  :      
 


 
 XX             ,     .         ,                ,  ,    .



  PDF A4   .





 

  .      



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      , 31  1990  (Alexander Zemlianichenko / AP / TASS)



 Syndicate of the Press of the University of Cambridge, England, 2012

  , 2020







 ,      ,      ,       -,  ,         ,    ,    ,     ,     .                   (         - ) 2008 ,         .  ,            -    .  2009        ,                         ,  ,  ,     .           -   ;  ,         ,         .    ,   -,       ,     .

  2010  -   ,           .         -    ,                 .    :  ,  ,   ,  . ,  ,  ,  . ,  ,   ,  ,      .             ()        (  ).                  ,    ,      ,      .             3,     - .         12        -.           ,   10.            :  ,  ,  ,  ,     .

  ,               ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  . ,  ,  ,  ,  ʸ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , ..   .          Cambridge University Press.

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            :           ;       ;     ,    ;     ; -   :     ;  -             ;     ;      ;      ;            () ;            ;        ; -    ,    ,      ;  ,      .    -                 ,           ,              , ,             .

               .            ,           .  ,    ,     ,           ,    .

        .  ,     (, ), :         ,       .        ,     .        ,       ,       ,   .        ,                 ,    ,             ,      .    -  :



,                ,    ,       .  ,   ,   ,                 .     [   ].    ,  ,              [1 - Stigler G. The Economist as Preacher // The Essence of Stigler / Ed. by K.R. Leube, Th. Gale Moore. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986. P.305.].


,  ?     -,    ,              ,     .           .           ?             ?

     ,    ,                .    ,        ,          ,    ,   .     ,    ,           ,    ,       .       ,          :           ,     ,    . ,   ,     [2 - Interview with Quentin Tarantino // Guardian. 1998. January 5.].               .              .            ,       .




  


  ,     ,             ,            .  ,    ,                 .    .          .                .

     ,        .       ,                  . .          ,      ,   ,      .   2      versus   ,       1917            .   3    ,   ,       ,      ,   1929 .       1930-     ,    ,    4    ,       ,      . .     .  5   ,    1936     ,                 .

  6             ,   1944 ,           ,      .            .   7  ,     ,  ,        ,          .  8           - (Mont P?lerin Society),         .   9  10    ,              .        -      .                    .

             .   11   - ,  ,       ,   ,     ,               . -    1971   ,       .        , ,     12,                ,    .   13                 ,      :                  .   14              .   15          ,       .              2010    ,  2011          ,          ,   .




     ?


        -     ?      ?     .  ,  ,         .       :



 ,         ,     . <> ,       ,      ,      [3 - Hayek F.A. The Intellectuals and Socialism // Idem. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969. P. 179 [ ..    //  .   . : , 2012. . 230].       .].


       1936     ,     (        -):



         ,         ,   .       .  ,        ,    -  . ,   ,     ,       -  ,    [4 - Keynes J.M. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan, 1936. P.383 [ . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 340].].


      . ,             ( -  1935      )     .   ,       ,          - ,         ,  ,    ,    .     ,       .

       .   ,    ,       ,      ,    ,    ,  ,            .       [  ],      ,  .     ,  [ ]  - ,   [  ],             . ,     ,   ,  :         [5 - Pareto V. The Mind and Society / Ed. by A. Livingston, trans. by A. Bongiorno, A. Livingston. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1935. Vol. 1. P. 168.].

           .               , ,     ,        .   ,   ,       ,     ,  ,     ,   ,   ,  ,     .     ,       ,    ,       ,        .  ,       ,    ,         ,       [6 - Stigler G. Op. cit. P. 308309.].  , ,   ,          -         ,         ,   .

               :



      ,   ,     ,    -  -    .    :  ,        ,   [7 - Mering O. von. Some Problems of Methodology in Economic Thought // American Economic Review. 1944. March. Vol. 34. Part I. P. 97.].


       , ,       ,           . ,               ,     ,          . (    ,        .)            ,       :    1846          (      14)         1933  ( 4)[8 -         .: Sowell T. Intellectuals and Society. New York: Basic Books, 2010.].




  


   ,        ,    ,        .      ,       . ,   ,   ,  ,   ,      ,          - ,     , -          .         .    . :     :      ,   ,   , ,  [9 - Buchanan J.M., Wagner R.E. Democracy in Deficit. San Diego: Academic Press, 1977. P. 6.    ,        ,    ( .  15).].

     -,    ,  ,  (  )      .              ,   .   ,    ,     :     ,    ,          .   ,    , ,      ,    ,         , ,   ,        .      ,   .         ,         .

   (,      ) ,             ,         .    ,       ,      -    . ,              Newsweek.      ,    ,           New York Times. (,           .)               PBS.            .

       ,      ,       .         , ,       (     ),      ,  , ,   .        ,       ,                        .




 versus 


 ,   ,  ,        ,       .           ,   PBS  2002 ,  



    ,           ;        ,        [10 - The Commanding Heights Episode One: The Battle of Ideas. .  : [www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show01.html].].


      ,     ,    ,   , ,    .              (         ,        ),        ,         , ,     .

             ,    ,    ,     ?           ,         ,       ,     ,   -   .     ,    ,        ,          (         ).   8      ,    13    ,  .                   .

 ,             ,        ,      ,      .      -      ,        ,          .             ,         ,    ,  -, .      ,   ,          ,             ,      .

  ,      (    wertfreiheit),      .              .  ,                 ,               ,  ,     ,         ,        .         ,      .              ,     (     ).     ,      .

?        ,    .             ,    ,    ,      ,   ,    .      ,        ,  ,         ,     ,  ,     ,  :     ,      ,  ,     ,    ?         ,  :           ,   ? ,        ,  ,      :     .  ,  ,       ? ,               .




 versus 


      ,          .       ,         .   ,            ,   ,   ,   ,  ,    .       .       -     ,    ,    (crony capitalism)   ,   ,    ,   .

      ,                    XX        :



      XX .  ,          [11 - Ibid.].


          -    ,  . ,        .    XIX ,  ,    ,   ,   .       ,    ,    ,   ,      ,   ,      .  .     ,   ,   ,   ,                  [12 - Balaam D.N., Veseth M. Introduction to International Political Economy / 2nd ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, 2001. P. 69.].        2. ,    ,    .   ,             ,     ,      ,     ,       .

