Urban commons.       
  


Studia Urbanica
             ,      .     ࠖ      ,     ,     -   .     軠,         ,      -     .

Urban Commons  Moving Beyond State and Market Ed. by Dellenbaugh, Mary / Kip, Markus / Bieniok, Majken / M?ller, Agnes / Schwegmann, Martin







Urban commons      









        (Urban Commons)[1 -      urban commons     ,     ;               ,    (),     .    commoning ( ) to common     / ,        ,       ,  .      Governing the Commons      ,        ;   ,    ,   .     ,       ,   .  ,    commons   ,    ,   ,   .   .. .]:    ,  2728 2013         .

 蠖    ,    ;  ,             ,    .

      ,        .   ,       :    , ,     .      :       .  2012,     ,      ,        .

       ,    (urban commons).    ,  ,          (zeitgeist):     (commons)                ( , ,  ,    ),        .

        ,    2012 , ,    .          ,  ,   - (   Occupy!),    ( )         - ,    .    ,  ,      ,         ,  ,   ,         .

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       ,    ;      ,  .    ,         ,      (commons).       ,         , ꠖ  (equitable)   .        ,  ,    ,       [2 - David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, eds., The Wealth of the Commons: A World beyond Market and State (Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2013); http://wealthofthecommons.org/ (accessed January 26, 2015).].           (commoning),    ,   ,    ,,    ,     .

         ,   ,  ,  ..;           . ,  [3 - Charlotte Hess, Mapping the New Commons, SSRN Scholarly Paper (Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, July 1, 2008); http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1356835.]     (new commons),     ,     ,   ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,   .        . ,         (     ).   ,    ,       .   ,       :    ,   .

       [4 - .      .],      ,        . ,  ,       ;      :     ,    ,           ?



      ,    ,     ,    .   -     ,  ,         ,    .

   :      ,           . , -,       :         ,   ?        ,    ,        ?             (Ordnungsamt), ,  ,        . ,   ?     ? ,  ,  ,        ?






. 1.  



 ,       ,       ,       (.1).  ,      ;        ,          :   ,  ,       (urban gardening).        2008,        ,          .        ,   Squat Tempelhof 100% Tempelhofer Feld,  ,        ,     .           (Volksentscheid) 2014,    [5 -       200.         ,      740.  ( 30%       50% ,      25 2014.)    ,       .. .].

       ,   ,     . ,            ;   2012  2014.       ,  ,     .            ,       (Fl?chtlingslager),     ,        (     ),       [6 -         .. .] (      Residenzpflicht[7 - ,      ,      ,   .. .     (Asylverfahrensgesetz)      ,    .     ,       ,   . . : https://www.fairplanet.org/story/aminas-case-the-german-residenzpflicht-explained.. .]).

,     (  ) ,      ,     (common humanity),   .

 ,   ,        ,      ,    . Ѡ ,                ;         -   ,  .   ,          ,     [8 -  ,      ,   ,     ;  ,    .].

     ( ) ,              :  , [9 - ,  15,  ,       -.] (Indignados)   -[10 - George Caffentzis and Silvia Federici, Commons Against and Beyond Capitalism, Upping the Anti, 15 (September 2013): 8397.].

        .            ?     ,    ,    . Ѡ ,  ,   ,         .   (assets),        ,   . Ѡ , ,   ,      ,        .      䠖   ,        ,    .

   -    ,        , 堖,        ,        , .            .   蠖,      ,  ,  , ,    ,      commons.       ,    蠫       ,     .


  (commons)

  ,    ,      .       ,    : )  , )  (    ) ) 蠖  (commoners),     [11 - Yochai Benkler, The Political Economy of Commons, in Genes, Bytes and Emissions: To Whom Does the World Belong, ed. Silke Helfrich (Berlin: Heinrich-Bo?ll-Foundation, 2009), 1, 3. http://us.boell.org/2010/10/06/genes-bytes-and-emissions-whom-does-world-belong-economic-governance (accessed January 26, 2015).].

