P


.  ,         (  ,  ,     ..)     [9 -        ,    ,     .               .  ()          .].     ,      ( P < P


),     .

2. ,        .        ,      ,   ,       .   , ,      (B


)      ,         ,    . (,            ,         .)                 ,         (B


  C


 < 0).  ,         [10 - ,        ,           .  ,           , ,    ,      .]:

P < P


 =W


 >(W


  C


)+B


 =W


 +B


.

         P


          ,      [11 -        ,     (    ,      ..)     ,            ,    ,      ,   ,        ,  ,    .].      ,             (  ,  ,     ..).

        .1.3,            [Boeri, Garibaldi, 2005].          ,    ()      .    ,      ,        ( ),     ( );      .       U


,    U


.     ,           ,       (    ),         (   U


 ,   U


).  , ,                     (,          ).






.1.3.              



    U


  U


      P


,       : ,       ,     , ,     ,  .          (    .1.3         ),         ()   (    .1.3         ).

  [Perry et al., 2007]            (exclusion),        (exit).   /            (,    ,         ).        ,      ,     .          ,          ,        .       :  ,      ,       .

          (,    ,          ).        ,      ,         (         ).         :     ,            .           .

             ( )   ( ). ,                 [Kucera, Ronkolato, 2008].                  .          ,       ,    ,  頖   [12 -  ,          ,  ,      .  ,           ,        ().].          :             , , ,         .                   .

  ,         , B


,      , V


.           , ,    ,       ,     ( B


 > W


  B


 > V


)    ( V


 > W


  V


 > B


).

         ,        . , -,        (,       ); -,                     (    ,       ..); -,    (,            ); -,      (,         ,  ); -,    .

, ,      ,     ,  .   ,            ,  - ,   . ,       .                     ,      ,          ,   .

 ,       ,          :        ,      - ;        ,   ;       ,      ..          ,            ,    .

,     ,       ,      . (,       ,          ,       .)

     ,        ,      .      . :            ,           . :             ,        ,     ,             ,      ,  .. [Hazans, 2011a].

                .   ,                 :    , ,  ,      .           ,        .        ,           .         ,      ,    ( ),      ,         ( ).

 , ,        , ,  .      ,             [Schneider, 2012]. ,                ,                   .




1.4.  :   


 ,           .       ,           [Perry et al., 2007; Oviedo et al., 2007].

1.,      ,  -                      ( )  .        ( 8090%)     5   .        .      ,   ,      ,          .

2.       ()          .     -      ,    .              [Andrews et al., 2011].

3.    ,     , ,   .. ,           .                     .  ,         ,     .  ,      :        .

4.     ,    ,            .   ,    -       ,  -   ,     ,      .    ,       , ,    .

5. ,        ,      ,        .         ,       ,           (,    ).        (   ),       ()    () .        .

6. ,      ,          .        ,     ,              .  ,                      .

7.      .    ,       ,   ,   ,        .      ,     .  , -,            , -,      ,  -        () .          .        :         ,     ,    .                  ,        .   ,           ,      .

8.       (..   ),                   , ,  ,  ,   ..     -      .

9.      ,  ,        ,    ,          .          .

 ,           ,       ,   ,  ,   .   ,           -      .  ,           ,      .         . ,   ,              .   -      ,                 40%       70% [Farrell et al., 2003].

        ,     .     ,             .  ,      ,      .

1.        ,            .        ,      ,           .  ,               .    ,  ,        ,   .          . ,    (    )      .          .        ,          [Perry et al., 2007].          ,           [13 -      ,     ,  , ,         ,   -     ,     ,   ,        [Perry et al., 2007].].

2.  ,                 ,      .      (  )       (   ).                 .

3.                  .            ,   .              .         (    )   (    ),           . ,      ,  ,     , ,         . ,  ,   ,     1 ..      3,6 .. [Perry et al., 2007].

4.      ,    ,          [Andrews et al., 2011].             ,   ,   ,           -   ,    .                    ,            .         .   ,    ,    ,    ,     .

5.  ,       ,    ,   ,      .          -  -  ; ,           ,     ;       .

6.         ,         .             ,       .  ,      ,            .           ,          .  ,              ; ,       ,    ; ,     ,  ..              ,              .