-        ,       ,             .   ,        ,        ,    ,          ,            [13 - Hayek F.A. Introduction // Idem. Capitalism and the Historians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954 [ ..   ]; Idem.Law, Legislation, and Liberty. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1973. Vol. 1. P. 62 [ . ,   . .:, 2006. . 80].].  ,     ,                  ,     .         .            ,     ,    ,         .




 1

  laissez-faire



 1905       -                 .             .         ()      軠         ,       .         .      .  ,     ,     , :        .    :     ,     [14 - Skidelsky R. John Maynard Keynes. London: Macmillan, 1983. Vol. 1. P. 165166 [ .   , 18831946: , ,  . .:    , 2005. . 1. . 201].].

                                      ( ,      ,   ).    ,      -.   ,           ,          .      ,                  -  .      (Grunds?tze der Volkswirtschaftslehre),   1871 ,      -       ,        .         [15 - Hayek F.A. Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue / Ed. by S. Kresge, L. Wenar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. P. 4748.              . ,      : Grunzel J. Grundriss der Wirtschaftspolitik. Vienna: H?lder, 19091910; Jentsch C. Grundbegriffe und Grunds?tze der Volkswirtschaft. Leipzig: Grunow, 1895.].

               .               .  2010  2011              -[16 - Fear the Boom and Bust  Fight of the Century,       .       [econstories.tv].      800000        YouTube   2010.   2011     2,5 ,     ,    2011,  .].




  


   (18831946)       .   ,    ,   ,      ,   ,      .            1909        ,        Economic Journal.  1915    ,       .   ,     ,            ,     .       (1919),            ,    .

       ,   ,  Economic Journal,         [17 -      .  : [www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html].       : Skidelsky R. John Maynard Keynes. London: Macmillan, 19832000. Vol. 13 [ . . .].   ,    ,  -  Penguin 2005.].     ,       ,             ,     ,     [18 - Yergin D., Stanislaw J. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002. P. 40.     .].           [19 -        .       A Key for the Prurient: Keyness Loves, 190115 : Moggridge D.E. Maynard Keynes: An Economists Biography. London: Routledge, 1992.],   1922     -,      .  1925          .

     (1923)           ,   ,          .  ,   ,        ,     .      (1930),      ,     ,             .          .               ,    (1936).    ,          ,           .        :   .       ,      ,         .            5.




 . 


    (18991992)              .           ,            .         ,  ,         .                 (      8).  ,           .      1923   1924 ,   ,         .         - ,    .

     ,             (1922).             (.  2).        (1948),    ,   ,       ,      ,   .       ,    ,    ,                 - ,    [20 -    . : Caldwell B. Hayeks Challenge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. . : ODriscoll Jr. G.P. Economics as a Coordination Problem: The Contributions of Friedrich A. Hayek. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews & McMeel, 1977; Steele G.R. The Economics of Friedrich Hayek. New York: St. Martins Press, 1993.    .: Hayek F.A. Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue / Ed. by S. Kresge, L. Wenar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.].

          .  ,         (    1929 ,     1933 )         ,        (LSE)   ,     1931    .          LSE,    ,     1950 .     ,          ,        . ( ,   ,       ,     .)      ,     (        )     ,     ,        .          3.              .     ,   1939   ,   ,  1941-    .

            -     (1944).          ,    (.  6).  1947     -, ,       ,                      (.  8).

              ,              (-      )   1950         [21 -       ,    .    ,   1946     .   1951      ,      ,    .     .: Ebenstein A. Hayeks Journey: The Mind of Friedrich Hayek. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. P. 123.].       (1960) ,     ,     .  1962    ,      .  1974              (         ).   ,   77 ,       ,        .      :  ,   1989 ,     [22 - Hayek F.A. The Denationalisation of Money / 2nd ed. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1978 [ ..  . .:    , 1996]; Idem. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism / Ed. by W.W. Bartley III. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988 [ .  :  . .: , 1992].].




   laissez-faire


        .  ,   1924             laissez-faire,  :



,  ,       .        .    ,        ;      .  ,      ;   ,        ,     ,    [23 - Keynes J.M. The End of Laissez-Faire // Idem. Essays in Persuasion. New York: W.W. Norton, 1963. P. 312 [ .  laissez-faire //  .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 379380].].


 ,  ,               :



 ,          ,            ,          ,          .   ,                 ,    [24 - Ibid. P. 318319 [ . . 383].].


        ,     ,         .     .




     


       ,        .                   .           ,     ,   ,      . , ,     ,    .        : (1)           ; (2)  ,     ,      ,    ,          ,         ;  (3)        黠      ,      [25 - Keynes J.M. A Short View of Russia // Idem. Essays in Persuasion. P. 299300 [ .     //  .   ,   . . 916].]. ,   ,     ,    - (,  ,      [26 -  ,   ,     ; .: Rothbard M.N. For a New Liberty / Rev. ed. New York: Collier, 1978 [ .   . .:  , 2009]; Friedman D.D. The Machinery of Freedom. Chicago: Open Court, 1989.          ,       -; .: Nozick R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974 [ . ,   . .: , 2008].          : Anarchy and the Law / Ed. by E.P. Stringham. Oakland, CA: Independent Institute, 2007.]).

    XX   ,   ,         .     .         ,    .    ,          ,  :



,           ;  ,  ,       [27 - Keynes J.M. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes / Ed. by E. Johnson, D. Moggridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Vol.27. P. 387.].


   ,    (1936)       , ,     ,      .          ,       .  ,                  :



       .        ,            ,     ,  [28 - Idem. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan, 1936. P. 377378 [ .   ,    //  .   ,   . . 336337].].


          ,    .  ,      , ,   ,   .    ,     . ,  ,    (,      ) 蠫     ,   ,    , ,   ,             [29 - Ibid. P. 376 [ . . 335].   ,     1920-       ,              (Meltzer A.H. Keyness Monetary Theory: A Different Interpretation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).].

 ,        .  ,   1925 ,     ,         ,     laissez-faire,                [30 - Keynes J.M. Am I a Liberal? // Idem. Essays in Persuasion. P. 333.].




      


,       ,       .  ,      XX . ,   XIX      ,    ,       (Progressive era).    - ,    ,            ,       ,     (1890)          (1906)       (1913).    ,  1890   -        ,   ,  -             [31 - Leonard T.C. Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2005. Autumn. Vol. 19. P. 207.].

