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   ,            [89 - .: Knk D., Kuklinski J. H. Ntwrk Analysis. Bvrly Hills, Calif.: Sag Publicatins, 1982; Knk D. Plitical Ntwrks: Th Structural Prspctiv. Cambridg Univrsity Prss, 1990; Richardsn J., Jrdan G. Gvrning undr prssur. xfrd: Martin Rbrsn, 1979; Hcl Hugh. Issu Ntwrks and th xcutiv stablishmnt // in Anthny Kind (d.) Th Nw Amrican Plitical Systm. Washingtn D. C.: Amrican ntrpris Institut fr Public Plicy Rsarch, 1978. PP. 87124.; Kingdn J. W. Agndas, Altrnativs and Public Plicis. Lngman Pub Grup, 2002; Bnsn K. J. Th intrrganigarinal ntwrk as a plitical cnmy // Administrativ Scinc Quartrly. Vl. 20. 1975. PP. 229249; Rhds R. A. W. Bynd Wstminstr and Whithall Lndn: Unwin Hyman, 1992.].    . , ,                ;          ,             ,      ;  ,      [90 - Borzel T. Organizing Babylon on the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks // Public Administration. 1998. Vol. 76. 2. P. 358.].

       ,  ,  ,          .      ,        ,       .  ,    ,    .     ,         ,      .            ,         .

           .

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-,      ,    ,     ,    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,    ..          ,    ,    .




    


   ,            ,     ( . cliens ).       ,        ( ,    )    . ,    ,   ,     .

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  .. , .. , ..        ,       ()    ()       .       (. clientela)    ,    , -  (  , -     ),   - .         ,           [95 -  . .,  . .,  . .   .  /, , 2010.].

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               ,          ,     .  ,      1980- .        .

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 ,              , ,    ,   ()    (, , ).        ,      .       ,        .




    


      ,    .              1745.             -.

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      :  ,    ,  ,    .

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,       ,    ,         .

 ,     .

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-,         .              (,   ,    ,     .).  ,   ,          .      ,      .

-,         ,     ,                 .         (   ,      )    -  .             .   ,          ,        [109 -  .-.,  .-.   . .:  , 1995. . 116123.].




    


                  .   .               [110 -  .   .  : .   . .:   , 2005. . 379.].

    (       )     .   1974.[111 - Krueger A. (1974). The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society. American Economic Review 64 (3): 291303.]        .    1960- .[112 -    .: Krueger A. O. The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society // American Economic Review, 1974, vol. 64, p. 291303; Tullock G. The Welfare Cost of Tariffs, Monopolies, and Theft // Western Economic Journal (now Economic Inquiry), 1967, vol. 5, p. 224232; Tullock G. Efficient Rent Seeking. In: Buchanan J., Tollison R. and Tullock G. (eds), p. 91112.]

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   ,     , :

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            ,         .  ,   . ,      .      : ,          ,        [115 - McChesney F. Money for Nothing: Politicians, Rent Extraction, and Political Extortion: http://BooksNow.com/independent.htm (http://booksnow.com/independent.htm).].  , ,    ,            ,   ,           .

      ,              .             ,   , , ,      .

  . , ,      ,    ,             ,       [116 - . :  . .       :  : . . . . .: -. . -   , 2004.].

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  . ,                   .     ,        ,        ,     ,      [117 -  . . 68.].

                     .    ,        ,   ,     .       .

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    ,         .   XVI.           .       lobia[118 -  . .  . .: , 2004. . 5.].             .         - ?      ,    .       XIII.,    ,      .               .     ,        Westminster,       [119 -  . . 6.].

      XVIII.   .     ,                 [120 -  .,  .,  .,  .   . .:   , 2006.],          .   1808.           .     XIX.              .         ,             .  ,         .  ,         ,   .            [121 -  . .     .      . .:  . 2004.].                 .     . ,      [122 - ., .:  . .  . .: , 2004. . 8;  . . :   //   . 2005. 7. . 1013.]         (Willard Hotel)  .           XVIIIXIX.                 .

        .    .  (18691877.), ,          18611865.,    -,          [123 -  . .    // . 1995. 2. . 1828.].

            1929.   . [124 - Herring E. P. Group Representation before Congress. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1929.].    ,  , . ,    (   ,   ),     :    ,   ,    .      [125 -  : http://catalog.loc.gov/ (http://catalog.loc.gov/).]    20      1930.  1960.,    .     ,    [126 - ., .: Lobbying in Congress, compiled by Helen M. Muller. New York, H. W. Wilson, 1931; The pressure boys; the inside story of lobbying in America, New York, J. Messner, inc. [1939]; Lobbyists and lobbying in the North Carolina legislature; astudy in pressure politics [by] C. H. Hamlin [Raleigh, N. C., 1933].].  ,               ,   19101930- .      1913, 19271928, 19351938, 1950- . (   ).  ,   ,       ,       ,         ,   1946.[127 -  .       //    . 2007. 1. C. 3547.]      ,       ,    1960- .