7. ,            ,       ,  ,          .    ,             . , ,    ,          ,    ,    . , ,  ,        ,      .       ,       (,   .).               [Morduch, 1999].

8.,           .        , ,   ,         .  ,        ,         .               , ,    ,         .

,        .            ,    ,               .         ,      - ,     - ,     .   ,     ,             [Oviedo et al., 2007].




1.5.  


         ,      [OECD, 2009].       ,      .     ,                .         .     [, 2008],                          .         .

,          ,    .            ,  ,         ,        .               .       :  ,          ,          ;    ,   .  ,             .          .

   .       ?          .   ,   .,        ,            ( )    [, 1990].       :            .       ,     ,        ,    .        .

-,         (,    ) ,   , , ,            . -,                   .          ,    . -,     ,      ,          ,    . -,              ,   ,              ,   . -,    ,    ,    ,   ,             ,         . -,           ,    ( ,      ,     ,    ..).  ,     ,      .

                        [14 -           ,    .              ,    (    )    ,           .              ,          .        .   ,            ,      ,     ,     ,    .   ,         ,        ,      ,                .         ,         .].    -  ,        ,           .      (    ),     .

           ,                  [Pieper, 2000].                  .         [OECD, 2009; Oviedo et al., 2007; Fialova, Schneider, 2011].   ,            :   ,  ?      .      ,               ,  ,    ,  ,     .          ,      :     , ,  ,      ,     [OECD, 2009].

    ,   ,        ,     ,    ,    :            .           (   ,   )     , , ,     .         ,         ,    ,            .  ,           .

      ,        /         ,       ;       ;       .               ,    .      : 1)               (  ,     [Betcherman, 2002]); 2)       ,       ; 3)            ,        ; 4)               (,     ),          ,       ; 5)      ,     ,           ,         [OECD, 2009].

        . ,     , . [Lewis, 1954]  ,         ()      .   ,       , ,         .          ,        ( )  .   ,            ,    ,     (   ,     ..).

         .  .,            [Harris, Todaro, 1970].  ,         ,  .        ,    (   )      .     ,         , ,   ,     ,   ,   ,    .          ,          .             -      . ,   ,    ,   :  ,    .   ,      ,   :             (  .), , ,       ,              .

         .     [, 2004].    ,            ,  ,          .        -      (      ),      .      -  , -,    ,           , , -,       ,       , ,       .   ,  .       ..   ,         ,    ,     (   )         [Fields, 2004b].    -  ,  -   -,       ,           .

   ,    ,       , ,            ,     .               ,       ,     .             ,  ,   [OECD, 2009; Andrews et al., 2011; Scheider, 2012].  ,                 . ,                 ,    ( )   .

,      ,        ,          .    ,      ,            [Chen, 2006].

  ,               (      ),            ,        .

     ,     ,        . -,               (    ),        (   ).       ,  , ,           ,    ,  ,  ,     ,          . -,                ,                . -,        ,       .                        ,    . -,      (  ,   )       ,       ,     [Hazans, 2011a]. -,  -          ,       ( ,      )        . -,                ( ,   ),                . -,                ,                   .                        .  ,          .      ,    ,        [Gereffi, 1994].       .                ,        [OECD, 2009]. ,     ,            ,  . ,     ,                     ,     [Hu, 2004]. ,        IT-  ,          [Linking the Formal and the Informal Economy, 2006].     , ,          ,        [Sassen, 2009].

  .           ,      ,    ,     .     ,    ,     ?  ,     ,   .

  ( ,   )          .           .   [, 2008].    ,             ,     .      [OECD, 2009; Oviedo et al., 2007],           .

          ,     ,  ,      , ,    .        ,             ,     .       ,  ,       .               (, ),     -  (,      ).

                     [Perry et al., 2007].   ,          ( ,       ..)           (   ,  ,    ..).    ,     [OECD, 2009].     ,        ,       .

             ,  ,  ,    .          ,    , ,       .   ,         ( ,        ,  ,        ),      .

,             , ..  ,    .   ,    ,       ,   .                    .

  ,        ,       . [Hazans, 2011b].

   ().     ,    .        ,    (     )   .                     [15 -               .    ,               ,  ,   ,     .           ,    .].         ,       (   )       .  ,          ,     .       ,                            (   ) [Boeri et al., 2011].

