 .     ,    . ,   
  


  ,  ,    ,  ,   ;            47% ,     ;             .  ? , ,  , .        ,       :        ,   ,     .         .         ,                  ,  ,     .   ,    ,           -.





  

 :     ,    . ,   



  

  

  . 

  . 

 . , . 

  . 

- . 



 Caroline Criado Perez, 2019

 Sophie Harris,  

    , , .   , 2020



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .


?


,  :

  [1 -    (a bloody difficult woman) ,      --   .        . . .]

 ,    ,  ;       ,     .

  









         .      -,               ,  ,   .        .          .

     .     . , , , , , . ,       ,   .      젖   .      .

       .  ,    ,        .   ,  ,  . ,  ,     ,      .   ,         ,        .  ? . ?   .

    .       ,         .    ,     ,   ,  , .    ,    ,       .

 ,    ,  ,     ,     .  .      蠖 , .   : 蠖    ,      .   ,         .

      .        ,   1949. :    ,         ,      ;      . []  ,  , ࠖ [2 -  . .  . . 1 2: . . /. . . . .. , . .. . .: ; .: , 1997.   ,     , . .].   ,    -   .   ,      ,      .    , ,   ,        ,      .       ,        .      .   ,   堖   .

        .     ,       ,             .        ,     ,  -   ,   ,   ,   ,    ,    .   ,  .

, ,            .      . 堖   ,        . ,    ,     .      :     ,   ,       .  ,   ,    ,    (   蠖 ),   ࠖ  ,          .    ,      ,  ,     ,  (  )   .        ,  ,           .

,         ,    , ,   ,  ,       :   ,           .       ,       蠖       ,      .     ,    ,      . ,   ,       .            ,    ,    .             ,        .      .

        :   .       ,       .    X- (XX)     X-   Y- (XY)  .  젖  ,   ,      ,     .   ,     .        ,    ,    .

        ,   , ,       ,      ,         -  .  - .   ,        ,      , ,   ,       , ࠖ      .   ,   ,       .

     ,      .          (    ,    ,      ),    ,      , -,   .     ,    , , ,  ,        ,        .        ,     ,      ,     젖           .   ,   ,     .

 ࠖ   .        ,      ,  ,        .          .    ,     ,    ,  .       ,   .  .  ,      (  ,    )     .

 ,    .   :      ,   ,      .  ,                 ,       .  ,      ,      ,      ,     ,  ,      (  )        .






  


    ,  蠖   . ,          ,      .   IV.  ..   ,  ꠖ   .      .       ,      ,  ,          (, ,      )[3 - .    / . . .. . . .:   , 1940.].

 2000  ,  1966.,          頖 Man the Hunter (-).     75     .          .  ,      ,     [4 - .http://science.sciencemag.org/content/164/3883/1045.1 (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/164/3883/1045.1).].    ,   ,    ,      ,      ,    .  ,  ,   ,       .      : ࠖ   .    , ,     蠖  ,    ,       ?      ,      ?

     1975. -:     (Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology)         -[5 - Slocum, Sally (1975), Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology, in Reiter, Rayna R. ed. (1975), Toward an Anthropology of Women. Monthly Review Press.]. ,  ,      ,       .    ,      :    ,   ? :       ,        .     .   ,   , ,            ,      ,       .

    -    ,         .  ,            (Humans evolved to have an instinct for deadly violence, researchers find)        2016.   The Independent[6 - http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-evolution-violence-instinct-to-kill-murder-each-other-a7335491.html (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-evolution-violence-instinct-to-kill-murder-each-other-a7335491.html).].                (The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence),   ,             ,      [7 - https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19758 (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19758).].

,        ,    ,       .     30 ,   , ,       [8 - https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/uog-mdb061716.php (https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/uog-mdb061716.php).].          ,    [9 - http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/social/no-women-arentas-likely-to-commit-violence-as-men-20141118-3km9x.html (http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/social/no-women-arentas-likely-to-commit-violence-as-men-20141118-3km9x.html).], [10 - https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2015/chapter2homicide#focus-on-domestic-homicides (https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2015/chapter2homicide#focus-on-domestic-homicides).]  [11 - https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf (https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf).].  ,  ,   2013., ,     96%[12 - http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf (http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf).] ,  , .       ࠖ       ?       ,      ?

, ,     ----,       . ,        .   ,    -.     ,          ,  ,        [13 - https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131008-women-handprints-oldest-neolithic-cave-art/ (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131008-women-handprints-oldest-neolithic-cave-art/).].

 ----     . ,   - ,   ,     ,         ? !  100     X. ,     ,  ,           .   ,        ,         ,     [14 - https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/15/how-the-female-viking-warrior-was-written-out-of-history (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/15/how-the-female-viking-warrior-was-written-out-of-history).].     ,     [15 - https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/09/viking-warrior-woman-archaeology-spd/ (https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/09/viking-warrior-woman-archaeology-spd/).],   , , . (     -       [16 -  .].)       (   )        (    ),       ,   2017. :   .

, ,    .      [17 - https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html).].    .        ,   ,    .   ,      ,       (              ).  ,     ,    ,   ,    ,     [18 -  .]. ,        ,  ,  ,            1995. ( ,     ),               [19 - Walker, Phillip (1995), Problems of Preservation and Sexism in Sexing: Some Lessons from Historical Collections for Palaeodemographers, in Saunders, S. R. and Herring A. (eds.), Grave Reflections, Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies (Canadian Scholars Press, Toronto); https://namuhyou.wordpress.com/2016/06/18/sexism-when-sexing-your-skull-cultural-bias-when-sexing-the-skull/ (https://namuhyou.wordpress.com/2016/06/18/sexism-when-sexing-your-skull-cultural-bias-when-sexing-the-skull/).].      ,      ,  .    ,      ?[20 - https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html).]

  ,    軠     -,  .                ,     The Guardian[21 - https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons).].  ,   ,  ,            .      1000  ,           ,   ,   37%        [22 - https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-05-06/warrior-women (https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-05-06/warrior-women).].

 ,    ----    ,    ,            ࠖ  . ,  ,    , ,       ,    ,      .  ,  ,  ,    ,            . -  ,   ,      ,       ,       .    ,     .

          :      ?  ,         (     , 젖  ,  젖  ?).  ,   ,  .      .    . ,  ,  , ,    ,       .