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 ,   ,   ,       :      , ,  젖 ,    ,   . ,  .  : 젖 ,           ,    ,     .  ,      .                    [135 -  . . :    // , 2002. 6.].  .  :   ,    .  ,  ,   ..,      .  ,      (  ),   .  ,       ,      (,   ..)     [136 -  . .      .        //     . 2005. 4. . 2730.].  .      :     ,      .       ,    ,    , [137 -  . .      /      :    . .: - , 2010.].

 .      ,           -            ,       .   ,  ,       ,    [138 -  . . -     : . . . . :   -, 2004. . 25.].

,    , ,    ,    ,         ,  . ,      (          ),         ,          ,         .  ,         ,       -    (    ),  , ,  ,             ,         ,      . ,       ,      ,     [139 -  . .   GR- . . 13. .:        , 20092011.],  堖     12  ( 2006  2018.)           ,                .          ,     ,                ,    .

      ,     . Transparency International,              [140 - ., .: Chinhamo O., Shumba G. Institutional working definition of corruption // ACT Southern Africa Working Paper. 2007. 1 [3].].    -         :   , ,   ,   ,         ,      ,  ,    ,     [141 -  .:   -   .  .   . 174.].

  ,     ,  ,  ,  ,                        , ,      ,                   ;           [142 -      25.12.2008 273-   .].      ,     :

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      ,         ,  , ,  ,    .       ,       ,     ,    ,       .,   젖               ,     .

          .        : 젖          ,    (  )        [143 -   . . 14 / . . . . .:  . 3- ., 1973. . 589.].           1983.[144 -   . .:  , 1986. . 608;  .    / .  [ .]. .: , 1983. . 205.]  ,  , , , -,       ; -,        ,  ,  .

         1990- .          XXI.  ,  . , .  ,             [145 -  .,  .      //  2008. 3.].  .  :        ,   , ,            ,      ,   ,     (   蔠     ,   )     ,     .                 ,            [146 -  . .        : http://www.zagraevsky.com/corruption.htm (http://www.zagraevsky.com/corruption.htm).].

 .         :   , ,   , ,  , ,  ,  ,    ,      ,      ,   [147 -  .   . .: , 1970. . 65.].

 .     :   ,       - , ,      .         ,           ,      .          ,   ,      ,   ,   ,    : )     )    .       [148 -  . .      .   :    : . -.           / . . . :  , 2009. . 345353.].

,            ,        ,  ,            (      ), ,         ,      ,       . , ,      ,           ,         ,         .       ,  ,   ,  ,       ,  頖     ()        (. 2, 3, 4).


















 .          ,         .      . ,   . ,           ,    .  General Dynamics  Northrop Grumman    100 000 .     ,  ,      .   Boeing  Lockheed Martin 50 000 .         ,  -,   ,        .     2008. 13 .      200 [149 - . :  . .     : . . . . .:     , 2009. . 107.].

                   , ,  ,     .        ,     ,   .

 1980.  ,     ,      .    .       ,   ,         .       [150 -  . . ,   , .  1  2007.: http://www.lobbying.ru/index.php?article (http://www.lobbying.ru/index.php?article).].

 20 ,  2002.,       ,       ,      ,  ,   60              100 000   .      :       ,  -     -     .    ,            ,   ,        ,       12 000     .         ,           [151 -  .     // -Online, 21.03.2011: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1605468 (https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1605468).].      ,    ,             .

       ,       ,    ,          .  ,            ,       XIX.,            . ,       1892.      ,    ,             ,    [152 - . Brown E., Strauss A. The Dictionary of American Politics. New York, 1892. P. 315.].

   .   .         ,          [153 - . :  . .      .  : , , . ., 1995. 3 (5). . 62.].   ,     ,      ,               ,      ,   ,         ,    ;  ,     ,      .                   . ,         ,       .

  .   .             [154 - Denzau, Arthur and Michael Munger. 1986. Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests Get Represented. American Political Science Review 80:89106.] (. 5).








           ,   .  (bundling  .,    )                   .             . ,         ,    ,         ,     ,   .  ,             ,          .

.             .   -      .    . ,   ,               . -  ,  ,    ,  .                 : -, ,          (    ); -, ,  ,       (    ); -,     , , ,   ,     (    )[155 - Wilson J.Q. Political Organizations. NY: Basic Books, 1973. P. 230.].