   1870-   1880-    ,     ,      ,        ,   .  1885            .,      31 ,     ().          (     ),           laissez-faire.           ,          [32 -        .: Rader B.G. The Academic Mind and Reform: The Influence of Richard T. Ely in American Life. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1966.     . : BatemanB.W., Kapstein E.B. Between God and the Market: The Religious Roots of the American Economic Association// Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1999. Fall. Vol. 13. 4. P.253.           4.].     ,  . ,         ()          .     1906 ,     ,      [33 - Moss D.A. Socializing Security: Progressive Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1996; Chasse J.D. The American Association for Labor Legislation: An Episode in Institutionalist Policy Analysis // Journal of Economic Issues. 1991. September. P. 799828.].

        ,         ,     laissez-faire.  1886        ,          laissez-faire,      ,         .         ,            ,       , , ,           .    ,  ,    ,      .         ,  1884,              [34 - Ely R.T. Introduction // Adams H.C. et al. Science Economic Discussion. New York: Science Co., 1886. P. vx; The Past and Present of Political Economy/ Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1884.].

        laissez-faire,       ,         ,     .       (1- . 1883, 2- . 1887) ,         -     laissez-faire    ,        ,     ,   ,     ,             -      laissez-faire.    ,           ,      ,    ,                 ,  ,        .            ,      [35 - Sidgwick H. Principles of Political Economy / 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1887. P. 487488.   14          .].

     .         ,                          (1789).   XIX       .             , ,   ,           laissez-faire.          , ,          .   ,      XIX ,        ,           laissez-faire,          [36 -         laissez-faire       .: Frankel Paul E. Moral Revolution and Economic Science: The Demise of Laissez-Faire in Nineteenth-Century British Political Economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979.   7      .].




   ,     laissez-faire


 ,    1930       laissez-faire    ,   ,  ,  -  ,     ,    . ,    ,    laissez-faire       ,     [37 -   ,   ,   laissez-faire      ,  ,     , .: Klein D.B., Stern Ch. Is There a Free-market Economist in the House? The Policy Views of American Economic Association Members // American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 2007. April. Vol. 66. P. 309334.].            2009    New York Times  :



       1936     ,   ,   ,      ,       . ,   ,    .     1936 ,        ,     .    ,        ,          [38 - Krugman P. Who Was Milton Friedman? // New York Review of Books. 2007. February 15. Vol. 54. 2 [www.nybooks.com/articles/19857].        ,     ,    ,  ,   :        ,           . .: Krugman P. Bombs, Bridges, and Jobs // New York Times. 2011. October 30.].


    1936      laissez-faire.    laissez-faire (1926)  ,             ,   ,     ,     ,          ,       .     ,     ,     .      ,  :



   ,      laissez-faire,      ,     ,   ,    .        ,             ,  [39 - Keynes J.M. The End of Laissez-Faire [ .  laissez-faire. . 375]; Idem. Alfred Marshall, 18421924 // Economic Journal. 1924. Vol. 34. P.352 [ .  , 18421924 //  .   . .: , 2007. . 36].  13        .    1].


  1936          ,    ,            ( 19331935).    ,     ,      .      - ,  1936,       ,      .        ,   ,     . (,      -,    -   ,   -  .) , , ,         .         -  ,          ,   . ,            1929        [40 - Taylor F.M. The Guidance of Production in aSocialist State// American Economic Review. 1929. March. Vol. 19. P. 18.].




      laissez-faire


            1907 .  ,       (18061873),       XIX , ,            ,    [41 -          ,    1848         (              ). ,   ,   ,                 .         7.].  ,    -,    ,      :           ,         ,    [42 - Marshall A. The Social Possibilities of Economic Chivalry // Economic Journal. 1907. March. Vol. 17. P. 1719.].    ,   ,          ,                     ,    .            , ,       ,               [43 - Ibid. P. 2225.].        ,        .   ,     ,     ,           ,          [44 - Ibid. P. 12.].

              .        (1912)     (1920),      , ,     ,               , laissez-faire        . ,   ,          (   ,  , ,  ).

      :      20-  XX    laissez-faire.              ,   .                           .    :     ,   () :



,    ,   30-  XX     ,   ,   ,       (Civilian Conservation Corps)  ..   ,    .


  -   ,  ,           ,              1929 ,    ( )[45 - Rockoff H. By Way of Analogy: The Expansion of the Federal Government in the 1930s// The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century / Ed. by M.D. Bordo, C.Goldin, E.N. White. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. P. 133, 125, 126, 134.].     ,    ,  ,    ,     .

   1907 ,          laissez-faire     ,        -  XX .           laissez-faire?        ,               laissez-faire        .

         laissez-faire. -,     ,          ,     ,  ,            ,         :  ,   laissez-faire      .  ,  ,        [46 - Fisher I. Why Has the Doctrine of Laissez Faire Been Abandoned? // Science. 1907. January4. Vol.25. 627. P. 18, 20.].  -           (               )      [47 -          -,     ,  . ,    . ,   -    . .: LeonardT.C. Eugenics and Economics. P. 207224. . : Idem. American Economic Reform in the Progressive Era: Its Foundational Beliefs and Their Relation to Eugenics // History of Political Economy. 2009. Spring. Vol. 41. P. 109141.              , .: Sewell D. How Eugenics Poisoned the Welfare State // Spectator. 2009. November 25 [www.spectator.co.uk/2009/11/how-eugenics-poisoned-the-welfare-state/].].

  laissez-faire   ,     ,   ,      :    laissez-faire    [ ],         .        ,      (     ),     ,   ,    , 蠫 󻠖    ,     . ,            .   ,              .

  ,           ,                -     ,         ,   [48 - Fisher I. Why Has the Doctrine of Laissez Faire Been Abandoned? P. 22. ,   ,   ,          ,        ,         .  ,        ,        .].  ,              :  , ,     ,        ,          [49 - Ibid. P. 27.].          , ,    ,  ,   ,      ,   ,   [50 - Fisher I. A Statistical Method for Measuring Marginal Utility and Testing the Justice of a Progressive Income Tax // Economic Essays Contributed inHonor of John Bates Clark. New York: Macmillan, 1927.   (,  , .  2)         ,        ,             . ,   ,             .         ,       ,     (RobbinsL. The Nature and Significance of Economic Science. London: Macmillan, 1932).].




   1914 


           ,  1914 ,           . ,      ,      [51 -      . : StandageT. The Victorian Internet. New York: Berkley, 1999.               . : Larson E. Thunderstruck. New York: Crown, 2006.].                     .        .