     ,   .    ,       , ,  ,    ,       .      ,    40 ,    ,      () [23 -  䠖  ,     ,        .] (,  he ()   ,     )            [24 - Hegarty, Peter and Buechel, Carmen (2006), Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences, APA Journals: 19652004 Review of General Psychology, 10:4, 37789; Vainapel, Sigal, Shamir, Opher Y., Tenenbaum, Yulie and Gilam, Gadi (2015), The Dark Side of Gendered Language: The Masculine-Generic Form as a Cause for Self-Report Bias, Psychological Assessment Issue, 27:4, 151319; Sczesny, Sabine, Formanowicz, Magda, and Moser, Franziska (2016), Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination?, Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 111; Horvath, Lisa Kristina and Sczesny, Sabine (2016), Reducing womens lack of fit with leadership positions? Effects of the wording of job advertisements, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25:2, 31628; Stout, Jane G. and Dasgupta, Nilanjana (2011), When He Doesnt Mean You: Gender-Exclusive Language as Ostracism, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36:6, 75769; Vervecken, Dries, Hannover, Bettina and Wolter, Ilka (2013), Changing (S) expectations: How gender fair job descriptions impact childrens perceptions and interest regarding traditionally male occupations, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82:3, 20820; Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., Caswell, T. A. and Laakso, E. K. (2012), The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages, Sex Roles, 66: 34, 26881; Gygax, Pascal, Gabriel, Ute, Sarrasin, Oriane, Oakhill, Jane and Garnham, Alan (2008), Generically intended, but specifically interpreted: When beauticians, musicians, and mechanics are all men, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23:3, 46485; Stahlberg, D., Sczesny, S. and Braun, F. (2001), Name your favorite musician: effects of masculine generics and of their alternatives in German, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 46469.].           .

   () ,      ,   [25 - Stahlberg, Sczesny and Braun (2001).].     ,     [26 - Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016); Vervecken, Hannover and Wolter (2013).].               [27 - Stahlberg, D. and Sczesny, S. (2001), Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen [The impact of masculine generics on the cognitive inclusion of women], Psychol. Rundsch., 52, 13140; Horvath and Sczesny (2016); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016).].  ,         () ,             [28 - Stout and Dasgupta (2011); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016).].      ()         ,           ,        ,  ,    [29 - Gygax, Gabriel, Sarrasin, Oakhill and Garnham (2008).].          ,     . ,   2015.    , ,     ()        , ,   [30 - Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015).].     ,     ()         ,                .

      ,     ()      ,      -   ,     ,      !     2017.  ,      ,      , ,        -       () .   ,    [31 - Ignacio Bosque, Sexismo linguistico y visibilidad de la mujer, http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Sexismo_linguistico_y_visibilidad_de_la_mujer_0.pdf (http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Sexismo_linguistico_y_visibilidad_de_la_mujer_0.pdf).]  [32 - Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015).],       .

         ,  ()     .  ,  doctor ()  poet (),     () .    ,        ,   doctoress ()  poetess (),     .     doctor  poet   .     ()     ,    ,    he or she (  )    he (),   he or she (  )   ,    -            ,  dude (, )  guys (, ),    lads (, ). ,     ,     ()    .   2017.  ,  ࠖ    ,    fireman ([33 - Fireman  . fire ()  man (, ).])  firefighter (),         ,     [34 - https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/01/dany-cotton-london-fire-chief-sexist-abuse-over-firefighter-sam-campaign (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/01/dany-cotton-london-fire-chief-sexist-abuse-over-firefighter-sam-campaign).].

  ,   ,       (, ,  ,   ),         .       ,   .    뻠   (la mesa roja  ),    (el coche rojo  ).

  ,  , ,      ,   ,    .     Google   -.   Anwalt,    -,      ,  .    -,   Anwaltin (,   ,    ,      ࠖ          () , ,     ,  ).  ()       ,      ,   . ,         las profesoras,        ,  los profesores.     ,  蠖   .

    ()  -   ,         頖  [35 - Horvath and Sczesny (2016).].  ,           , ,     ()      (  ,      ,    )  27:1[36 -  .].   ,    : 2008.        (  )  m/f (  ).    ,    ()   ,         .  ,     ,      .  ,                   () .      ,        [37 -  .].

       -  ? . ,      2012., ,   ,     ,              ,     [38 - Prewitt-Freilino, Caswell and Laakso (2012).].    : ,    ,       (, ,     ),       .         ,       (,  ).    ,  ,     ,    (female teacher ,  -; male nurse ).   ,      -    ,                .  , 蠖   ,      .

   ,    堖   ,     .     [39 - https://cdn.emogi.com/docs/reports/2016_emoji_report.pdf (https://cdn.emogi.com/docs/reports/2016_emoji_report.pdf).],    90%  ,  [40 - http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/ (http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/).].      1980- .[41 -   ,     19981999.],      [42 - https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16160-emoji-professions.pdf (https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16160-emoji-professions.pdf).]:    78%    60% [43 - http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/ (http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/).].   ,    ,  2016.    .

,     ,       Unicode Consortium    ,         .  Unicode Consortium ,   - (, )      ,   ,      .   ( ,  Twitter  Facebook)     .          , ,  , ,     ,         ,      .   -      -.

 Unicode Consortium,  ,      -. ,          ,    .     .    ,  , Unicode Consortium    -,   ,   .            .

 2016. Unicode Consortium ,     - .       ,     ,  [44 - http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16181-gender-zwj-sequences.pdf (http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16181-gender-zwj-sequences.pdf).]. ,    ,     ,     , Unicode Consortium         .            .  ,  .

            (   ,    ,   ,        ),    ,           ,                 ,      ,   .   (    )       ,        he or she (  )  ( !)  she or he (  )   he ()     ,       ()     .        ,              .

   2015.       ,  ,  ,   2014.     . ,        : user (), participant (), person (, , ), designer ()  researcher (, )[45 - Bradley, Adam, MacArthur, Cayley, Carpendale, Sheelagh and Hancock, Mark, Gendered or Neutral? Considering the Language of HCI, Graphics Interface Conference 2015, 35 June, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, http://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2015-21.pdf (http://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2015-21.pdf).]. ,      ! !  ,  ,   .           ,    ,    ,   , ,  ,  ,              ,   .        80%     (   70%).      ,  .         ,              ,      (  80%     ) 50%       .

          ,     .        (     ,     ,    -   28% ,         )[46 - https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html (https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html).].    2015.   (    )     2008.,        -    ,         [47 - Naureen Durrani (2008), Schooling the other: the representation of gender and national identities in Pakistani curriculum texts, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 38:5, 595610.].       , ,    .

          .            ,       ,    .     (,    )         ,   [48 - Lambdin, Jennifer R., Greer, Kristen M., Jibotian, Kari Selby, Wood, Kelly Rice and Hamilton, Mykol C. (2003), The Animal = Male Hypothesis: Childrens and Adults Beliefs About the Sex of Non-Sex-Specific Stuffed Animals, Sex Roles, 48:1112, 471482.].  ,   ,            ,   픻,     .

   ,        :  堖  ,   .     2007.,      25 439   , ,   13% ,   ,     (         ,   頖 32%)[49 - http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/forschung/gender/IZI_Guidelines_WEB.pdf (http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/forschung/gender/IZI_Guidelines_WEB.pdf).].    G ( ),     1990.  2005., ,   28%       .     ,  蠖   ,           17%[50 - http://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/key-findings-gender-roles-2013.pdf (http://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/key-findings-gender-roles-2013.pdf).].

      ,  ,          ,      ,   ,   頖  (  ),   [51 - http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf (http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf).].      堖 ,            ( ,           ,  ,     ).  -  ,       : ,   頖 ,    ;  ,    蠖   ,     .  ,    ,    ,          .       -  .  .

   .             ,  ,          ,             ( ,      -    ,      ,        (   )     ).