,       :



  <>     :  (     ), ,   (     ),  ,    ,      (appropriation)[12 - Andreas Exner and Brigitte Kratzwald, Solidarische O?konomie & Commons: Eine Einfu?hrung (Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2012), 23.] [  ].


    ,   ,     ,  ,     :   ,     (, , ),   (  ),   [13 - Silke Helfrich and Jo?rg Haas, The Commons: A New Narrative for Our Times, in Genes, Bytes and Emissions: To Whom Does the World Belong, ed. Silke Helfrich (Berlin: Heinrich-Bo?ll-Foundation, 2009), 1. http://us.boell.org/2010/10/06/genes-bytes-and-emissions-whom-does-world-belong-economic-governance (accessed January 26, 2015).].    ,        :



[]       . -,        ,       . -,       . <>     ,      ,      . <> , -,      (the commons)    (to common),       [14 - Massimo De Angelis and Stavros Stavrides, On the Commons: A Public Interview with Massimo De Angelis and Stavros Stavrides, An Architektur & e-flux journal, 17 (August 2010): 47.].


      ,    



   ,            ,      ; ,      [15 - David Harvey, Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (London: Verso, 2012), 73.].


Ƞ     ,         : )    ,  , ; )    ,  ; )      ,        .

          ,      [16 -  .  :    . .:; , 2010.].            ,         ,    [17 - Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 91 (.  . .:  .  :    . .:; , 2010. .177178).].       堖 (   ),   ,      /   軠(2),      (3),              (4)    ,        黠(5),        (6)        (7).   ,  :   ,  , ,     ,        ?,    [ ][18 - Jay Walljasper, Elinor Ostroms 8 Principles for Managing A Commons, On the Commons, October 2, 2011, http://www.onthecommons.org/magazine/elinor-ostroms-8-principles-managing-commmons (accessed December 15, 2014); .: https://medium.com/rlntoday/market-failures-3-7a828d785ba7.].

        ,  ,    ,     ,       (governing) .    ,    :

1. ,       ?[19 - David Bollier, The Commons: A Neglected Sector of Wealth-Creation, in Genes, Bytes and Emissions: To Whom Does the World Belong, ed. Silke Helfrich (Berlin: Heinrich-Bo?ll-Foundation, 2009), 5. http://us.boell.org/2010/10/06/genes-bytes-and-emissions-whom-does-world-belong-economic-governance (accessed January 26, 2015).].     ,     ,  ,     ,       ,  .

2. ,      ?[20 - Ibid.]. 𠖠    (     ),   ,  .

3. ,          ?[21 - Ibid.].              ,     (    ).              ; ,  ,   .

4. ,     ?   ,   ?[22 - Benkler, The Political Economy of Commons, 1.].         ,  ,        .

    ,             ,      .

    (commons)    ,   ,  ,       .     ,        ,    , :



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             ?

   ?


          (,  )    ,    .         ,      . ,   ,            (     ),      .      ,      .


 

   ,       ,      ,      [23 - . : Henri Lefebvre, Writings on Cities, ed. and transl. Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); Henri Lefebvre, The Urban Revolution (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003); Andy Merrifield, Dialectical Urbanism: Social Struggles in the Capitalist City (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002).].           ,     ,  ,    ;         (the commons). ,         .    ,    [24 - Peter J. Marcotullio and William Solecki, What is a City? An Essential Definition for Sustainabilty, in Urbanization and Sustainability: Linking Urban Ecology, Environmental Justice and Global Environmental Change (Springer, 2013), 1125.];        .    ,      ,   ,     仠     ,   ,    ,        [25 - Neil Brenner and Christian Schmid, Planetary Urbanization, in Urban Constellations, ed. Matthew Gandy (Berlin: jovis, 2012), 1013.]. ,       ,              (containers)[26 - Ibid., 14.].       .         ,   1943,     : ,     (,  ,   ),  , ,  .          [27 - Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).],        .

,   ,   ,    ,      ,     .    (city)     蠫 (the urban)     ,     ,   ,     .