       ,   1920 ,         ,    ,     :



       ,       1914 . <>     ,                        ;         ,          -  ,            . <>           ,         ,        ,  - ;                 ,        ,      ;         . <>          ,    , ,   ,  ,    -    ,     ,     ;  , -,            ,          [52 - Keynes J.M. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920. P. 1012 [.      //  .   ,   . .468469].].


    ,      :   ,    [53 - . : The Commanding Heights Episode One: The Battle of Ideas;    : [www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show01.html].].




       


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  1917 


            1917       .   1917          II   .                 ,    ,      .             .           .  -       .            ,        ,    ,       [58 - .: Prychitko D. Marxism and Market Processes// The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics/ Ed. by P.J. Boettke. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1994. P. 516.].

      .  1824                ,                  .   .    ,              [59 -      Socialism: What Happened? What Now? 1 2000;    : [web.archive.org/web/20040312050602/www.socialdemocrats.org/MayDayTranscript.html].].     XIX    [60 -    .: Harrison J.F.C. Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America. New York: Scribner, 1969; Americans Communal Utopias / Ed. by D.E. Pitzer. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.     : ArmytageW.H.G. Heavens Below: Utopian Experiments in England, 15601960. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961.].      ,  ,   



             . <>           ,      .         .        ,   ,      ,         [61 - Muravchik J. Socialism. . : Idem. Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002. P. 342.].


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   ,       ,            ,        ,     .           .    ,    .     ,    -    , ,   .              ,      :      ,      .                 (  ,         ).             .           ,   []          ,     ,      [63 - Ibid. P. 399 [ . . 443].].  ,      ,    ,  ,              .

    ,     :



                    [64 - Ibid. P. 403 [ . . 442].]


,   .       :           [65 - Marx K. Capital. New York: Modern Library, 1906. P. 92. . : Boettke P. The Political Economy of Utopia // Idem. Calculation and Coordination. New York: Routledge, 2001. P. 109 [ .  //  .,  . . .: , 1960. . 23. . 90].              . . : Boettke P. The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism: The Formative Years, 19181928. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1990. P. 6669.].  ,    .  ,   ,       ?    ,  ,   ,     .




 


  (18181883)          .        ,  ,    ,  .  1842       ,      .      ,       .    1848     .  1849     ,       ,         New York Tribune.              .       :    (       )          (     ,     ,   ).          .  ,           ,      ( ),   ,     ,   .          (    1867, 1885  1894 ,        )   -    ,   18611863 .[66 -        value (    Wert)  ,             .. -          .              .           ,          . (       .)]

        .  :



 -       ,             ,        [67 - Lenin V.I. Speech at the Unveiling of a Memorial to Marx& Engels (7 November 1918) // Idem. Collected Works. Moscow: Progress Press, 1972. Vol.28. P.165 [ ..        7  1918.//  .    / 5- . .: , 1969. . 37. . 169].].


       :      ,     .

        ,       .     ,     ?




 2

        



  1919       -,            .       ,      ,        ,        :



        ,   ,   ,             ,      ,       ,        ,         ,       ,               ,   6-    -      ,            ,       ,     ,        ,   ,       ,       ?[68 - Lenin V.I. Message of Greetings to the Bavarian Soviet Republic // Idem. Collected Works/ 4thEnglish ed. Moscow: Progress, 1972. Vol. 29. P.325326 [www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/apr/27.htm] [ ..    //  .    / 5- . .: , 1969. . 38. .321].]


                 .      -         ,       :          ,       .




   


 ,   ,  ,   .                      .    ,  -  ,                      [69 - . : Boettke P.J. The Political Economy ofSoviet Socialism: The Formative Years, 19181928. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1990. P. 31 [ .  :      . .:, 1999. . 15].].

 ,            .   1917    ,      ,    .  ,               - .  1918         .           .  ,              .     .           ,  ,    1918 , ,            [70 - Ibid. P. 65. [-,                 30  1918 (.: [istmat.info/node/31045]).       ,                        .     ,            .  ,      ,         ,     ,       ,      1955 (Zaleski E. Planning for Economic Growth in the Soviet Union, 19181932. Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1971). ,   ,           ,          .      ,     ,               .        ,       19191920 ; ., :  .   . .: . . . -, 1920. . 9.  ,           . .]].        .          ( ,    )     .                    [71 - Hirshliefer J. Economic Behavior in Adversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. P. 15.].

   .       ,     ,         [72 - . : Gregory P. Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-year Plan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. P. 99 [ ..        //  . .    . .: , 1925. . 12. .316317].].  1920                1916 .        ().       .          ,     ,    . -                  .      .      [73 -      . : BoettkeP.J. The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism. P. 63111; Hirshliefer J. Op. cit. P. 1523.].

 1921                    ,     ,      (,   ).      ,           .      . ,    ,     ,      ,   1920     .     ,      ,       .

 1921       (),      .            ,          .        ,    .   -   ,    ,         .     .

 1928    .                 [74 -    .: BallA.M. Russias Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 19211929. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.].          .




, 1920 


     -       .   ,         . ,      1919     ,       .             1919      .    ,       .        .    ,   ,    --.          - ,            .      ,    1919  -        .            ,      .        [75 - Polanyi-Levitt K., Mendell M. The Origins of Market Fetishism  Critique of Friedrich Hayeks Economic Theory // Monthly Review. 1989. June. Vol.41. P. 1132.].      ,  1919       ,      ,   ,    ,       ,        [76 - .: Caldwell B. Hayeks Challenge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. P. 116.].

         .          1920           ,        (1922)[77 - Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth / Trans. by S. Adler // Collectivist Economic Planning/ Ed. by F.A. Hayek. London: Routledge, 1935. P.87130; Idem. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis / Trans. by J. Kahane. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981 [. . :    . .; : , 2016].].           .       ,   1978 ,  :



,    1922 ,   .         ,          .   ,             ,              .      ,   .     .   .    ,       [78 - Hayek F.A. Foreword // Mises L. von. Socialism. P.xix [ . . 3].].





  


   (18811973)  1906       ,       -.           .              ,   1912 .                  .  ,         -.  19201934     ,          [79 -   1922        , ,    ,   .  ,            -   ,       (.: Hayek F.A. Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue / Ed. by S.Kresge, L. Wenar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. P. 59).    2].       1924 ,            ,   .           ,     ,        -   [80 -        8.].  ,    ,      ,   ,      .