   ().              ,      (.. )   [Bertola, 1990; Lazear, 1990].          (.. ,    )      ;       (  )  ;         ,                 . ,     (      ,      [16 - .: [   , 2007].])       .        ,    ,             (   )    (  ).       ,   .           ,   ,  ,          .         ()     ,         .

 .     ,     ,      ,   333   , ..      .                    .                  ,     [Zahariev, 2003].      , ,    .   -     ,       .          ,    ,    .     ,   ,     ,            .             ,          .

     ().      ,          , ,  ,          .  ,   ,     ,    ,  (         ,  ,     ..),            .          .        ,         .                ,  , ,   -.           ;   ,     ,             .  ,       ,  ,   ,        (   ).

    .   ,                     .        .           .   ,           .         ,               .   ,                   .     ,        ,     .     ,   ,       ,      .

 .             .                 ,          ,      333   .         ..         ,        ,    ,     ,      .  ,                              .   ,  ,    , ;            ,       .              (  ),        .

                   .   ,               ,        . (     ,   ,    ,    ,  -     .)               ,             [Leibfritz, 2011; Torgler, 2011].

 .               , ,  ,        ,    ( ,     ).      ,      .         .              ,           .   ,            [17 -        ,         ,            .        ,    /  .       .].

  .           ,          ,        ,    .  ,      ,  ,        .    ,      ,       .

    .         ,                      .             ,             (  , ,  -              ). ,         ,     .            .

  .        ,    ,     .         ,      ,   ..            ,            .        ,      ,    :      .         .       ,        ,      .  ,     , ,             .

    .     ,   ,       (    ..),      .                 .     ,          ,    .     ,        ,        .    () ,         .

    .          ,       ,        .

   .          ,         ,       .        ,         .                    ,        ()         ().   ,                   .      ,  ,         ,   ,       .                  .

, ,      ,  ,   .           ,      . ,        ,     ,    ,    .         ,  .

  .      .            ,     . , ,       ,     ,      .                 ,       ( ,   ..)    .           ( ,  ,    ..):        ,    .

            ,      [Perry et al., 2007].       ,    ,   ;          ,       ;  ,    ,        ,        .   ,                    ,  ,    ..       ,  ,    ,   .    ,    ,               .

    ,             .     ,        ,    .

     .    ,   ,                (  , 333,   ..),     .      ,    .

  ,     ,         . ,                      ,         ,           .            ( ) ,     ,     ()      , ..       .      ,   ,       .             ,         ,          .    ,      ,   ,    .

          (.1.4),      [Andvig, 1991; Bardhan, 1997]      [Packard et al., 2012].       ,    ,        . (     frequency-dependent equilibria.)

    (N)  (  )  ,    .        ,       .  F  I                    .






.1.4.  :  



      F    I,                    ,       .           (   ) ,         .                ,    ( I    F).         ( I  ).    ,        ,          .   -        ,    .

          .     ,           .        ,   ,         , ,      ( N )    (N ).      ( N)       ,         .   ,   ,  ,            (   ).          (tipping point),       .

   .1.4   . ,       ,    .    ,        .     ,    ,         ,       (,  ,     ,  ;           ..).  ,    ,     ,     ( )   .          .     ,  ,        ,   .

 ,             ,   ,        [18 -     ,          ,  .  . [Earle, Sabirianova-Peter, 2002; 2009].                         1990- .        (          )        .         -,         .].

    .    ,         ,      .          , , ?           ?       ,               [Bosch, Maloney, 2008; Fiess et al., 2008].    ,  ,             ,      .

             .           (underemployment).   ,              .              ,   ,       .               ,      .

     ,     ,     :         .              .      ,               ,   .

  ,            ,   , .. .               ,   . (          ,   .  , ,     ,    .)            ,   ,      .  ,         ,   ,      .             .

,           ,     .      ,                   (, ,    )         .  -   ,           (     ),      ,    .

,     ,             ,        .        .        (. ).   ,          ,      ( ),    ,     .   ,                              ( ).      :    -                 ,         ,       [Hazans, 2011a]. ,              ,             ,     .