 ,     ,       .

-,      (multi-scalar constitution),     .           ,    ,    .     ,        ,      [28 - Brenner and Schmid, Planetary Urbanization.];  ,   ,   ,   ,   .

-,       ()  .

廠,  ,          ,     ; ,   ,   ,          . ,       ,      ,        .     [29 - See, for example: Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).]      ( ),      (peer pressure)    ; ,        .

 ,   ,  ,  : 䠖 ,      ,        ;     ,     [30 - Harvey, Rebel Cities, 67.].

    ,        .    ,     ,    ;      ,     ,     ,        (sovereign planning).     ,      ,    ,      ,   [31 - Ananya Roy, The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory, Regional Studies, 43, 6 (2009); 820.],       ,  .        [32 - Jennifer Robinson, Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development (London: Routledge, 2006).],   ,        (metropolitan centers).

,    ,  ,         ,        . Ѡ ,     ,     ,     ;  ,     ,     . Ѡ,       ,        .    :       ,  ? Ƞ       ?   ,       ,    .

,     ,          .        ;    ,    . ,,    ,     ,            . Ѡ ,    ;       (commoning endeavors) ?       . ,      ,   . ,  ,     ,       ()  .      ,  ,          ; ,       ,      .

      ,   ,   . ,     ,       ?

Ӡ    ,    .  ,            [33 - Harvey, Rebel Cities, 70.].          ,  ,       ()     , ,  , , ,   ,     [34 - Ibid., 83.].     , [35 - Ibid., 81.]    ,   .

        堖       .             ,      [36 - John Holloway, Crack Capitalism (London: Pluto Press, 2010); .      .] .  ,      ,        [37 - Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Commonwealth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 154156.].

  ,   ,  ,   堖  ,   [38 -      ,   : Richard L. Florida, Cities and the Creative Class (New York: Routledge, 2005).].    頖,    ,          ,,     ,      ,          [39 - Margit Mayer, The Onward Sweep of Social Capital: Causes and Consequences for Understanding Cities, Communities and Urban Movements, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27, 1 (March 1, 2003): 110132.].                     ( ); ,       .


 

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             (commoners),   ,  ,  .  ,       ,   ,         ,     .

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  ,   ,        ,  .  ,      ;      ⠖, , ,   . ,   ,     ,     ,    ,   ,  / .


 

     . , ,      ,      (urban commons).          .     ,    , ,        ,     .      ,      ,       .      (,  ,  )  ,    , ,      ,  .   ,      ,   ,   ,       .

      ,  ,      (critical urban studies).       ꠫ ,  ,      .   ,          ,     ,     ,      ; ,         .   ,         ,           .

         ,    .     ,  ,  ,   ,       ,    .       ,  ,   ,   .  ,  ,   ,   ;         ,     (cooperation among commons).

     ,   .       , ,   ,      ,     .

 , ,   ,    ,   .    ,      (, ),      :            .       ,    ,   .     ,   , ,    <>           .            ,      ,    .

             (commune project) -,     ( ).   ,         ,     .            ,    .           (housing commons),      - (being-in-common);          .

      ()    ,     2008.        ,         .         - ,  ,    ,   ,    .             ,     .     ⠖           ,     ,,   ࠖ   , ,     .

  , ,  ,     ,          .     ,    (, ),   ,     .      1999:   ,    ,        .  ,         (commons that was cut short).  2005    ;       ,   ,       .  ,    ,              (pressure group),     .

   , ,       .  ,    - (-)     ,  ,  ;       .       ,         .    ,        (radical commoning)     .    ,   ,     () ,     ,          .

        (, ).       ,          ,       .        ,  ,     ,    ,    .         :     ,   ,   .  -      ,         .

         .        ,     2007,   .        ,      (PMAP). Ѡ2009   :   200,    1130   1150 30 .        ,       ,   .   ,    :         ?

 , ,     .        ,      .   ,      ,     .                ,            .       ,        ,   ,     .