   .  2013.            (        ,     ,    ,  )[52 - http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/australia-a-world-leaderin-female-representation-on-banknotes/news-story/3cf7c3b5ed3838075d571a64c7fcdff6 (http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/australia-a-world-leaderin-female-representation-on-banknotes/news-story/3cf7c3b5ed3838075d571a64c7fcdff6).].

    .    ,   1995.,   [53 -    (The Global Media Monitoring Project, GMMP)     ,        .     1995.      ,     ,       .     2015.  114 .]        .  ,   2015., ,       ,        ,     ,   24%   ,    2010.[54 - http://cdn.agilitycms.com/who-makes-the-news/Imported/reports_2015/highlights/highlights_en.pdf (http://cdn.agilitycms.com/who-makes-the-news/Imported/reports_2015/highlights/highlights_en.pdf).]

      .     ,   30     ,  , ,   , ,   -    ,   (          3:1)[55 - Silvina Bongiovanni (2014), No se preocupe la se?ora marquesa: A study of gender bias in example sentences in the RAE grammar textbook, IULC Working Papers, 14:1 https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iulcwp/article/download/26200/31823 (https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iulcwp/article/download/26200/31823).].           ,   19601990- ., ,              100:18,     9%      (        2002.)[56 - Clark, Roger, Allard, Jeffrey and Mahoney, Timothy (2004) How Much of the Sky? Women in American High School History Textbooks from the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s, Social Education, 68:1, 5762.].    (2017.)      ,       10,8%   (       5,3%)[57 - Amy L. Atchison (2017), Where Are the Women? An Analysis of Gender Mainstreaming in Introductory Political Science Textbooks, Journal of Political Science Education, 13:2, 185199.].      , , , ,     [58 - Iveta Silova (2016), Gender Analysis of Armenian School Curriculum and Textbooks Policy Brief, PhD (June 2016), Arizona State University, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24948/Gender0analysi0ooks000policy0brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24948/Gender0analysi0ooks000policy0brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y); Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016), The depiction of women in the verbal text of a junior secondary Malawian history textbook an analysis, Yesterday & Today, 16, 4059; https://www.ei-ie.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/15405/curriculum-textbooks-and-gender-stereotypes-the-case-of-pakistan (https://www.ei-ie.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/15405/curriculum-textbooks-and-gender-stereotypes-the-case-of-pakistan); Durrani (2008); Ullah, Hazir and Skelton, Christine (2013), Gender representation in the public sector schools textbooks of Pakistan, Educational Studies 39:2; 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010 studies cit. Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016).].

         ,     - - Metroid  ,   .  ,     ,      [ ] . - :    ,    !,     [59 - http://www.siliconera.com/2016/12/02/metroid-developers-discuss-decided-make-samus-aran-woman-new-interview/ (http://www.siliconera.com/2016/12/02/metroid-developers-discuss-decided-make-samus-aran-woman-new-interview/).].          ,   ,          .

 Metroid      .      [60 -    (Pew Research Center)   ,      ,        .] 2015. [61 - http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/12/15/gaming-and-gamers/ (http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/12/15/gaming-and-gamers/).],           ,   3,3% [62 - http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf (http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf).],   -   E3 (     )[63 -    (Electronic Entertainment Expo, E3)    ,  ,   ..,  Entertainment Software Association (ESA).] 2016.,    .     2015., ,    Feminist Frequency[64 - Feminist Frequency ,       .],  9%[65 - https://feministfrequency.com/2015/06/22/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2015 (https://feministfrequency.com/2015/06/22/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2015/).].          ,       .  E3 2015.  Fallout 4   ,        ,    ,           [66 - https://www.kotaku.co.uk/2015/07/15/fifas-struggle-to-include-women-reveals-a-lot-about-gamings-problems-with-diversity (https://www.kotaku.co.uk/2015/07/15/fifas-struggle-to-include-women-reveals-a-lot-about-gamings-problems-with-diversity).].     Feminist Frequency,    E3 2016.,     [67 - https://feministfrequency.com/2016/06/17/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2016/ (https://feministfrequency.com/2016/06/17/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2016/).].

    ,     ,  ,        ,    ( ,   ,   ) ,  , .  ,    ,  ࠖ   ,     蠖  ,    ,      -   [68 - http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/nyregion/campus-life-georgetown-white-male-writers-is-the-title-of-english-112.html (http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/nyregion/campus-life-georgetown-white-male-writers-is-the-title-of-english-112.html).].

 ,     ( 堖 ),          ( -,   The Guardian)    (        ). ,  , ,  ,     1929.    ,       ,    ,        ,     [69 - https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/05/suffragette-review-historical-drama-tub-thumps-hard-despite-having-your-vote (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/05/suffragette-review-historical-drama-tub-thumps-hard-despite-having-your-vote).].   ..       ,           -,        ,       ࠖ      -,   (    ),    The New Yorker       ,   .

     ,     ,     ,      .    2013.          .    2015.        ,   ,  ,   ,  ,     ,   ,  ,   ,      (  蠖   ,      )[70 - https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/05e1/0638aab94ca0d46ddde8083ff69859a0401e.pdf (https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/05e1/0638aab94ca0d46ddde8083ff69859a0401e.pdf).].

 XIVXVII.    , ,        1992.     (The Mismeasure of Woman),    ,  -        .   XVIII.  ,  ,     ,   ,         ,       .      ,   ( )     .

 2013.        ,   77        ,      1977.    .          ,        (     ,      [], ,    )[71 - https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2016/aug/17/normal-society-means-male-andy-murray-venus-serena-williams?CMP=fb_gu (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2016/aug/17/normal-society-means-male-andy-murray-venus-serena-williams?CMP=fb_gu).].       ,             ,        ,       .          [72 - https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/05/19/54/160805-wnt-a-historyof-the-usa-at-the-olympic-games (https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/05/19/54/160805-wnt-a-historyof-the-usa-at-the-olympic-games).].

             ,      .   Marvel Comics ,          [73 - http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/thor-aswoman-marvel-reveals-new-incarnation-of-superhero-in-comic-series-9608661.html (http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/thor-aswoman-marvel-reveals-new-incarnation-of-superhero-in-comic-series-9608661.html).],   , ,    Wired,   ,        [74 - https://www.wired.com/2015/10/hugo-awards-controversy (https://www.wired.com/2015/10/hugo-awards-controversy).].             ,    [75 - http://www.mamamia.com.au/star-wars-movie-features-a-female-lead (http://www.mamamia.com.au/star-wars-movie-features-a-female-lead); http://screencrush.com/rogue-one-female-lead-angry-fans/ (http://screencrush.com/rogue-one-female-lead-angry-fans/).].      ⠖  , -   ,        . 12     .   2017.     .      ࠖ           [76 - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/former-doctor-peter-davison-says-female-choice-role-means-loss/ (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/former-doctor-peter-davison-says-female-choice-role-means-loss/).].   ,     .    ,       .    Twitter                [77 - https://www.insider.com/doctor-who-first-woman-jodie-whittaker-sexist-reactions-2017-7 (https://www.insider.com/doctor-who-first-woman-jodie-whittaker-sexist-reactions-2017-7).].