  ,           -.   ,        ( ),    :         .        ( ),    ,         .  ,    ,    ,      . -    ,     ,    ,  ,  . ,          ,       .         .             , ..   .    ,       , ,        ,    ,       .

  ,     (       )  .  ,     ,        ,        .   ,          ,       .

, ,                      . ,         ,     .       ,      .          ,          ( ,   ),      [Packard et al., 2012].

 ,  ,           .  ,       20082009.    (   ),              .   ,           ,    ,     20082009.         ,    [Ibid].

      ,          .        ,                 .




1.6. 


      ,     .        ;       ,     ,  .       .            -    .                .        ,  :      ,     ,     (),      .        ,       .

    ,        ,    ,          70-               ,         .

               .         ,         .       /      .         .               ,      .        ,     ,    ,     (   )     .  ,    .

             :   .        ., .  , ..  ,          ,     ,          .          ,          .

          ,    .         ,      ,    .       ,   .           ( ) .

,        ,       .  ,       ,    ,  , ,       ,  ..

            ,          .    (  )     ( )      (  )     ?               (..  )     ( )     ,       (,   )?

  ()         ,            .     ,            .        .               .         ,      ,   .        :        .

                .  ,  ,        .        ?          ,      .

                  . -,     :     ,      .        ,   ,          .         ,      ,     .

       ,        ,      .     ,            .    ,               (,     ,              ..).                  :      ,  ,   .           ,        .       :    ( )      ,    ( )  ,        .

   ,          ,               .  ,      ,          ,            .

    ,          ,       .     ?         .    ,          ,          .      , ,      .  ,             .

         ,    .            ,  ,         ,        .

         ,      .      ,    ,      ,          .







 .. :  .     . .:  , 2003.

 .   //  . . .: , 1990.

   :    /  . .., ... .: .   , 2007.

. .  .    // . 2008. (SotoH. de. The Other Path: TheInvisible Revolution in the Third World. N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1989.)

. .  .            . .: -, 2004. (SotoH. de. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. N.Y.: Basic Books, 2000.)

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Bertola G. Job Security, Employment and Wages // European Economic Review. 1990. 34. . 851886.

Betcherman G. An Overview of Labor Markets World-wide: Key Trends and Major PolicyIssues. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2002.

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FiessN.M., FugazzaM., MaloneyW.F. Informality and Macroeconomic Fluctuations. IZA Discussion Paper 3519. Bonn: IZA, 2008.

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HarrisJ., Todaro M. Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two Sector Analysis // American Economic Review. 1970. Vol. 40. 1. P. 126142.

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ILO. Employment, Incomes and Equality. A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya. Geneva: ILO, 1972.

ILO. Decent Work and the Informal Economy. Report of the Director-General. International Labour Conference, 90


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 2.  : , ,  





2.1. 


         .       :        ;    ;     .      ,  ,  ,       .                 .

            . , ,   ,      ,   .        (          , , )  ,     .                     .  ,        .    ,          (  )      ,        . ( , , ,    ,                      .)

        .    ,       ,   ,    ,        ( ).       ,        .   ,                 .

     ,              1970-     .,           [Hart, 1973].             .          ,           .             ,    ,    .    ,          ,    ,      .             .

       1993. 15-     (),              [ILO, 1993].    ,   ,    (productive),                ().

             ,   .           (  2000- ) 17-       ,      [ILO, 2003]. ,   ,    (legalistic),                ,     .

          ,      ,     .   -      ,        .          ,     ,      ,             ,         .  ,    ,      ,           .

                ,  / ,    ,    ,    .

     ,            .    ,       ,          .            5%       [, 2012].

         .  ,                 ,     (     ),       ..      ,       ,          [Henley et al, 2006].  ,             .           ,  ,                 .

    ,    .         ,        .  3     .  4    ,         .    .




2.2.  :  


 ,                ( ,  ,  ,    ..).                   .         ,  ,  ,    1990- ,   ,    2000- .           ,         .

            .        15-   1993. [ILO, 1993].  ,     ,          ().

       ( )     ().   (,  ,  )     (),   ,    .          ,       ,             [Hussmanns, 2004][19 -              ,             [Hussmanns, 2004].].

 ,               (),       .   15- ,        ,      ,               ,           ,              ,           .