       񠖠,   .  ,          ,      ,    1997.     ,          ,     ,  ,    .              :      ,     .

Ƞ,   ࠖ ,    蠖   ,    ...       ,        (commoning).  ,          ,    -           ,       ; ,          .    蠫    ,    ,  ,, ,     ?  .



,           ,        .      ࠖ  .










 :    


 



1.    

        ? Ƞ       ?   ,     . -,    :          ,        . -,        ,  .      ,    ;            [40 - Andrej Holm and Dirk Gebhardt, eds., Initiativen fu?r ein Recht auf Stadt. Theorie und Praxis sta?dtischer Aneignung (Hamburg: VSA Verlag, 2011), 9 [䠖 ].]. ,    蠖  ,      .

   , 젖.        .    (commoning practices)   ;         ,  ,  ,   .      ;    ,      - .      (poor laws)     [41 - Giovanna Procacci, Social Economy and the Government of Poverty, in The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality, eds. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, 151167 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).];      ⠖ -        ,     ,          .

,    ? ,    ,     .       .        ,    ;        ,         [42 - Andreas Exner and Brigitte Kratzwald, Solidarische O?konomie und Commons (Vienna: Mandelbaum Verlag, 2012), 54.].      ,   󠖠      ,         ,       .         . ,        ,     [43 - Manuel Castells, Collective Consumption and Urban Contradictions in Advanced Capitalism, in The Castells Reader on Cities and Social Theory, ed. Ida Susser, 107129 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).],      .       ,      .   ,       .  [44 -         commons. 頖  ,         XIII.,     ,    ,  commons     (    ).       ,    .         ,   ,   commons  .. . .] (commons)        .      .

          .    1968     ,     ,        [45 - Henri Lefebvre, Le droit a? la ville (Paris: Anthropos, 2009).].          .          [46 - Holm and Gebhardt, Initiativen fu?r ein Recht auf Stadt, 9.],      .  ,   ,   ,    . , ,       .       ;          . ,     ,       .       ,   .      ,          ,      ,      (agency).   頖 ,     ( ),      .       .   ,    ,     . ,       ,      .

      ,     :        , ,   . ,       ,    .   ,   ,      .      ,       .          蠖   , , ,   .      :      ,         .              .

             (communal design)   .    (commons)   ,       ;     ,       .          ,     ,   ,   . Ƞ         ,,       ,            ,   .  ,     ,     ,  .        ,  .


2.       

           ?    ,       . Ƞ      ,      ,     .

      ,        (commons)  1215[47 - Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto. Liberties and Commons for All (Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 2008).],    II    .      ,   150      .  ,  ,   ,            (common law),     .  ,                  .   , II    .

,   頖  ,  ,     ,    ; ,         .         (commons) ,  ,    ,       .    (common land)  -, , ,       (,    );         ;     .   ;       ,  : , ,  (   ),     .   :        (commons),      .     ,     [48 - Ugo Mattei, First Thoughts for a Phenomenology of the Commons, in The Wealth of the Commons. A World Beyond Market & State, eds., David Bollier and Silke Helfrich (Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012); http://wealthofthecommons.org/contents (accessed January 26, 2015).].

     ,    (commons)   . Ƞ          ;         .  ,   ,    ;   ,      ,  .       ?        ? Ƞ     ,    ?

      ,             (commons)[49 - http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/lammas-land-and-olympic-dreams (accessed January 26, 2015).].  ,       .     .         [50 - http://www.lammaslands.org.uk/ (accessed January 26, 2015).],       ,      ,    (commons),   .


3.   ;  

   :    ,   .    ;       ,   ,  [51 - Silke Helfrich, Common Goods Dont Simply ExistThey Are Created, in The Wealth of the Commons. A World Beyond Market & State, eds. David Bollier and Silke Helfrich.].          (commoning)     (commons)  ,     ,  .      ,       .     .    :  (  );  ,   , ,  ; , ,      .

 ,    ࠖ ,         .  ,        ,     ⠖     ,     ,          .   ,      .

