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The Age of Living Machines: How Biology Will Build the Next Technology Revolution



Susan Hockfield, 2020

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) Levels This Century Will Alter the Protein, Micronutrients, and Vitamin Content of Rice Grains with Potential Health Consequences for the Poorest Rice-Dependent Countries, Science Advances 4, no. 5 (2018): 18, http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq1012 (http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq1012).].     [5 - John A. Church and Neil J. White, A 20th Century Acceleration in Global Sea-Level Rise, Geophysical Research Letters 33, no. 1 (2006): 9497, http://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826 (http://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826); Benjamin D. Santer etal., Tropospheric Warming over the Past Two Decades, Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017): 38, http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02520-7 (http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02520-7).],      ,      .      ,     ,     ,       .     ,     ,    ,       ,          ,     ?       .        .

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     .      ,    .     ,            .    ,    ,   . ,       ,     .       ,        [9 - Susan Hockfield, The Next Innovation Revolution, Science 323, no. 5918 (2009): 1147, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170834 (http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170834); Susan Hockfield, A New Centurys New Technologies, Project Syndicate (2015), http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/engineering-biotech-innovations-by-susan-hockfield-201501 (http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/engineering-biotech-innovations-by-susan-hockfield-2015-01).],               .  -        ,        .






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  26 2004.      [10 - Marcella Bombardieri and Jenna Russell, Female Leadership Signals Shift at MIT, Boston Globe, August 27, 2004; Arthur Jones, Susan Hockfield Elected MITs 16th President, TechTalk 49, no. 1 (2004); Katie Zezima, M.I.T. Makes Yale Provost First Woman to Be Its Chief, NewYork Times, August 27, 2004, http://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3945.0402 (http://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3945.0402).]   16-  .      .     ,     ,   ,  ,  ,   15    .     -  : .           ,     ,     ,     .

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        ,  ࠖ     蠖     唠 ,       . ,         ,    [15 - E. S. Lander etal., Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome, Nature 409, no. 6822 (2001): 860921, http://doi.org/10.1038/35057062 (http://doi.org/10.1038/35057062); J. C. Venter etal., The Sequence of the Human Genome, Science 291, no. 5507 (2001): 130451, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040 (http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040).],                 .         ,       ,     ,    .          ,          ,               .           ,      ,  ,             .

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  ,     .      -    ,      ,        [26 - S. Hertz, A. Roberts, and R. D. Evans, Radioactive Iodine as an Indicator in the Study of Thyroid Physiology, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Bio-logy and Medicine 38 (1938): 51013; S. Hertz and A. Roberts, Radioactive Iodine in the Study of Thyroid Physiology: VII. The Use of Radioactive Iodine Thera-py in Hyperthyroidism, Journal of the American Medical Association 131, no. 2 (1946): 8186; Derek Bagley, January 2016: Thyroid Month: The Saga of Radioiodine Therapy, Endocrine News (January 2016); Frederic H. Fahey, Frederick D. Grant, and James H. Thrall, Saul Hertz, MD, and the Birth of Radionuclide Therapy, EJNMMI Physics 4, no. 1 (2017), http://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-017-0182-7 (http://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-017-0182-7).].       ,      [27 -       ,    .      ,          . . .].

          ,         ,      ,      .         ,  1939.      [28 - . MIT Reports to the President 73, no. 1 (1937): 19113; Karl T. Compton and John W. M. Bunker, The Genesis of a Curriculum in Biological Engineering, Scientific Monthly 48, no. 1 (1939): 515.],   1942.    [29 - . MIT Reports to the President 80, no. 1 (1944): 8.]      .      .            ,  ,     .         .    ,                  .

  1940- .         .    ,   .         ,    .    [30 -   ,    ,   Biographical Memoirs, vol. 61 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992).]   ,  ,   ,   ;          (Office of Scientific Research and Development, OSRD);      ,   1945.     , ,        .

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notes








1


  ,            . . .




2


P.Sharp, T. Jacks, and S. Hockfield, Capitalizing on Convergence for Health Care, Science 352, no. 6293 (2016): 15221523, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2350 (http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2350); Phillip Sharp and Susan Hockfield, Convergence: The Future of Health, Science 355, no. 6325 (2017): 589, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8563 (http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8563).




3


      ,     ,  2018., 2018, http://population.un.org/wup/DataQuery (http://population.un.org/wup/DataQuery).




4


Chunwu Zhu etal.,Carbon Dioxide (CO


) Levels This Century Will Alter the Protein, Micronutrients, and Vitamin Content of Rice Grains with Potential Health Consequences for the Poorest Rice-Dependent Countries, Science Advances 4, no. 5 (2018): 18, http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq1012 (http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq1012).