    ,         , ,    ,      . : 1)     ; 2)  ,  ,   ..; 3)    (..    ); 4)    (, , ),            (,     .  4.42-4.45).   ,     ,       .

   ,   ,      . , -,       (    ) , -,   .      15-        (   )  / [20 -         - (own-account workers):            ,        ,       [ILO, 1993].].   ,     ,  ,    ,    .    ,    ,  :     ,       /              [ILO, 2002, . 122][21 -    ,    .,        ()     ,     ,                [Hussmanns, 2004].              ()  ,     ,            ()  .].

        ,  ,  .           (   )      . (    ,     -        .)  ,            ,                  .       ,    54  , ,    2000-   33-                  (     )    21-    (      ) [ILO, 2002, . 10].

   ,      ,         ,   [CSO/India, 1999].       :                10, 20    .          ,       ,      10       5 .      ,          10 .. [ILO, 2002].

 15-      ,    ,           .  ,   , : 1)       ,          ; 2)   (, ,   ..)           ,      ; 3)                  (       ,      ,    ,    ); 4) ,   ,  ,          (     ,      ) [ILO, 1993].

       .             ,        ; -      ,      (  ,              ,   ,     );        ;         ,       ,       ,      ,  ..[22 -                (., : [ILO, 2011]).] ,      (, , )         .

       (productivity approach), ,   ,        .  ,    ,      : 1)  ; 2)   ; 3)     ; 4)  ; 5)     ,      ; 6)      ; 7)       [Swaminathan, 1991].    ,  .,     : 1)            ; 2)      ; 3)        ,      ,     (    ..)     (,   ..) [Lipton, 1984].

      15- ,      ,                       [ILO, 1993; CSO/India, 2001]. ,  ,    ,    .        ,       :         ,       ,      [23 -     2000-          :      ,      ,      ,      ,         ,           [ILO, 2002].].

      17-   2003. [ILO, 2003].              ,        ,       .

            ,                (arrangements) [ILO, 2002a].    ,              (),      [24 -     -1993,             ,                      , .: [93, . XVII,  17.8].].            ,   ,     ,       ,  ,          (      ,   ,          ..) [ILO, 2003].  ,       ,       ,   , -    .

                  (legalistic approach)[25 - ,        ,   ,   ,          .].          ,   /    ,     .          ,   ,       [Chen, 2006].     ,               -    ,  ,               [26 -    ,            .      ,     ,      (..       ),     (  ) -            .       - ,          ,         ,      (  , ,  ,     ,        ..).].

, ,  ,               [27 -       ,       ,        .      ,                 [Hussmanns, 2004].].     ,      .     ,   ,   ,  ,            .       ,      ( ;  ;   ),     , , -,    (   ; ;   [28 -       ,               , -   .. [Hussmanns, 2004].];  ;   ) , -,    (  ).                ,       ,       ,     ,          .

    . 2.1. -       ,   -     .   ,     .          ,        .     ()    ()      .



 2.1.          




:  :  16, 810;    :  38;     :  1, 2, 9  10.

: Hussmanns, 2004.



-,    . 2.1,       ,     .       ( 10),   ,        ()     ( 9)[29 - ,          ,       ,            3.]. -,       ,     ,      ( 1  2). ,   ,      ,     ,         ( 7).

      ,   ,      ,       (,    ,     ,   ).       ,  ,      ,   ,    ,       .  ,    ,            .

      ,           ( 9).      (,  )       ;        (          );     .                   ,          (subsistence agriculture),            .

          : 1)      ( 2); 2)        ( 6  10); 3)    ( 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9).           .            (    )   (  )  .

    ,    ,      .   ,        ,  ,         ,    .       ?        :      ;           ;         -  (  )     ;     ,   ;      ;    - ?            ,           .

    :    /             , , ,   ..,     -   ,      [30 -            ,          ,       . -       ,   ,   ,      .].     ,                ,  ,   .    ,                   .

      ,             ,  ,     .    ,     ,    ,         .            ,                ,      . (     .,               [Bernabe, 2008].)      ,      ,             [Perry et al, 2007].                         .

          .    ,              .           ,      ,    ,    ,    [Hazans, 2011].           ,      . (            ,       .)

                ,      .        ,      ,     . ,  ,        ,       ,            .     ,        . , ,                 ,       ?  ,      ,           ,          ,         . ,        .