 ,     ,     젖  ,   .   ,       50    .  ,  ,          ,   ,    ?         ?  .    , ,  ,    ,     .     ,    ,   ,  -,       ,   .     ,     (,   ,  ) ,     [78 - https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/25/readers-prefer-authors-own-sex-goodreads-survey (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/25/readers-prefer-authors-own-sex-goodreads-survey).].   2014.         Assassins Creed ,     ,    ,     頖 ,  -   [79 - https://kotaku.com/ubisoft-cut-plans-for-female-assassins-in-unity-1589278349 (https://kotaku.com/ubisoft-cut-plans-for-female-assassins-in-unity-1589278349).].     ,  .

    .  ?      .     .     ⠖ .      . []    ,       ,    ,   ,      ?[80 - http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2014/06/16/whole-assassins-creed-thing (http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2014/06/16/whole-assassins-creed-thing).]   ,  , , ࠖ .      ,   .    ,  ,          ,    -,     :  ꠖ .   ,     ,          .     ,  ,   ,     .

           .   2013.   ,          ,    ,    ,  ,   . ,   ,   ,   ,          ,   . ,    ,      .  ,   ,        -   ,       .              .         ,   ,           .

  ,         :   ,   , , ,   ,    .         ,      .             .         . ,             .     ,  ,          : -       ,        .

 1839.         : -  ,     ,      ;                ,   ,    ?    ,    .      ,    ,     XVII  XVIII.   [81 - .  Anna Beer (2016): Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music, London.].       ,       蠖        ,      .

           ,   2010.  ,      ,    [82 - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39191514 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39191514).].         ,          ,   ,    ,     ,     [83 - https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons).].  ,    ,    ,    ,     1660.  ,       .  2017.      XIX.   蠖     ,       [84 - https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/caroline-louisa-daly-art-men-attribution (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/caroline-louisa-daly-art-men-attribution).].

   XX.   ,      ,     []   ,    ,    ,  ,   .   .    - ,         ( ,      )    ,           .         ,         ,    ,          [85 - https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/ (https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/).].   -,      ,      [86 - http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/ (http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/).]. ,     蠖    ,   (             ,          )            (      ).

   ,           .    ,          :     , -                 .      ,      .    ,   ,   ,           .    .

         ,   ,  ,       ,      . -          ,            ;  ,  ,   ,   ,   ,       , ,    ,      .            ,    .

   ,   ,  .  2015.       ,   63  ,      ,      .      Edexcel[87 - Edexcel     ,          .],    . ,  -        (   )  ,  ,          .   .  Edexcel  ,  -  ,   ,     -[88 - ,       -   (International Encyclopedia of Women Composers, by Aaron I. Cohen),    1981.   5000 .]  6000 .      -,   ,    ,        .

           ,         ,    ,   ,   .   ,  ,    ,            .     ,      ,          .         ,     ,      [89 - Beer (2016).].          ,  [90 -   ,        ,   ,       ,  ,           ,  .].   XX.   ( ,      )       ,   ,         ,  .

   ,    ,   ,        ,    ,    .     :     (Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music)        XVII.   (       ,      )     ,  .        (       )          ,    ,       ,   .      ,    .     (   )          .       ,            ,  .       ,      ,  ,    ,   .

  ,      ,      , ,   ,   ,         .  2013.      ,   ,                ,   [91 - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/9790633/Will-Govesposh-white-blokes-history-curriculum-ignore-women.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/9790633/Will-Govesposh-white-blokes-history-curriculum-ignore-women.html).].    ,   [92 - 䠖       (1854),   .  .] XXI., ,    [93 - www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUTGoves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUTGoves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html).].       .

  ,   -,     , ,   ,    .     711 Key Stage 2 (  ,     )      ,      .    ,      (1114 ),         ,    ( ,  ,     [94 - ,  (18201910)    ,  ,      . ,  (18051881)  ,   . ,  (    ; 18191880)  . ,  (18471933)  ,    ,    ,   ,     . . .])        ,      ,         .

 2009.       -  ,  ,   ,        VIII,    , ,   ,     [95 - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5077505/History-hasbeen-feminised-says-David-Starkey-as-he-launches-Henry-VIII-series.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5077505/History-hasbeen-feminised-says-David-Starkey-as-he-launches-Henry-VIII-series.html).].                ( , ),   , ,      ,  ,   (    )   ,         ;  ,    ,   .

     ,       .    ?         (.  1320.),        ,     [96 - https://teachingwomenshistory.com/teaching-resources/medieval-women/ (https://teachingwomenshistory.com/teaching-resources/medieval-women/).].  ,             ,      .  25  1345.,        ,     .          .    .    ,   XIV. (     ),  :          ?

              .        ,     .      ,  ,        ,      ,        .      :          .

,                 ,     ,      .         ,     ,      ,     .            ,    ,      .                 ,   ,    .  , ,   ,    .

 .  , , .    .        .       .   ,      ,    ,    .      .           , ,   ,     .      .    .

      .         堖    -     ,   ,  ,     ,    ,   . 堖  ,        : ,   [97 - ,    .] (    )   ,   ,   ,   ,  ,  .         ,      .

,       ,   , ,    .   ,  ,        ,        .   ,          (   ),     . !  .     ,     .       ,   蠖 , .

          2016., , ,     ,      ,  ,  ,  ,      .        The New York Times     ,   ,            , ,  -  [98 - https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html?_r=0 (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html?_r=0).]. ,   ,       .            .          ,       (,     .. ).  ,  ,      ,         ,    , ,    .

            2016.     ,          [99 - http://www.wbur.org/politicker/2016/11/21/bernie-sanders-berklee (http://www.wbur.org/politicker/2016/11/21/bernie-sanders-berklee).],   :   ,    ![100 - http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/307014-sanders-dems-must-move-beyond-identity-politics (http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/307014-sanders-dems-must-move-beyond-identity-politics).].    ,   The Australian,       [101 - https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/inquirer/donald-trumps-election-a-rejection-of-identity-politics/news-story/147b11c08b64702d3f9be1821416cb72 (https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/inquirer/donald-trumps-election-a-rejection-of-identity-politics/news-story/147b11c08b64702d3f9be1821416cb72).],          ,     ,   ,   ,    ,    [102 - https://twitter.com/RichardBurgon/status/822417591713075201 (https://twitter.com/RichardBurgon/status/822417591713075201).].

   The Guardian  2016. annus horribilis       ,         .       ,  .      .   ,      1832.,             [103 - https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/blame-trump-brexit-identity-liberalism (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/blame-trump-brexit-identity-liberalism).]. , 2016.  .

      ,   蠖    ,           ;             ,    ;      -   頖   ;        . ,        ,   ,       2016.              (: ),      53 420 ,      $59 380[104 - https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUT-Goves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUT-Goves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html).].      ,    ,      , 924 640     젖 $21 820[105 - https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372012.htm (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372012.htm).].         ?

           .   ,               ,     ,          .  ,   ,   ,  蠖   ,  ,  ,             .

    1977.,  ,  ,   ,     ;    ,   [106 - Bourdieu, Pierre (1972) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Nice, Richard trans. (1977), Cambridge.].           ,      .      .  .    .     ,      ,  ,       ,  ,    ,          .