 1927       ,      .   ,      , ,    -       ,         .  1940 ,   59, ,  ,      ,     - (  1938 ,   ,    ).       19451969     - .    ,     ,   1949 [81 -      . : Hart D. Ludwig von Mises, Money, and the Fall and Rise of Classical Liberalism in the 20th Century // Literature of Liberty. 1982. Autumn. Vol. 5. P. 36 [www.econlib.org/library/Essays/LtrLbrty/msEdBib1.html].        .: Ebeling R.M. The Economist as the Historian of Decline: Ludwig von Mises and Austria between the Two World Wars // Globalization: Will Freedom or World Government Dominate the International Marketplace?/ Ed. by R.M. Ebeling. Hillsdale, Mich.: Hillsdale College Press, 2002. P.168.    .: H?lsmannJ.G. Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2007 [..   :      . .; : , 2013].].




   


  ,   1920 ,      . ,  ,      ,     ,     ,  .  ,       ,      ,     ,    .       ,        .        ,     . , ,   ,   ,         [82 -    : Lavoie D. Rivalry and Central Planning: The Socialist Calculation Debate Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985;   .: LevyD.M., Peart S.J. Socialist Calculation Debate// New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics / Ed. by S.N.Durlauf, L.E.Blume/ 2nd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.].

     ,           (, , , ,  ).   ,  ,    ,        (,   ,      )   ,   .   ,  ,             ,     [83 -    1980  2007     18-  40-     140,       .        ,       ,     ,          . .: GwartneyJ., LawsonR. et al. Economic Freedom of the World: 2009 Annual Report // Economic Freedom Network, 2009. P. 171 [www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2009-annual-report].].  :         ;        res extra commercium[84 - Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. P. 91.]. -   (    )    ,           .             -,  ,          .

 ,    ,      (    ,      ),    .                ,    ,        ,   .  ,         (  )    ,                   ?  ,      ,    (   ),          (  )    .




  


      ,          , ,  ,     .                 . , ,             .     ,     30-  XX   -     ,    (  ,        ):



    20-              ,    ,   ,            ,    ,    12      ,   .          ,   , ,   ,          , ,   .     ,     ,       ,                        ( ,    ),             ,             [85 - Fitzpatrick Sh. Everyday Stalinism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. P. 4247.].


      :     ,      - ,         ,           . ,  ,  ,      ,          ,      ,      ,    ,      ,            .      ,    ,      :  !          500   .   450   .  49         .     .           .          .            ,      ,          [86 - Levy D. The Bias in Centrally Planned Prices // Public Choice. 1990. Vol. 67. 3. P. 213226.].




    


 ,             ,             ,      ,    ,      ,              . ,   Z            {U, W, X, Y}     .         Z (     )?         ,   ,   ,       .        .   ,           ,        .    ,    ,        ,    ,      .

    ,             :



                .      ,  ,    - ,     ,       .    ,       ?[87 - Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. P. 106 [ . . :    . .104105].]


 ,        ,      .    ,   1920 ,         ,     ,       .             :          .     ,   ,        .    (,  )   -,      .     , ,  ,           ,        [88 - Ibid. P. 104105 [ . .104].].




        


          ,                .  ,   ,          ,  ( , )    ,      .    ,       ,      ,           ,         (      )[89 - Ibid. P. 97 [ . . 97].].    ,       ,   ,      ,     ,  ,            .

, ,    ,       ,  ,   ,      ( ).    ,     ,                        .           []        .     ,  ,          ,         [90 - Ibid. P. 101.].        .      ,               ,     .

                ,  :  ,            ,      [91 - Ibid. P. 104.].




    ?


        ,          .                .  ,                ?       (    ,      )  .        ,             .         ,         (  ).

,           ,   /,         :



,    ,      . ,         ,   ,     ,  ,   ;          ,    ,   ,           [92 - Ibid. P. 9798.].


, ,       ,    ,     ,       .         .  ,           ,    ,      ,   ,     ,    ,  ,        .

   -   .        20. ,  10.  ,      .          .          21.  (   ),         .         20. .     .    ,     22. .     .        10. ?       ,         ,        10., ,   ,        ,           11. ,    . ,  ,   ,   ,    .  ,              , ,     ,         .

  ,       ,           ,       .  , ,   ,    



     ,     .  ,                   [93 - Ibid. P. 107 [ . . 105].].





      


            ,    . ,         ,       ,              .   ,           ,         [94 - Ibid. P. 102.].       ,          ,     .

            ,     .    ,   ,            -  ?     ,   ,     .     ,     :            ?




   ,    ?


        ,      .      ( , -,   )  ,       ,           . -  1920           .              .      ,              ,        .         .

     ,       . -,        .            ,       . -,  ,    .   ,                  ,            .   軠    [95 - Ibid. P. 112116.].




       


  ,    ,        ,       (1867).   ,  ,   , : , ,    ,  ,    ,    ,       ,   [96 - Prychitko D.L. Marxism// The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics / Ed. by D.R. Henderson. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2008. P. 337.].         ,      ,      .  ,       (1776),           ,      [97 - Smith A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations / Ed. by R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner, W.B. Todd. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1981. P.65 [web.archive.org/web/ 20081230144640/http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=220& Itemid=27] [ .       . .: , 2007. .103].  ,       ꠫   ,   ,      .].             (1817)  :  ,   -  ,    ,     ,     [98 - Ricardo D. The Principles of Political Economy. London: John Murray, 1817 [www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP1.html] [ .      : . .:, 2007. . 82].].        (   1848 ,     ) ,   ,  .          .

      ,          .      ,          ,   ,   ,   ,   :       ,    (             ,    ?),      .

         .        ,       ,   :      . ,         -   (     ;   , ,  ,     ),     .  ,         -   (    ),     .   ,            ,    ,         .        ,        ,   .           ,            .  ,    ,     , ,           .         ,      .         -       (1896).

       ( )       .                :



 12 ,  43 , 0,75   30 ;

 15 ,  43 , 0,75   45 ;

 18 ,  43 , 0,75   62 .


 ,    ,              -         ,     ,    ,             . (         ,          .)         ,     ,    .

      (    ,    ,       )   ,        ,       ,    ,     . ,        ,   .    ,    ( ,   1825 ), ,              (     ),     ,      .           -  ,      .          ,             .           .