    :       [52 -   ,      ,    .  ,    ;    XVI      .]      ,    .  , ,   ;      ,    .        (  ,  ),         .       ,   .

      :  ,       ;     ;          ; ,     .   ,      ,     . , ,       . Ƞ,       ,           .

,    ,       [53 -  .  :    . .:; , 2010; Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).],              ,     ,   ,    / ,      ,   .              ,  [54 - Holm and Gebhardt, Initiativen fu?r ein Recht auf Stadt, 8 [䠖 ].].        ,         .            ;  ,       .


4.  [55 - Brigitte Kratzwald, Rethinking the Social Welfare State in Light of the Commons, in The Wealth of the Commons, eds. David Bollier and Silke Helfrich.]

     ,    .      ,     ;      -  ,       .      ,  ,       .       ,    .    ,           .  ,         .       ,  ;     (public) .

              ,    .       ,         .     ⠖    ,   .   ,       .            ,         ,       ,    .     .      ,       .       ,     , , ,   ,            .

      ,              .     .      . ,           (common): -  ,  ,       .        ? Ƞ      ?         ,     ,  ?

  ,          , 堖      .  ,       ,  ,    .       ,  




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notes



1


     urban commons     ,     ;               ,    (),     .    commoning ( ) to common     / ,        ,       ,  .      Governing the Commons      ,        ;   ,    ,   .     ,       ,   .  ,    commons   ,    ,   ,   .   .. .




2


David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, eds., The Wealth of the Commons: A World beyond Market and State (Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2013); http://wealthofthecommons.org/ (accessed January 26, 2015).




3


Charlotte Hess, Mapping the New Commons, SSRN Scholarly Paper (Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, July 1, 2008); http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1356835.




4


.      .




5


      200.         ,      740.  ( 30%       50% ,      25 2014.)    ,       .. .




6


        .. .




7


,      ,      ,   .. .     (Asylverfahrensgesetz)      ,    .     ,       ,   . . : https://www.fairplanet.org/story/aminas-case-the-german-residenzpflicht-explained.. .




8


 ,      ,   ,     ;  ,    .




9


,  15,  ,       -.




10


George Caffentzis and Silvia Federici, Commons Against and Beyond Capitalism, Upping the Anti, 15 (September 2013): 8397.




11


Yochai Benkler, The Political Economy of Commons, in Genes, Bytes and Emissions: To Whom Does the World Belong, ed. Silke Helfrich (Berlin: Heinrich-Bo?ll-Foundation, 2009), 1, 3. http://us.boell.org/2010/10/06/genes-bytes-and-emissions-whom-does-world-belong-economic-governance (accessed January 26, 2015).




12


Andreas Exner and Brigitte Kratzwald, Solidarische O?konomie & Commons: Eine Einfu?hrung (Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2012), 23.




13


Silke Helfrich and Jo?rg Haas, The Commons: A New Narrative for Our Times, in Genes, Bytes and Emissions: To Whom Does the World Belong, ed. Silke Helfrich (Berlin: Heinrich-Bo?ll-Foundation, 2009), 1. http://us.boell.org/2010/10/06/genes-bytes-and-emissions-whom-does-world-belong-economic-governance (accessed January 26, 2015).




14


Massimo De Angelis and Stavros Stavrides, On the Commons: A Public Interview with Massimo De Angelis and Stavros Stavrides, An Architektur & e-flux journal, 17 (August 2010): 47.




15


David Harvey, Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (London: Verso, 2012), 73.




16


 .  :    . .:; , 2010.




17


Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 91 (.  . .:  .  :    . .:; , 2010. .177178).




18


Jay Walljasper, Elinor Ostroms 8 Principles for Managing A Commons, On the Commons, October 2, 2011, http://www.onthecommons.org/magazine/elinor-ostroms-8-principles-managing-commmons (accessed December 15, 2014); .: https://medium.com/rlntoday/market-failures-3-7a828d785ba7.