       ,    ,       ( , )              ,    , ,    ,   -,     .               (   ,  ),      . ,   .     ,    .

  .                        .  ,           , ,         ,               [107 - http://theconversation.com/donald-trump-and-the-rise-of-white-identity-inpolitics-67037 (http://theconversation.com/donald-trump-and-the-rise-of-white-identity-inpolitics-67037).].    ,                 .          .        ,          ,       [108 - http://www.vox.com/2016/11/1/13480416/trump-supporters-sexism (http://www.vox.com/2016/11/1/13480416/trump-supporters-sexism).].          ,      .      ,        .

      .                ,   ,         ,     .            :                 ,      . , ,    ,   젖        .    ,  ,   .  .       ,   ,    .       .

    ,  ,      ; ,      ,      ; ,       , ,  .    ,       ,    ,   ࠖ   ,    , ,     ,      ,   .

     ,  ,       ,    ,    ,   .   .

  蠖   .       ,   ,        .      -.   .




 I

 





 1

   


   .  2011.    ,   ,         .              ,   -,          .  ,          :       ?

    ,      ,      ,      .    -     ,         -.

        ,        ,          [109 - https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/28542/120500.pdf?sequence=6 (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/28542/120500.pdf?sequence=6).].       ࠖ .               64%[110 - https://whyy.org/articles/septa-has-largest-percentage-of-female-riders-64-among-large-transit-agencies/ (https://whyy.org/articles/septa-has-largest-percentage-of-female-riders-64-among-large-transit-agencies/).]  62%[111 - Ceccato, Vania (2017), Womens victimisation and safety in transit environments, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:34, 1637".]. ,         [112 - http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_422a_en.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_422a_en.pdf): World Bank (2007), Gender and Urban Transport: Fashionable and Affordable Module 7a Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities.],      ,    [113 - http://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/ (http://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/).]     ,  [114 - Ceccato (2017).].

        ,    .    : 젖  ,  , 젖 ,  .   .      75%    ,       .          ,       ,  ,    ,  .     頖  ,      .        .

          ,  [115 - http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf).].   25% [116 - http://content.tfl.gov.uk/gender-equality-scheme-2007-2010.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/gender-equality-scheme-2007-2010.pdf).]    ,   ,         ,  39% .            .                       ,  .           .        ,       54%,      19%[117 - Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines, Mobility of Care: Introducing New Concepts in Urban Transport, in Roberts, Marion and Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines (eds.) (2013), Fair Shared Cities: The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Farnham.]

   . -      ,   ,  ,    .        ,            ,    ,  ,    ,         - ,    ,      (  ,  ).

 ,    ,         .     1985.           .      ,           ,  [118 - https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf (https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf).].           ,      [119 - Rolfsman, E., P.-O. Bylund, and B.-I. Saveman. 2012. Single Injury Incidents among Pedestrians and Bicyclists in Northern Sweden Safety and Preventive Issues. Safety Science Monitor 16 (1): 110.].       .         ,  75%      .         (     ),  69%.          ,    ,  48%       (     ).   , ,  ,    ,  .

,        ,    .               [120 - https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6151586/2295991.pdf (https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6151586/2295991.pdf).].     ,               ,   36   ( ?3,2).  ,  ,   , ,       ,            ;     ; -      .  ,  ,    ,           .

       ,    ,     ,         .  ,   ,      ,    ,    [121 - https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf (https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf).].       ,              .

         [122 - https://www.thelocal.se/20161112/stockholm-transport-heads-defends-gender-equal-snow-clearing (https://www.thelocal.se/20161112/stockholm-transport-heads-defends-gender-equal-snow-clearing); https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snowplowing-system-brings-stockholm-to-a-standstill/ (https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snowplowing-system-brings-stockholm-to-a-standstill/).]  2016.:  ,            .       ,  -             .         .    ,               .

 ,     .   Heat Street[123 - Heat Street ,   2016.  ,           , ,         .  2017.    ,    Market Watch..] [124 - https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snow-plowing-system-brings-stockholmto-a-standstill/ (https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snow-plowing-system-brings-stockholmto-a-standstill/).],        - ,   ,     ,  ,  ,  ,     ,  [125 - https://www.dn.se/arkiv/stockholm/jamstalld-snorojning-blev-ett-fiasko-i-ovadret/ (https://www.dn.se/arkiv/stockholm/jamstalld-snorojning-blev-ett-fiasko-i-ovadret/).],       ,       ,   ,       . ,   ,       .

      .      ,    , ,        200       ,         ,  ,     .  ,  ,  .




           ,      .      ,       ,      ,    .  (    ),   , ,      ,     .     ,           .     ,        .  ,    ,       .

      ,      ,        .  ,  ,    .  ,   ,      ,      ,   ,     .          .

 ,        ,   .             ,         .           ,     .         ,                  .

           .           ()               [126 - https://thecityfix.com/blog/brasilia-brazil-women-bus-stop-night-safety-sexual-assault-luisa-zottis/ (https://thecityfix.com/blog/brasilia-brazil-women-bus-stop-night-safety-sexual-assault-luisa-zottis/).].    2014.,      ,         ,                [127 - http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/61244 (http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/61244).].         ,    ,     (     ,        ,       )[128 - Sanchez de Madariaga (2013).].  ,    ,        ,       .

            .   2017.  ,   New Statesman, , ,          ,           - [129 - https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/unless-living-standards-improve-theresa-mays-cameron-tribute-act-will-continue (https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/unless-living-standards-improve-theresa-mays-cameron-tribute-act-will-continue).].     ,        , ,     ,      ,     -     .    2014. 70%        (   ),    2013.     ?19,          [130 - https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf (https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf).].

         .  2007.    ,  73%  ,      ,          [131 - https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/7aGenderUTSept300.pdf (https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/7aGenderUTSept300.pdf); World Bank (2007).].      , ,    ,     .             .     ,          .       ,       ,     ,      [132 - http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/2443621265299949041/67663281270752196897/Gender_Infrastructure2.pdf (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362%E2%80%931265299949041/6766328%E2%80%931270752196897/Gender_Infrastructure2.pdf).].

            - ,               [133 - Sanchez de Madariaga (2013); Tran, Hoai Anh and Schlyter, Ann (2010), Gender and class in urban transport: the cases of Xian and Hanoi, Environment and Urbanization, 22:1, 13955.].      ,            .  ,  ,     ,   (    ,  - ,  ,  ,  ),       .          ,      ,  .  , ,          ,          .

   . ,  ,  ,     젖      ,      ,     ,    ,   [134 - https://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf (https://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf); http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf).].   2015.,    , ,   ,             ,    ,  , , ,        ,            , ,     , , ,  [135 - http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf).].     , ,  ,     ,          ,     .   ,          ,      . ,       ?  .




     .   60%    젖    ,         .  1990- .      ,           :         ( ,   40  ),     ,    [136 - http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/urban.html (http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/urban.html).].

            .     superilles ( ) ,     ,       ,          .    ,       ,   .  2016.      [137 - https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/find-fares/bus-and-tram-fares (https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/find-fares/bus-and-tram-fares).].          ,   ,              .       ,          .         젖     (57%)    ( ,      ,   ,       ). ,       (     ).