   ,           ,       :   ,    .    ,        1871   ,      .  :        ,          .  ,       ,       [99 - Menger C. Principles of Economics. New York: New York University Press, 1976. P. 146 [.  . .:  , 2005. . 158]; Stanley JevonsW. The Theory of Political Economy. London: Macmillan, 1871. P.160161.].  ,       , ?     .        ,           ,    .




   


  ,               .      :   ,  ,    ,  .   ,      ,                .  ,        ,   ,      :



      ,            ,     ,      ,           ,      .     ,       [100 - Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. P. 120.].


      ,     .        ,        ,  ,      ,         .         .




     


     : ,    ,    ,       [101 - Ibid. P. 111.]. -  ,     ,  .

   ,     ,           ,  19361937   ,       ,     [102 - Lange O. On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part One// Review of Economic Studies. 1936. October. Vol. 4. P. 5371; Idem. On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part Two // Review of Economic Studies. 1937. February. Vol. 4. P. 123142.    ,      ,   : Taylor F.M. The Guidance ofProduction in a Socialist State // American Economic Review. 1929. March. Vol. 19. P. 18; Dickinson H.D. Price Formation in a Socialist Community// Economic Journal. 1933. June. Vol. 43. P.237250; Lerner A.P. Economic Theory and Socialist Economy // Review of Economic Studies. 1934. Vol.2; Idem. The Economics of Control. New York: Macmillan, 1940.        : On the Economic Theory of Socialism / Ed. by B.E. Lippincott. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1938.].      ,    .   ,                 :



 , ,       ,         advocatus diaboli[103 -   (.).].                    .  ,    ,   ,                                         [104 - Lange O. On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part One. P. 53.].


     ,         ,       ,   . ,  ,   ,      ,       ,               , ,       ,       .          ,     -    :        -[105 - Ibid. Part Two. P. 138.       (18391909),       ,   1902    .               : Collectivist Economic Planning. P.4186.].       ,        .               .

       , ,     -  ,       .   ,        ,    ,    ,        ,   ,    .      -   ,      :   -  ,     ,  BBC,    ?[106 - Dobb M. On Economic Theory and Socialism: Collected Papers. London: Routledge, 1953. P. 73.]




 


  (19041965)  1928         .  19311934              .  1934          .       ,     .         ,       .  1939      ,    1945 ,            ,     .  1948           1965,      ,     .




  


   : ,    ,    .  ,         .   ,     ,         ,       .     ,    , ,    . , , ,        :       ,    .         :




  .


   .

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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Stigler G. The Economist as Preacher // The Essence of Stigler / Ed. by K.R. Leube, Th. Gale Moore. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986. P.305.




2


Interview with Quentin Tarantino // Guardian. 1998. January 5.




3


Hayek F.A. The Intellectuals and Socialism // Idem. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969. P. 179 [ ..    //  .   . : , 2012. . 230].       .




4


Keynes J.M. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan, 1936. P.383 [ . .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 340].




5


Pareto V. The Mind and Society / Ed. by A. Livingston, trans. by A. Bongiorno, A. Livingston. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1935. Vol. 1. P. 168.




6


Stigler G. Op. cit. P. 308309.




7


Mering O. von. Some Problems of Methodology in Economic Thought // American Economic Review. 1944. March. Vol. 34. Part I. P. 97.




8


        .: Sowell T. Intellectuals and Society. New York: Basic Books, 2010.




9


Buchanan J.M., Wagner R.E. Democracy in Deficit. San Diego: Academic Press, 1977. P. 6.    ,        ,    ( .  15).




10


The Commanding Heights Episode One: The Battle of Ideas. .  : [www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show01.html].




11


Ibid.




12


Balaam D.N., Veseth M. Introduction to International Political Economy / 2nd ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, 2001. P. 69.




13


Hayek F.A. Introduction // Idem. Capitalism and the Historians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954 [ ..   ]; Idem.Law, Legislation, and Liberty. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1973. Vol. 1. P. 62 [ . ,   . .:, 2006. . 80].




14


Skidelsky R. John Maynard Keynes. London: Macmillan, 1983. Vol. 1. P. 165166 [ .   , 18831946: , ,  . .:    , 2005. . 1. . 201].




15


Hayek F.A. Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue / Ed. by S. Kresge, L. Wenar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. P. 4748.              . ,      : Grunzel J. Grundriss der Wirtschaftspolitik. Vienna: H?lder, 19091910; Jentsch C. Grundbegriffe und Grunds?tze der Volkswirtschaft. Leipzig: Grunow, 1895.




16


Fear the Boom and Bust  Fight of the Century,       .       [econstories.tv].      800000        YouTube   2010.   2011     2,5 ,     ,    2011,  .




17


     .  : [www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html].       : Skidelsky R. John Maynard Keynes. London: Macmillan, 19832000. Vol. 13 [ . . .].   ,    ,  -  Penguin 2005.




18


Yergin D., Stanislaw J. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002. P. 40.     .




19


       .       A Key for the Prurient: Keyness Loves, 190115 : Moggridge D.E. Maynard Keynes: An Economists Biography. London: Routledge, 1992.




20


   . : Caldwell B. Hayeks Challenge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. . : ODriscoll Jr. G.P. Economics as a Coordination Problem: The Contributions of Friedrich A. Hayek. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews & McMeel, 1977; Steele G.R. The Economics of Friedrich Hayek. New York: St. Martins Press, 1993.    .: Hayek F.A. Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue / Ed. by S. Kresge, L. Wenar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.




21


      ,    .    ,   1946     .   1951      ,      ,    .     .: Ebenstein A. Hayeks Journey: The Mind of Friedrich Hayek. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. P. 123.




22


Hayek F.A. The Denationalisation of Money / 2nd ed. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1978 [ ..  . .:    , 1996]; Idem. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism / Ed. by W.W. Bartley III. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988 [ .  :  . .: , 1992].




23


Keynes J.M. The End of Laissez-Faire // Idem. Essays in Persuasion. New York: W.W. Norton, 1963. P. 312 [ .  laissez-faire //  .   ,   . . .: , 2007. . 379380].




24


Ibid. P. 318319 [ . . 383].




25


Keynes J.M. A Short View of Russia // Idem. Essays in Persuasion. P. 299300 [ .     //  .   ,   . . 916].