  ,               ,       ,     [31 - ,           .        [Andrews et al., 2011].].   ,     , , ,       ,     ,    .   ,       ,       .  ,    ,  ,       ,        .

        ,     .  ,                     .         (  ?),         .  ,     ,        [OECD, 2004, . 239].

,    ,         ,        /    .    ,           ,       ,  ,  ,   -      ..    ,         .

, ,   ,              [32 -      , -,  , ,   ,          .     ,   ,            ,    .]. ,       ,  ,   ,       ,       13%    67%   [Andrews et al., 2011, p.1718].               (,   ,  -).

  ,    ,    ,    ,       .

               .          [Gasparini, Tornarolli, 2006; Gong et al., 2000; Marcoullier et al., 1997; Mead, Morrisson, 1996; Perry et al., 2007; Saavedra, Chong, 1999].   ,    ,   ,   ,     ,      ,    .        10 ..      .  ,    ,   /   ,    ,    .

      .  ,       [Henley et al., 2006].   ,   2000-        56%,   , 50%,      49%,    .   64%             ,   40%    .

              .          (  ,   ,   )   4050% [Henley et al., 2006].        -   .

            . :         ,       .   -   . :                   . :          ,       .         (   ) ,    .  : ,     ,        ;             ,     - .  ,    ,      ,     ,      .




2.3.     


 ,                . ,   ,       ,    ,   ,           ,         . ,  -     .  ,               ,     .

       . :      ,          . (,  ,  , ,     ,         .)                   . :     ,   ,              .           ,         .

        :        ,        ,       ,   .           .

             1980-     60          .       ,    .         ,              [ILO, 2011].

  ,   ,   6,5%    83,5%  ;        3,5%    79%  ;         3%    38%  .  ,            ,    ,    .   () :       52%;         42%;          15%. ,  , ,               [Ibid].

    ,      (   )   .     .2.1,            .           , ..        (.2.2).    1        11 ..,      12 ..                    (.2.3).      , -, ,     ,       .   ,              ( ),        .  ,         ,      .

     ,        ,  .    ,         ,        .       80%    ,       40%,           20% [World Bank, 2013].   ,   ,            .   ,         .






.2.1.          : ILO, 2011.






.2.2.            : ILO, 2011.






.2.3.           

 : ILO, 2011.



    (.2.4),       0,7%    95%  .        : ;  ;    (             ).           ,  -    .   ,         0,1%      14%  ;      0,2%    82%  ;         0%       52%  ;        0,2%    95%  .   :      38%,     3,5%,      26%,       10%,      36%.  ,              .

  .2.42.8,             :   ,    ,  ,    ,   -,     ,    .






.2.4.          : ILO, 2011.






.2.5.         : ILO, 2011.






.2.6.    (own-account workers)     

 : ILO, 2011.






.2.7.           : ILO, 2011.






.2.8.          : ILO, 2011.



         19 ..!         ,   .    .2.5,         (    )       :   , ,  ,     ,    . ,  , ,    -     :      ,        [33 -  ,               .].

                 ,      [World Bank, 2012].       1%  -   100%  .    ,  ,  90%,             10%.               ;            . ,             .    ,      ,        :                24 .. (.2.9).






.2.9.  ,        ,     

 : World Bank, 2012.



 ,           .     ,               .     .        , ,   ,          .

                 (European Social Survey),   20082009.     ( ),       . [Hazans, 2011].       ,     ,   2002.,    -   .          ,      30.  (1,53.    ).

 ,   ,     :    (, ,   .);    (   );    (, , ,   .)     ( ).  ,          ,       ,          .            35% (  ),      10%,      1520%[34 -  ,           ,     .].         10%, 3%  56%,      20%, 8%   10% .  ,     ,          ,     .                 ,          .

             (   ),             20  40%.       ,         10% (,     ).         1016%     .     ,   25%,   ,           (41%),  ( 25%)   ( 20%)[35 -        , -,     .             .      ,   ,        -    ,       .        -           .].                 ,        ,       (         ).

        , , -,       ,     ( 15%,  15  3040%   40%).              (   ,    ),         .     ,   ,    ,   ,    (, ,  )           .        ,     ,             .   ,     - ,      (,  ,  )   .   ,        ,              - .