      , ,      ,     [138 - http://humantransit.org/2010/02/the-power-and-pleasure-of-grids.html (http://humantransit.org/2010/02/the-power-and-pleasure-of-grids.html).].          .     ,      .       ,       ,          .        .   ( , 젖 )          .

  ,    ,    ,        . ,            ( -堖  2014.),      -[139 - http://humantransit.org/2014/08/charging-for-connections-is-insane.html (http://humantransit.org/2014/08/charging-for-connections-is-insane.html).].  , ,            [140 - https://las.depaul.edu/centers-and-institutes/chaddick-institute-for-metropolitan-development/research-and-publications/Documents/Have%20App%20Will%20Travel%20Uber%20-%20CTA.pdf (https://las.depaul.edu/centers-and-institutes/chaddick-institute-for-metropolitan-development/research-and-publications/Documents/Have%20App%20Will%20Travel%20Uber%20-%20CTA.pdf).].        2016.,         [141 -  .].            Uberpool (     )    ,         (           ).         ,      ,         ,    頖 28     47   .

,       (-            ,   ), Uberpool     [142 - http://webfoundation.org/docs/2015/10/womens-rights-online_Report.pdf (http://webfoundation.org/docs/2015/10/womens-rights-online_Report.pdf).],                             ,   .        ,  ,               37,8% (     젖  18,1%    23%    59,6%  )[143 - http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf).].

  , , ,       .    McKinsey  ,    ,     $10 [144 - https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2015/10/unpaid-care-work-women-and-gdp.html (https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2015/10/unpaid-care-work-women-and-gdp.html).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/kerolayn-kriado-pere/nevidimye-zhenschiny-pochemu-my-zhivem-v-mire-udobnom/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


   (a bloody difficult woman) ,      --   .        . . .




2


 . .  . . 1 2: . . /. . . . .. , . .. . .: ; .: , 1997.   ,     , . .




3


.    / . . .. . . .:   , 1940.




4


.http://science.sciencemag.org/content/164/3883/1045.1 (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/164/3883/1045.1).




5


Slocum, Sally (1975), Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology, in Reiter, Rayna R. ed. (1975), Toward an Anthropology of Women. Monthly Review Press.




6


http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-evolution-violence-instinct-to-kill-murder-each-other-a7335491.html (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-evolution-violence-instinct-to-kill-murder-each-other-a7335491.html).




7


https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19758 (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19758).




8


https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/uog-mdb061716.php (https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/uog-mdb061716.php).




9


http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/social/no-women-arentas-likely-to-commit-violence-as-men-20141118-3km9x.html (http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/social/no-women-arentas-likely-to-commit-violence-as-men-20141118-3km9x.html).




10


https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2015/chapter2homicide#focus-on-domestic-homicides (https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2015/chapter2homicide#focus-on-domestic-homicides).




11


https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf (https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf).




12


http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf (http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf).




13


https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131008-women-handprints-oldest-neolithic-cave-art/ (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131008-women-handprints-oldest-neolithic-cave-art/).




14


https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/15/how-the-female-viking-warrior-was-written-out-of-history (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/15/how-the-female-viking-warrior-was-written-out-of-history).




15


https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/09/viking-warrior-woman-archaeology-spd/ (https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/09/viking-warrior-woman-archaeology-spd/).




16


 .




17


https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html).




18


 .




19


Walker, Phillip (1995), Problems of Preservation and Sexism in Sexing: Some Lessons from Historical Collections for Palaeodemographers, in Saunders, S. R. and Herring A. (eds.), Grave Reflections, Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies (Canadian Scholars Press, Toronto); https://namuhyou.wordpress.com/2016/06/18/sexism-when-sexing-your-skull-cultural-bias-when-sexing-the-skull/ (https://namuhyou.wordpress.com/2016/06/18/sexism-when-sexing-your-skull-cultural-bias-when-sexing-the-skull/).




20


https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html).




21


https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons).




22


https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-05-06/warrior-women (https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-05-06/warrior-women).




23


 䠖  ,     ,        .




24


Hegarty, Peter and Buechel, Carmen (2006), Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences, APA Journals: 19652004 Review of General Psychology, 10:4, 37789; Vainapel, Sigal, Shamir, Opher Y., Tenenbaum, Yulie and Gilam, Gadi (2015), The Dark Side of Gendered Language: The Masculine-Generic Form as a Cause for Self-Report Bias, Psychological Assessment Issue, 27:4, 151319; Sczesny, Sabine, Formanowicz, Magda, and Moser, Franziska (2016), Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination?, Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 111; Horvath, Lisa Kristina and Sczesny, Sabine (2016), Reducing womens lack of fit with leadership positions? Effects of the wording of job advertisements, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25:2, 31628; Stout, Jane G. and Dasgupta, Nilanjana (2011), When He Doesnt Mean You: Gender-Exclusive Language as Ostracism, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36:6, 75769; Vervecken, Dries, Hannover, Bettina and Wolter, Ilka (2013), Changing (S) expectations: How gender fair job descriptions impact childrens perceptions and interest regarding traditionally male occupations, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82:3, 20820; Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., Caswell, T. A. and Laakso, E. K. (2012), The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages, Sex Roles, 66: 34, 26881; Gygax, Pascal, Gabriel, Ute, Sarrasin, Oriane, Oakhill, Jane and Garnham, Alan (2008), Generically intended, but specifically interpreted: When beauticians, musicians, and mechanics are all men, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23:3, 46485; Stahlberg, D., Sczesny, S. and Braun, F. (2001), Name your favorite musician: effects of masculine generics and of their alternatives in German, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 46469.




25


Stahlberg, Sczesny and Braun (2001).




26


Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016); Vervecken, Hannover and Wolter (2013).




27


Stahlberg, D. and Sczesny, S. (2001), Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen [The impact of masculine generics on the cognitive inclusion of women], Psychol. Rundsch., 52, 13140; Horvath and Sczesny (2016); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016).




28


Stout and Dasgupta (2011); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016).




29


Gygax, Gabriel, Sarrasin, Oakhill and Garnham (2008).




30


Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015).




31


Ignacio Bosque, Sexismo linguistico y visibilidad de la mujer, http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Sexismo_linguistico_y_visibilidad_de_la_mujer_0.pdf (http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Sexismo_linguistico_y_visibilidad_de_la_mujer_0.pdf).




32


Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015).




33


Fireman  . fire ()  man (, ).




34


https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/01/dany-cotton-london-fire-chief-sexist-abuse-over-firefighter-sam-campaign (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/01/dany-cotton-london-fire-chief-sexist-abuse-over-firefighter-sam-campaign).




35


Horvath and Sczesny (2016).




36


 .




37


 .




38


Prewitt-Freilino, Caswell and Laakso (2012).




39


https://cdn.emogi.com/docs/reports/2016_emoji_report.pdf (https://cdn.emogi.com/docs/reports/2016_emoji_report.pdf).




40


http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/ (http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/).




41


  ,     19981999.




42


https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16160-emoji-professions.pdf (https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16160-emoji-professions.pdf).




43


http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/ (http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/).