19


David Bollier, The Commons: A Neglected Sector of Wealth-Creation, in Genes, Bytes and Emissions: To Whom Does the World Belong, ed. Silke Helfrich (Berlin: Heinrich-Bo?ll-Foundation, 2009), 5. http://us.boell.org/2010/10/06/genes-bytes-and-emissions-whom-does-world-belong-economic-governance (accessed January 26, 2015).




20


Ibid.




21


Ibid.




22


Benkler, The Political Economy of Commons, 1.




23


. : Henri Lefebvre, Writings on Cities, ed. and transl. Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); Henri Lefebvre, The Urban Revolution (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003); Andy Merrifield, Dialectical Urbanism: Social Struggles in the Capitalist City (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002).




24


Peter J. Marcotullio and William Solecki, What is a City? An Essential Definition for Sustainabilty, in Urbanization and Sustainability: Linking Urban Ecology, Environmental Justice and Global Environmental Change (Springer, 2013), 1125.




25


Neil Brenner and Christian Schmid, Planetary Urbanization, in Urban Constellations, ed. Matthew Gandy (Berlin: jovis, 2012), 1013.




26


Ibid., 14.




27


Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).




28


Brenner and Schmid, Planetary Urbanization.




29


See, for example: Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).




30


Harvey, Rebel Cities, 67.




31


Ananya Roy, The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory, Regional Studies, 43, 6 (2009); 820.




32


Jennifer Robinson, Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development (London: Routledge, 2006).




33


Harvey, Rebel Cities, 70.




34


Ibid., 83.




35


Ibid., 81.




36


John Holloway, Crack Capitalism (London: Pluto Press, 2010); .      .




37


Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Commonwealth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 154156.




38


     ,   : Richard L. Florida, Cities and the Creative Class (New York: Routledge, 2005).




39


Margit Mayer, The Onward Sweep of Social Capital: Causes and Consequences for Understanding Cities, Communities and Urban Movements, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27, 1 (March 1, 2003): 110132.




40


Andrej Holm and Dirk Gebhardt, eds., Initiativen fu?r ein Recht auf Stadt. Theorie und Praxis sta?dtischer Aneignung (Hamburg: VSA Verlag, 2011), 9 [䠖 ].




41


Giovanna Procacci, Social Economy and the Government of Poverty, in The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality, eds. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, 151167 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).




42


Andreas Exner and Brigitte Kratzwald, Solidarische O?konomie und Commons (Vienna: Mandelbaum Verlag, 2012), 54.




43


Manuel Castells, Collective Consumption and Urban Contradictions in Advanced Capitalism, in The Castells Reader on Cities and Social Theory, ed. Ida Susser, 107129 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).




44


        commons. 頖  ,         XIII.,     ,    ,  commons     (    ).       ,    .         ,   ,   commons  .. . .




45


Henri Lefebvre, Le droit a? la ville (Paris: Anthropos, 2009).




46


Holm and Gebhardt, Initiativen fu?r ein Recht auf Stadt, 9.




47


Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto. Liberties and Commons for All (Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 2008).




48


Ugo Mattei, First Thoughts for a Phenomenology of the Commons, in The Wealth of the Commons. A World Beyond Market & State, eds., David Bollier and Silke Helfrich (Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012); http://wealthofthecommons.org/contents (accessed January 26, 2015).




49


http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/lammas-land-and-olympic-dreams (accessed January 26, 2015).




50


http://www.lammaslands.org.uk/ (accessed January 26, 2015).




51


Silke Helfrich, Common Goods Dont Simply ExistThey Are Created, in The Wealth of the Commons. A World Beyond Market & State, eds. David Bollier and Silke Helfrich.




52


  ,      ,    .  ,    ;    XVI      .




53


 .  :    . .:; , 2010; Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).




54


Holm and Gebhardt, Initiativen fu?r ein Recht auf Stadt, 8 [䠖 ].




55


Brigitte Kratzwald, Rethinking the Social Welfare State in Light of the Commons, in The Wealth of the Commons, eds. David Bollier and Silke Helfrich.