26


 ,   ,     ; .: Rothbard M.N. For a New Liberty / Rev. ed. New York: Collier, 1978 [ .   . .:  , 2009]; Friedman D.D. The Machinery of Freedom. Chicago: Open Court, 1989.          ,       -; .: Nozick R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974 [ . ,   . .: , 2008].          : Anarchy and the Law / Ed. by E.P. Stringham. Oakland, CA: Independent Institute, 2007.




27


Keynes J.M. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes / Ed. by E. Johnson, D. Moggridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Vol.27. P. 387.




28


Idem. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan, 1936. P. 377378 [ .   ,    //  .   ,   . . 336337].




29


Ibid. P. 376 [ . . 335].   ,     1920-       ,              (Meltzer A.H. Keyness Monetary Theory: A Different Interpretation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).




30


Keynes J.M. Am I a Liberal? // Idem. Essays in Persuasion. P. 333.




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Leonard T.C. Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2005. Autumn. Vol. 19. P. 207.




32


       .: Rader B.G. The Academic Mind and Reform: The Influence of Richard T. Ely in American Life. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1966.     . : BatemanB.W., Kapstein E.B. Between God and the Market: The Religious Roots of the American Economic Association// Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1999. Fall. Vol. 13. 4. P.253.           4.




33


Moss D.A. Socializing Security: Progressive Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1996; Chasse J.D. The American Association for Labor Legislation: An Episode in Institutionalist Policy Analysis // Journal of Economic Issues. 1991. September. P. 799828.




34


Ely R.T. Introduction // Adams H.C. et al. Science Economic Discussion. New York: Science Co., 1886. P. vx; The Past and Present of Political Economy/ Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1884.




35


Sidgwick H. Principles of Political Economy / 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1887. P. 487488.   14          .




36


        laissez-faire       .: Frankel Paul E. Moral Revolution and Economic Science: The Demise of Laissez-Faire in Nineteenth-Century British Political Economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979.   7      .




37


  ,   ,   laissez-faire      ,  ,     , .: Klein D.B., Stern Ch. Is There a Free-market Economist in the House? The Policy Views of American Economic Association Members // American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 2007. April. Vol. 66. P. 309334.




38


Krugman P. Who Was Milton Friedman? // New York Review of Books. 2007. February 15. Vol. 54. 2 [www.nybooks.com/articles/19857].        ,     ,    ,  ,   :        ,           . .: Krugman P. Bombs, Bridges, and Jobs // New York Times. 2011. October 30.




39


Keynes J.M. The End of Laissez-Faire [ .  laissez-faire. . 375]; Idem. Alfred Marshall, 18421924 // Economic Journal. 1924. Vol. 34. P.352 [ .  , 18421924 //  .   . .: , 2007. . 36].  13        .    1




40


Taylor F.M. The Guidance of Production in aSocialist State// American Economic Review. 1929. March. Vol. 19. P. 18.




41


         ,    1848         (              ). ,   ,   ,                 .         7.




42


Marshall A. The Social Possibilities of Economic Chivalry // Economic Journal. 1907. March. Vol. 17. P. 1719.




43


Ibid. P. 2225.




44


Ibid. P. 12.




45


Rockoff H. By Way of Analogy: The Expansion of the Federal Government in the 1930s// The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century / Ed. by M.D. Bordo, C.Goldin, E.N. White. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. P. 133, 125, 126, 134.




46


Fisher I. Why Has the Doctrine of Laissez Faire Been Abandoned? // Science. 1907. January4. Vol.25. 627. P. 18, 20.




47


         -,     ,  . ,    . ,   -    . .: LeonardT.C. Eugenics and Economics. P. 207224. . : Idem. American Economic Reform in the Progressive Era: Its Foundational Beliefs and Their Relation to Eugenics // History of Political Economy. 2009. Spring. Vol. 41. P. 109141.              , .: Sewell D. How Eugenics Poisoned the Welfare State // Spectator. 2009. November 25 [www.spectator.co.uk/2009/11/how-eugenics-poisoned-the-welfare-state/].




48


Fisher I. Why Has the Doctrine of Laissez Faire Been Abandoned? P. 22. ,   ,   ,          ,        ,         .  ,        ,        .




49


Ibid. P. 27.




50


Fisher I. A Statistical Method for Measuring Marginal Utility and Testing the Justice of a Progressive Income Tax // Economic Essays Contributed inHonor of John Bates Clark. New York: Macmillan, 1927.   (,  , .  2)         ,        ,             . ,   ,             .         ,       ,     (RobbinsL. The Nature and Significance of Economic Science. London: Macmillan, 1932).




51


     . : StandageT. The Victorian Internet. New York: Berkley, 1999.               . : Larson E. Thunderstruck. New York: Crown, 2006.




52


Keynes J.M. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920. P. 1012 [.      //  .   ,   . .468469].




53


. : The Commanding Heights Episode One: The Battle of Ideas;    : [www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show01.html].




54


   ,  ,                    : NoyesA.D. History of National-Bank Currency. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910.  ,     ,      .: Selgin G., White L.H. Monetary Reform and the Redemption of National Bank Notes, 18631913 // Business History Review. 1994. Summer. Vol. 68. P. 205243.    laissez-faire      XIX .: Selgin G., WhiteL.H. Laissez-Faire Monetary Theorists in Late Nineteenth Century America// Southern Economic Journal. 1990. January. Vol. 56. P.774787.




55


                . : SmithV. The Rationale ofCentral Banking. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1990 [ .   . .:    , 1996].




56


.: Higgs R. Crisis and Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Ch. 7 [ .   . .: ; , 2010. . 7].




57


Toye R. The Labour Party and the Planned Economy, 19311951. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2003. P. 2021.




58


.: Prychitko D. Marxism and Market Processes// The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics/ Ed. by P.J. Boettke. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1994. P. 516.




59


     Socialism: What Happened? What Now? 1 2000;    : [web.archive.org/web/20040312050602/www.socialdemocrats.org/MayDayTranscript.html].




60


   .: Harrison J.F.C. Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America. New York: Scribner, 1969; Americans Communal Utopias / Ed. by D.E. Pitzer. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.     : ArmytageW.H.G. Heavens Below: Utopian Experiments in England, 15601960. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961.




61


Muravchik J. Socialism. . : Idem. Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002. P. 342.




62


Marx K., Engels F. The Communist Manifesto // The Two Narratives of Political Economy/ Ed. by N. Capaldi, G. Lloyd. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2011. P. 397 [ .,  .    //  . . .: , 1955. . 4. . 438].