44


http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16181-gender-zwj-sequences.pdf (http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16181-gender-zwj-sequences.pdf).




45


Bradley, Adam, MacArthur, Cayley, Carpendale, Sheelagh and Hancock, Mark, Gendered or Neutral? Considering the Language of HCI, Graphics Interface Conference 2015, 35 June, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, http://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2015-21.pdf (http://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2015-21.pdf).




46


https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html (https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html).




47


Naureen Durrani (2008), Schooling the other: the representation of gender and national identities in Pakistani curriculum texts, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 38:5, 595610.




48


Lambdin, Jennifer R., Greer, Kristen M., Jibotian, Kari Selby, Wood, Kelly Rice and Hamilton, Mykol C. (2003), The Animal = Male Hypothesis: Childrens and Adults Beliefs About the Sex of Non-Sex-Specific Stuffed Animals, Sex Roles, 48:1112, 471482.




49


http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/forschung/gender/IZI_Guidelines_WEB.pdf (http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/forschung/gender/IZI_Guidelines_WEB.pdf).




50


http://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/key-findings-gender-roles-2013.pdf (http://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/key-findings-gender-roles-2013.pdf).




51


http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf (http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf).




52


http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/australia-a-world-leaderin-female-representation-on-banknotes/news-story/3cf7c3b5ed3838075d571a64c7fcdff6 (http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/australia-a-world-leaderin-female-representation-on-banknotes/news-story/3cf7c3b5ed3838075d571a64c7fcdff6).




53


   (The Global Media Monitoring Project, GMMP)     ,        .     1995.      ,     ,       .     2015.  114 .




54


http://cdn.agilitycms.com/who-makes-the-news/Imported/reports_2015/highlights/highlights_en.pdf (http://cdn.agilitycms.com/who-makes-the-news/Imported/reports_2015/highlights/highlights_en.pdf).




55


Silvina Bongiovanni (2014), No se preocupe la se?ora marquesa: A study of gender bias in example sentences in the RAE grammar textbook, IULC Working Papers, 14:1 https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iulcwp/article/download/26200/31823 (https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iulcwp/article/download/26200/31823).




56


Clark, Roger, Allard, Jeffrey and Mahoney, Timothy (2004) How Much of the Sky? Women in American High School History Textbooks from the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s, Social Education, 68:1, 5762.




57


Amy L. Atchison (2017), Where Are the Women? An Analysis of Gender Mainstreaming in Introductory Political Science Textbooks, Journal of Political Science Education, 13:2, 185199.




58


Iveta Silova (2016), Gender Analysis of Armenian School Curriculum and Textbooks Policy Brief, PhD (June 2016), Arizona State University, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24948/Gender0analysi0ooks000policy0brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24948/Gender0analysi0ooks000policy0brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y); Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016), The depiction of women in the verbal text of a junior secondary Malawian history textbook an analysis, Yesterday & Today, 16, 4059; https://www.ei-ie.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/15405/curriculum-textbooks-and-gender-stereotypes-the-case-of-pakistan (https://www.ei-ie.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/15405/curriculum-textbooks-and-gender-stereotypes-the-case-of-pakistan); Durrani (2008); Ullah, Hazir and Skelton, Christine (2013), Gender representation in the public sector schools textbooks of Pakistan, Educational Studies 39:2; 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010 studies cit. Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016).




59


http://www.siliconera.com/2016/12/02/metroid-developers-discuss-decided-make-samus-aran-woman-new-interview/ (http://www.siliconera.com/2016/12/02/metroid-developers-discuss-decided-make-samus-aran-woman-new-interview/).




60


   (Pew Research Center)   ,      ,        .




61


http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/12/15/gaming-and-gamers/ (http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/12/15/gaming-and-gamers/).




62


http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf (http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf).




63


   (Electronic Entertainment Expo, E3)    ,  ,   ..,  Entertainment Software Association (ESA).




64


Feminist Frequency ,       .




65


https://feministfrequency.com/2015/06/22/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2015 (https://feministfrequency.com/2015/06/22/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2015/).




66


https://www.kotaku.co.uk/2015/07/15/fifas-struggle-to-include-women-reveals-a-lot-about-gamings-problems-with-diversity (https://www.kotaku.co.uk/2015/07/15/fifas-struggle-to-include-women-reveals-a-lot-about-gamings-problems-with-diversity).




67


https://feministfrequency.com/2016/06/17/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2016/ (https://feministfrequency.com/2016/06/17/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2016/).




68


http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/nyregion/campus-life-georgetown-white-male-writers-is-the-title-of-english-112.html (http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/nyregion/campus-life-georgetown-white-male-writers-is-the-title-of-english-112.html).




69


https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/05/suffragette-review-historical-drama-tub-thumps-hard-despite-having-your-vote (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/05/suffragette-review-historical-drama-tub-thumps-hard-despite-having-your-vote).




70


https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/05e1/0638aab94ca0d46ddde8083ff69859a0401e.pdf (https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/05e1/0638aab94ca0d46ddde8083ff69859a0401e.pdf).




71


https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2016/aug/17/normal-society-means-male-andy-murray-venus-serena-williams?CMP=fb_gu (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2016/aug/17/normal-society-means-male-andy-murray-venus-serena-williams?CMP=fb_gu).




72


https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/05/19/54/160805-wnt-a-historyof-the-usa-at-the-olympic-games (https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/05/19/54/160805-wnt-a-historyof-the-usa-at-the-olympic-games).




73


http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/thor-aswoman-marvel-reveals-new-incarnation-of-superhero-in-comic-series-9608661.html (http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/thor-aswoman-marvel-reveals-new-incarnation-of-superhero-in-comic-series-9608661.html).




74


https://www.wired.com/2015/10/hugo-awards-controversy (https://www.wired.com/2015/10/hugo-awards-controversy).




75


http://www.mamamia.com.au/star-wars-movie-features-a-female-lead (http://www.mamamia.com.au/star-wars-movie-features-a-female-lead); http://screencrush.com/rogue-one-female-lead-angry-fans/ (http://screencrush.com/rogue-one-female-lead-angry-fans/).




76


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/former-doctor-peter-davison-says-female-choice-role-means-loss/ (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/former-doctor-peter-davison-says-female-choice-role-means-loss/).




77


https://www.insider.com/doctor-who-first-woman-jodie-whittaker-sexist-reactions-2017-7 (https://www.insider.com/doctor-who-first-woman-jodie-whittaker-sexist-reactions-2017-7).




78


https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/25/readers-prefer-authors-own-sex-goodreads-survey (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/25/readers-prefer-authors-own-sex-goodreads-survey).




79


https://kotaku.com/ubisoft-cut-plans-for-female-assassins-in-unity-1589278349 (https://kotaku.com/ubisoft-cut-plans-for-female-assassins-in-unity-1589278349).




80


http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2014/06/16/whole-assassins-creed-thing (http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2014/06/16/whole-assassins-creed-thing).




81


.  Anna Beer (2016): Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music, London.




82


http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39191514 (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39191514).




83


https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons).




84


https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/caroline-louisa-daly-art-men-attribution (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/caroline-louisa-daly-art-men-attribution).




85


https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/ (https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/).