                  . ,                 Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (HLOGA)  2007.      (authorized committees),            ,   (registrants),      ,   .  ,  ,         2007.  15 000 .,  2009. 2010. 16 000 .[156 -      ,     ,   ,                    200 .       bundlers, ,       .   Center for Responsive Politics,     , 75 bundlers, 5   , ,   ,   200 000 . .    27 000 ,       2300 .   Center for Responsive Politics,     , .    745 ., 88%    .       2008.    ,      ,   ,   30.        (Charles R. Black Jr.),   BKSH & Associates,       ,  ,  ,  .  ,   Center for Responsive Politics,     6 250 000 .]   ,        ,     ,                      [157 -     / . . . .        , 20092012: http://www.lobbying.ru/dictionary_word.php?id=43 (http://www.lobbying.ru/dictionary_word.php?id=43).].

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    , 젖          (      )  .   .   .  ,          ,   ,    , ,   , ,       .                ,     [161 - . : Hall R. L. and Wayman F. 1990. Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees. American Political Science Review. 84:797820.].

    ,  .   . ,       ,         .        ,          [162 - Denzau A. and Munger M. 1986. Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests Get Represented. American Political Science Review 80:89106.].    ,       :    .        ,     ,    . ,   ,    ,      .     ,   .   .    ,    ,          ,   ,        ,  ,       ..,     .        ()  ,         [163 - Hall R.L. and Wayman F. 1990. Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees. American Political Science Review. 84:797820.].

     , . ,    ,    ,    ,    .     ,  젖       .    ,    ,        . ,            ,  ,     ,      .    ,       ,  ,  ,  ,                  .                  .         ,    -    .

       :  ,      ,     .  ,        ,  , ,   .   ,   ,        ,     ,     (  ,   ),   .  , ,  ,     .  ࠖ ,   ,      ,     . ,     , 堖 , 蠖 .        ,      ,   .  ࠖ   .    , ,   . ,        ,        ,      .         ,   .

        ,        (      )    .               ,   , .     . ,          ,   ,   ,        .      ,   -      ,        ,        ,          .     ,       ,         ,         20    750 .,      ,       .  ,    ,        ,      (        ),    ,         ,    ,     .  ,               [164 - Hall R., Deardorff A. Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy, American Political Science Review, vol. 100, no. 1February 2006.].

        ,      , ,   ,         .       :

1.     .       ,     ,       .   [165 -  . .   GR- . . 13. .:        , 20092011.] ,           ( ,  ,     ,    -  .)[166 -        ,       .    ,     .]         ,         ,  .

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3.   .          .   ,  ,    ,      (),         ()           ,           - ,         .

4.   .     ,    (,      ),    , ,   .           [167 -      2011.,              53 600.].  [168 -  ., .: Van Rijckeghem C. and Weder B. 1997. Corruption and the rate of temptation: do low wages in the civil service cause corruption? // IMF, WP/97/73; . . , . . , . . o, . . .    :     ( ). .:  , 2002.] ,       ,    ,       ,      ,        . ,           蠖       .

               ,   ,    ,      ,          [169 -        ,     .  , ,      .         . . .].   ,         (,   .)     .    ,  ,        ,    .       ,   .       .   . , ,       ,         ,      .           ,       [170 -     / . ;    . . , . . . .: ; , 1997.].   ,           ,     .    - ,        ,   , .  ,    ,       ,            ,     ,        .          6.








 ,                ,               .        . , .   . ,                     -  .  ,           ,      .     ,            :     ,       (  ,    ..)[171 - White J. Making Connections to the Appropriations Process // The Interest Groups Connections P. 175; Stein R., Bickers K. Perpetuating the Pork Barrel. Policy Subsystems and American Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. P. 116.].

     .

,     ,           (    )      .              .   ,     ,        ,              ,     .  ,        ,   .           (  1990- .)  ,    .

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,              ,  .          .  ,    , 젖   ,            .     , ,       ,             ,    . ,   ,      .   [172 - ., .:  . . -   : . . . . . ., 2005. . 14.]      [173 -     ,  ,   컠          . ,                  (, , ,  , ).                    ,      (),  , ,     .], ,   ..    ,      頖     [174 - , .  ,          ,      ⠖           ( . .         : . . . . . .:       , 1997. . 8). . ,    ,   , ,   ,  , , ,   . ( . .          . .:  +, 2008. . 34). .    ,      ,   . ( . .      : - : . . - . . .:    , 2002. . 8)].




2  



       ,  堖          [175 -          𻠖      () ,    ,      (, , ,   .)     . ,   ,      ,    (, )   (),    .     ,       ,    .].       -  ,        .             ,     ,     ,    ,    ,       .     ,             ,      ,      ()     .         ,           .   -    . ,     ,     , ,     ,       ,   . ,        ,        젖    ;           , ,       ..     ,           .  ,     ,      ,              ,      ,     ,    .  ,   ,    (      )   .                ,      ,  젖      .          .

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