63


Ibid. P. 399 [ . . 443].




64


Ibid. P. 403 [ . . 442].




65


Marx K. Capital. New York: Modern Library, 1906. P. 92. . : Boettke P. The Political Economy of Utopia // Idem. Calculation and Coordination. New York: Routledge, 2001. P. 109 [ .  //  .,  . . .: , 1960. . 23. . 90].              . . : Boettke P. The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism: The Formative Years, 19181928. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1990. P. 6669.




66


       value (    Wert)  ,             .. -          .              .           ,          . (       .)




67


Lenin V.I. Speech at the Unveiling of a Memorial to Marx& Engels (7 November 1918) // Idem. Collected Works. Moscow: Progress Press, 1972. Vol.28. P.165 [ ..        7  1918.//  .    / 5- . .: , 1969. . 37. . 169].




68


Lenin V.I. Message of Greetings to the Bavarian Soviet Republic // Idem. Collected Works/ 4thEnglish ed. Moscow: Progress, 1972. Vol. 29. P.325326 [www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/apr/27.htm] [ ..    //  .    / 5- . .: , 1969. . 38. .321].




69


. : Boettke P.J. The Political Economy ofSoviet Socialism: The Formative Years, 19181928. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1990. P. 31 [ .  :      . .:, 1999. . 15].




70


Ibid. P. 65. [-,                 30  1918 (.: [istmat.info/node/31045]).       ,                        .     ,            .  ,      ,         ,     ,       ,      1955 (Zaleski E. Planning for Economic Growth in the Soviet Union, 19181932. Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1971). ,   ,           ,          .

      ,     ,               .        ,       19191920 ; ., :  .   . .: . . . -, 1920. . 9.  ,           . .]




71


Hirshliefer J. Economic Behavior in Adversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. P. 15.




72


. : Gregory P. Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-year Plan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. P. 99 [ ..        //  . .    . .: , 1925. . 12. .316317].




73


     . : BoettkeP.J. The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism. P. 63111; Hirshliefer J. Op. cit. P. 1523.




74


   .: BallA.M. Russias Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 19211929. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.




75


Polanyi-Levitt K., Mendell M. The Origins of Market Fetishism  Critique of Friedrich Hayeks Economic Theory // Monthly Review. 1989. June. Vol.41. P. 1132.




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Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth / Trans. by S. Adler // Collectivist Economic Planning/ Ed. by F.A. Hayek. London: Routledge, 1935. P.87130; Idem. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis / Trans. by J. Kahane. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981 [. . :    . .; : , 2016].




78


Hayek F.A. Foreword // Mises L. von. Socialism. P.xix [ . . 3].




79


  1922        , ,    ,   .  ,            -   ,       (.: Hayek F.A. Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue / Ed. by S.Kresge, L. Wenar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. P. 59).    2




80


       8.




81


     . : Hart D. Ludwig von Mises, Money, and the Fall and Rise of Classical Liberalism in the 20th Century // Literature of Liberty. 1982. Autumn. Vol. 5. P. 36 [www.econlib.org/library/Essays/LtrLbrty/msEdBib1.html].        .: Ebeling R.M. The Economist as the Historian of Decline: Ludwig von Mises and Austria between the Two World Wars // Globalization: Will Freedom or World Government Dominate the International Marketplace?/ Ed. by R.M. Ebeling. Hillsdale, Mich.: Hillsdale College Press, 2002. P.168.    .: H?lsmannJ.G. Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2007 [..   :      . .; : , 2013].




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   : Lavoie D. Rivalry and Central Planning: The Socialist Calculation Debate Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985;   .: LevyD.M., Peart S.J. Socialist Calculation Debate// New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics / Ed. by S.N.Durlauf, L.E.Blume/ 2nd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.




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   1980  2007     18-  40-     140,       .        ,       ,     ,          . .: GwartneyJ., LawsonR. et al. Economic Freedom of the World: 2009 Annual Report // Economic Freedom Network, 2009. P. 171 [www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2009-annual-report].




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Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. P. 91.




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Fitzpatrick Sh. Everyday Stalinism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. P. 4247.




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87


Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. P. 106 [ . . :    . .104105].




88


Ibid. P. 104105 [ . .104].




89


Ibid. P. 97 [ . . 97].




90


Ibid. P. 101.




91


Ibid. P. 104.




92


Ibid. P. 9798.




93


Ibid. P. 107 [ . . 105].




94


Ibid. P. 102.




95


Ibid. P. 112116.




96


Prychitko D.L. Marxism// The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics / Ed. by D.R. Henderson. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2008. P. 337.




97


Smith A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations / Ed. by R.H. Campbell, A.S. Skinner, W.B. Todd. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1981. P.65 [web.archive.org/web/ 20081230144640/http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=220& Itemid=27] [ .       . .: , 2007. .103].  ,       ꠫   ,   ,      .




98


Ricardo D. The Principles of Political Economy. London: John Murray, 1817 [www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP1.html] [ .      : . .:, 2007. . 82].




99


Menger C. Principles of Economics. New York: New York University Press, 1976. P. 146 [.  . .:  , 2005. . 158]; Stanley JevonsW. The Theory of Political Economy. London: Macmillan, 1871. P.160161.




100


Mises L. von. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. P. 120.




101


Ibid. P. 111.




102


Lange O. On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part One// Review of Economic Studies. 1936. October. Vol. 4. P. 5371; Idem. On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part Two // Review of Economic Studies. 1937. February. Vol. 4. P. 123142.    ,      ,   : Taylor F.M. The Guidance ofProduction in a Socialist State // American Economic Review. 1929. March. Vol. 19. P. 18; Dickinson H.D. Price Formation in a Socialist Community// Economic Journal. 1933. June. Vol. 43. P.237250; Lerner A.P. Economic Theory and Socialist Economy // Review of Economic Studies. 1934. Vol.2; Idem. The Economics of Control. New York: Macmillan, 1940.        : On the Economic Theory of Socialism / Ed. by B.E. Lippincott. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1938.




103


  (.).




104


Lange O. On the Economic Theory of Socialism: Part One. P. 53.




105


Ibid. Part Two. P. 138.       (18391909),       ,   1902    .               : Collectivist Economic Planning. P.4186.




106


Dobb M. On Economic Theory and Socialism: Collected Papers. London: Routledge, 1953. P. 73.