86


http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/ (http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/).




87


Edexcel     ,          .




88


,       -   (International Encyclopedia of Women Composers, by Aaron I. Cohen),    1981.   5000 .




89


Beer (2016).




90


  ,        ,   ,       ,  ,           ,  .




91


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/9790633/Will-Govesposh-white-blokes-history-curriculum-ignore-women.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/9790633/Will-Govesposh-white-blokes-history-curriculum-ignore-women.html).




92


䠖       (1854),   .  .




93


www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUTGoves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUTGoves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html).




94


,  (18201910)    ,  ,      . ,  (18051881)  ,   . ,  (    ; 18191880)  . ,  (18471933)  ,    ,    ,   ,     . . .




95


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5077505/History-hasbeen-feminised-says-David-Starkey-as-he-launches-Henry-VIII-series.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5077505/History-hasbeen-feminised-says-David-Starkey-as-he-launches-Henry-VIII-series.html).




96


https://teachingwomenshistory.com/teaching-resources/medieval-women/ (https://teachingwomenshistory.com/teaching-resources/medieval-women/).




97


,    .




98


https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html?_r=0 (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html?_r=0).




99


http://www.wbur.org/politicker/2016/11/21/bernie-sanders-berklee (http://www.wbur.org/politicker/2016/11/21/bernie-sanders-berklee).




100


http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/307014-sanders-dems-must-move-beyond-identity-politics (http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/307014-sanders-dems-must-move-beyond-identity-politics).




101


https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/inquirer/donald-trumps-election-a-rejection-of-identity-politics/news-story/147b11c08b64702d3f9be1821416cb72 (https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/inquirer/donald-trumps-election-a-rejection-of-identity-politics/news-story/147b11c08b64702d3f9be1821416cb72).




102


https://twitter.com/RichardBurgon/status/822417591713075201 (https://twitter.com/RichardBurgon/status/822417591713075201).




103


https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/blame-trump-brexit-identity-liberalism (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/blame-trump-brexit-identity-liberalism).




104


https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUT-Goves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUT-Goves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html).




105


https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372012.htm (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372012.htm).




106


Bourdieu, Pierre (1972) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Nice, Richard trans. (1977), Cambridge.




107


http://theconversation.com/donald-trump-and-the-rise-of-white-identity-inpolitics-67037 (http://theconversation.com/donald-trump-and-the-rise-of-white-identity-inpolitics-67037).




108


http://www.vox.com/2016/11/1/13480416/trump-supporters-sexism (http://www.vox.com/2016/11/1/13480416/trump-supporters-sexism).




109


https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/28542/120500.pdf?sequence=6 (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/28542/120500.pdf?sequence=6).




110


https://whyy.org/articles/septa-has-largest-percentage-of-female-riders-64-among-large-transit-agencies/ (https://whyy.org/articles/septa-has-largest-percentage-of-female-riders-64-among-large-transit-agencies/).




111


Ceccato, Vania (2017), Womens victimisation and safety in transit environments, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:34, 1637".




112


http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_422a_en.pdf (http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_422a_en.pdf): World Bank (2007), Gender and Urban Transport: Fashionable and Affordable Module 7a Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities.




113


http://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/ (http://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/).




114


Ceccato (2017).




115


http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf).




116


http://content.tfl.gov.uk/gender-equality-scheme-2007-2010.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/gender-equality-scheme-2007-2010.pdf).




117


Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines, Mobility of Care: Introducing New Concepts in Urban Transport, in Roberts, Marion and Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines (eds.) (2013), Fair Shared Cities: The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Farnham.




118


https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf (https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf).




119


Rolfsman, E., P.-O. Bylund, and B.-I. Saveman. 2012. Single Injury Incidents among Pedestrians and Bicyclists in Northern Sweden Safety and Preventive Issues. Safety Science Monitor 16 (1): 110.




120


https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6151586/2295991.pdf (https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6151586/2295991.pdf).




121


https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf (https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf).




122


https://www.thelocal.se/20161112/stockholm-transport-heads-defends-gender-equal-snow-clearing (https://www.thelocal.se/20161112/stockholm-transport-heads-defends-gender-equal-snow-clearing); https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snowplowing-system-brings-stockholm-to-a-standstill/ (https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snowplowing-system-brings-stockholm-to-a-standstill/).




123


Heat Street ,   2016.  ,           , ,         .  2017.    ,    Market Watch..




124


https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snow-plowing-system-brings-stockholmto-a-standstill/ (https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snow-plowing-system-brings-stockholmto-a-standstill/).




125


https://www.dn.se/arkiv/stockholm/jamstalld-snorojning-blev-ett-fiasko-i-ovadret/ (https://www.dn.se/arkiv/stockholm/jamstalld-snorojning-blev-ett-fiasko-i-ovadret/).




126


https://thecityfix.com/blog/brasilia-brazil-women-bus-stop-night-safety-sexual-assault-luisa-zottis/ (https://thecityfix.com/blog/brasilia-brazil-women-bus-stop-night-safety-sexual-assault-luisa-zottis/).




127


http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/61244 (http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/61244).




128


Sanchez de Madariaga (2013).




129


https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/unless-living-standards-improve-theresa-mays-cameron-tribute-act-will-continue (https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/unless-living-standards-improve-theresa-mays-cameron-tribute-act-will-continue).




130


https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf (https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf).




131


https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/7aGenderUTSept300.pdf (https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/7aGenderUTSept300.pdf); World Bank (2007).




132


http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/2443621265299949041/67663281270752196897/Gender_Infrastructure2.pdf (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362%E2%80%931265299949041/6766328%E2%80%931270752196897/Gender_Infrastructure2.pdf).




133


Sanchez de Madariaga (2013); Tran, Hoai Anh and Schlyter, Ann (2010), Gender and class in urban transport: the cases of Xian and Hanoi, Environment and Urbanization, 22:1, 13955.




134


https://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf (https://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf); http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf).




135


http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf (http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf).




136


http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/urban.html (http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/urban.html).




137


https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/find-fares/bus-and-tram-fares (https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/find-fares/bus-and-tram-fares).




138


http://humantransit.org/2010/02/the-power-and-pleasure-of-grids.html (http://humantransit.org/2010/02/the-power-and-pleasure-of-grids.html).




139


http://humantransit.org/2014/08/charging-for-connections-is-insane.html (http://humantransit.org/2014/08/charging-for-connections-is-insane.html).




140


https://las.depaul.edu/centers-and-institutes/chaddick-institute-for-metropolitan-development/research-and-publications/Documents/Have%20App%20Will%20Travel%20Uber%20-%20CTA.pdf (https://las.depaul.edu/centers-and-institutes/chaddick-institute-for-metropolitan-development/research-and-publications/Documents/Have%20App%20Will%20Travel%20Uber%20-%20CTA.pdf).




141


 .




142


http://webfoundation.org/docs/2015/10/womens-rights-online_Report.pdf (http://webfoundation.org/docs/2015/10/womens-rights-online_Report.pdf).




143


http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf).




144


https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2015/10/unpaid-care-work-women-and-gdp.html (https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2015/10/unpaid-care-work-women-and-gdp.html).