2.4.    :  


          ,         ,     ,     .

   ,          ().    ,   1992.,     1999.      2009.    ,      ,          1572 .        800.   .             20012012.         1999.  [, , 2011].       .

                  [, , 2004].        : 1)  ,      ; 2)   ; 3)        ; 4)     ,  ; 5)   ; 6)         .        ,        .

   ,       2000-         12,4  16,5% (  ,       ). (         ,     :  17,1%  1999.  18,5%  2011.)              ,         3,8%  1999.  9,7%  2011. (   .  3)[36 -  ,        ,      .   2003.            ,                ,   .].

  ,    ,      ,   ,       (      ),    [37 -       ,         ,    [, , 2002].                ,       .     ,         (  )   . ,             ,   .].         ,    ,     ,   , ,  ,               -,   ,     .             ,  ,        .

,                   13,5% (2011.).    ,   ,        ,   (  )            ,    ,          ,   .

 ,         ,    .              (..  )   : 1)    ; 2)       ; 3)       - .    , ,     .   ,   ,    ,   , ..               ,   ,           .   ,      ,     ,         ,    ,       (  ,    ).

      ,   ,       .    ,    2000-                     1%.

  ,          ,    .  :    ?         ?   /               .  , , ,  2011.        ,   /  ,         3 ..  16,5  13,7%.  ,   ,          ,     ,            1012%.

       .  . 2.2   ,    ,           5     5   . (   2008.  ,     .)   ,   ,    ,            5 ,            17,9  11,3%.       ,         5 ,        ,        9,2%[38 -  ,                 .     ,   ,     2000-         9%.].  ,             ,    ,       .



 2.2.        , , 2008., %




: , 2008.



           [39 - .                 (    ).   ,  .].           ) ,          (         )  )         .        .  ,      ,     .         ,               (,    ,           ).          5 ..    ,    .       ,   ,        ,         ,               .

              ,    [40 - , ,    .  . [, , 2011],    3  .].                        [41 -  ,       ,      ,   ,     (    )  . (  , ,   ,             ,     .)         .].           (..  ),    .      ,           ,         ,   ,    ,       .         ,              ,   ,         [ILO, 2002b, p. 18].

        ,  ,        ,   ,           - .             ,      . ,   , ,       .   ,        ,   ,              ,     (      ).     17- ,       ,     -,   - [Hussmanns, 2004].

   ,  19992008.    ,      ,    5152   49,4.             .    2008.                19 ,      78.  ,               28% .  20092012.     67,7  (   ),           ,  46,3.    ,  ,  21 ,      .  ,    ( 2009.),  -          , ..       .

  ,            ,         (  ).              (  1994.  1997  1999.)         ,   ,            ().      5. - ( 12. ),   160    35   .    ,         . (      ,     .)

            20002003.  . [, 2005],         ,    .         -,      , -,        .     ,  .   2000- ,      6,57,5% (           1415%)[42 -       ,        (2000.)           (2003.).          4%,     5% [, 2005].].

   (   ) .  .   20032009.       [, , 2011]. (          ,       .)    ,     ,  : 1)     ; 2)      ; 3)        5 .         17% (  :      8%,        5,5%;        5   3,3%.)       ,    ,     .  .,     ,   .   ,        2000-       2004. (17,6%),          ,    17% [ ].

  . (   6  )           20012009. [Slonimczyk, 2011].       .     ,           :    ( /  );      (     )    ( );   .           ;     ,    (  )  .       ,      . ,        ,       (..         -      ).

 .       :    ,    ,            ;         ,          (  ). ,              20  24%   2000- . (   2009.  :   8%     ;  6%       ;  8%    [43 -  ,       ()      ,  ,        ,   .   ,        ,       15%.].)

  X.      ,    ,    2009.,     [Lehmann et al., 2011].           /      /         .         6%,      14%.      ,       ,   . (    ,    ,   /        .)    ,          ,          .         [44 -   4         2009.,          .].

   ,          ,    20082009.   . [Hazans, 2011].        ,    .    : 1)         ; 2)    ,        5 ,   - (own-account workers)   ,        ; 3)      ,         .   ,          2008.,  12%.       6%    ,  5,5%    0,5%   .        ,        ,    12    -     .          4,2% [Ibid].[45 -   ,      .       ,       [Hazans, 2011].            1 ..]

         (,       ) [ILO, 2011].   ,    2000-          45%,        12%[46 -            1998. -42,2%         .  . [Schneider, Enste, 2002].              - .].

             .      . [, 2012].           2009.            , ,   .          ,       5 ;          ,       ;        ,          .     , -,    ,    ,           (      ), , -,    ,             -  ( -   ).

 ,           (   )               .         2009.  10,8%,     13,7%,     12,4%,          24,1% [, 2012].

    ,      ,      .   ,   ,         ,      2,5%    .      30%           - .     ,           .

         ,     - .              - .     ,            -             ,       [ ].

   ,            .  ,            ,      ( , ).   , ,    ,              ,   ,     .          ,               ,  ,        [47 - , 17-  ,         , ,        [Hussmanns, 2004].]




  .


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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kollektiv-avtorov/v-teni-regulirovaniya-neformalnost-na-rossiyskom-rynke-truda/)  .

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notes








1


   ,          :        ,        (),           (, ),      .




2


     ,   19501970- ,        ,               ,             (    ).     ,       ,  .             . ,  2005.     .           ,       .    .   .  ,    , ,         ,          ,                     [Hart, 2006].              . ,           [Lipton, 1984],              .      ,           .




3


,                .




4


.: http://www.hse.ru/org/hse/wp/wp3




5


             . ,    ,   ,        ,           , ..      .                .          ,                 .




6


         . ,     ,   ,            ,              ,    .    /,          ,              .           .




7


   ,              [Sudarshan, Unni, 2003].




8


,      ,    ,        , ..         .




9


       ,    ,     .               .  ()          .




10


,        ,           .  ,           , ,    ,      .




11


       ,     (    ,      ..)     ,            ,    ,      ,   ,        ,  ,    .




12


 ,          ,  ,      .  ,           ,        ().




13


     ,     ,  , ,         ,   -     ,     ,   ,        [Perry et al., 2007].




14


          ,    .              ,    (    )    ,           .              ,          .        .   ,            ,      ,     ,     ,    .   ,         ,        ,      ,                .         ,         .




15


              .    ,               ,  ,   ,     .           ,    .




16


.: [   , 2007].




17


       ,         ,            .        ,    /  .       .




18


    ,          ,  .  . [Earle, Sabirianova-Peter, 2002; 2009].                         1990- .        (          )        .         -,         .




19


             ,             [Hussmanns, 2004].




20


        - (own-account workers):            ,        ,       [ILO, 1993].




21


   ,    .,        ()     ,     ,                [Hussmanns, 2004].              ()  ,     ,            ()  .




22


               (., : [ILO, 2011]).




23


    2000-          :      ,      ,      ,      ,         ,           [ILO, 2002].




24


    -1993,             ,                      , .: [93, . XVII,  17.8].




25


,        ,   ,   ,          .




26


   ,            .      ,     ,      (..       ),     (  ) -            .       - ,          ,         ,      (  , ,  ,     ,        ..).




27


      ,       ,        .      ,                 [Hussmanns, 2004].




28


      ,               , -   .. [Hussmanns, 2004].




29


,          ,       ,            3.




30


           ,          ,       . -       ,   ,   ,      .




31


,           .        [Andrews et al., 2011].




32


     , -,  , ,   ,          .     ,   ,            ,    .




33


 ,               .




34


 ,           ,     .




35


       , -,     .             .      ,   ,        -    ,       .        -           .




36


 ,        ,      .   2003.            ,                ,   .




37


      ,         ,    [, , 2002].                ,       .     ,         (  )   . ,             ,   .




38


 ,                 .     ,   ,     2000-         9%.




39


.                 (    ).   ,  .




40


, ,    .  . [, , 2011],    3  .




41


 ,       ,      ,   ,     (    )  . (  , ,   ,             ,     .)         .




42


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43


 ,       ()      ,  ,        ,   .   ,        ,       15%.




44


  4         2009.,          .




45


  ,      .       ,       [Hazans, 2011].            1 ..




46


           1998. -42,2%         .  . [Schneider, Enste, 2002].              - .




47


, 17-  ,         , ,        [Hussmanns, 2004].