5


John A. Church and Neil J. White, A 20th Century Acceleration in Global Sea-Level Rise, Geophysical Research Letters 33, no. 1 (2006): 9497, http://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826 (http://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024826); Benjamin D. Santer etal., Tropospheric Warming over the Past Two Decades, Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017): 38, http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02520-7 (http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02520-7).




6


 . .    . : , 1993.




7


     .  堖  29, 2015, http://www.freecen.org.uk (http://www.freecen.org.uk/).




8


Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Robert C. Allen, Tracking the Agricultural Revolution in England, Economic History Review 52, no. 2 (1999): 20935, http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00123 (http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00123).




9


Susan Hockfield, The Next Innovation Revolution, Science 323, no. 5918 (2009): 1147, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170834 (http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170834); Susan Hockfield, A New Centurys New Technologies, Project Syndicate (2015), http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/engineering-biotech-innovations-by-susan-hockfield-201501 (http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/engineering-biotech-innovations-by-susan-hockfield-2015-01).




10


Marcella Bombardieri and Jenna Russell, Female Leadership Signals Shift at MIT, Boston Globe, August 27, 2004; Arthur Jones, Susan Hockfield Elected MITs 16th President, TechTalk 49, no. 1 (2004); Katie Zezima, M.I.T. Makes Yale Provost First Woman to Be Its Chief, NewYork Times, August 27, 2004, http://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3945.0402 (http://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3945.0402).




11


        (. Mens et Manus). . .




12


       2004.




13


H. F. Judson, The Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology (Plainview, NY: CSHL Press, 1996).




14


Rosalind E. Franklin and R. G. Gosling, Evidence for 2-Chain Helix in Crystalline Structure of Sodium Deoxyribonucleate, Nature 172, no. 4369 (1953): 15657; Rosalind E. Franklin and R. G. Gosling, Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate, Nature 171, no. 4356 (1953): 74041; J. D. Watson and F. H. Crick, Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, Nature 171, no. 4356 (1953): 73738; M. H. F. Wilkins, Molecular Configuration of Nucleic Acids, Science 140, no. 3570 (1963):94150.




15


E. S. Lander etal., Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome, Nature 409, no. 6822 (2001): 860921, http://doi.org/10.1038/35057062 (http://doi.org/10.1038/35057062); J. C. Venter etal., The Sequence of the Human Genome, Science 291, no. 5507 (2001): 130451, http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040 (http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040).




16


 堖    .      PhD (. Philosophiae Doctor,  ),     . . . .




17


Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Molecular Neurobiology, XLVIII, C. S. H. Laboratory, 1983.




18


   ,    ,          . . . .




19


Joseph John Thomson, XL. Cathode Rays, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 44, no. 269 (1897): 293316, http://doi.org/10.1080/14786449708621070 (http://doi.org/10.1080/14786449708621070).




20


Ernest Rutherford, LXXIX. The Scattering of ? and ? Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom, Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 21, no. 125 (1911): 66988, http://doi.org/10.1080/14786440508637080 (http://doi.org/10.1080/14786440508637080); Otto Glasser, W. C. Roentgen and the Discovery of the Roentgen Rays, American Journal of Roentgenology 165 (1995): 103340; R. F. Mould, Marie and Pierre Curie and Radium: History, Mystery, and Discovery, Medical Physics 26, no. 9 (1999): 176672, http://doi.org/10.1118/1.598680 (http://doi.org/10.1118/1.598680).




21


  ,    ,   Biographical Memoirs, vol. 61 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992).




22


  ,    ,   Biographical Memoirs, vol. 61 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992).




23


T. A. Saad, The Story of the M.I.T. Radiation Laboratory, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine (October 1990): 4651.




24


S. James Adelstein, Robley Evans and What Physics Can Do for Medicine, Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals 16, no. 3 (2001): 17985, http://doi.org/10.1089/10849780152389375 (http://doi.org/10.1089/10849780152389375).




25


Angela N. H. Creager, Phosphorus-32 in the Phage Group: Radioisotopes as Historical Tracers of Molecular Biology, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40, no. 1 (2009): 2942, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.12.005.Phosphorus-32 (http://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.12.005.Phosphorus-32).




26


S. Hertz, A. Roberts, and R. D. Evans, Radioactive Iodine as an Indicator in the Study of Thyroid Physiology, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Bio-logy and Medicine 38 (1938): 51013; S. Hertz and A. Roberts, Radioactive Iodine in the Study of Thyroid Physiology: VII. The Use of Radioactive Iodine Thera-py in Hyperthyroidism, Journal of the American Medical Association 131, no. 2 (1946): 8186; Derek Bagley, January 2016: Thyroid Month: The Saga of Radioiodine Therapy, Endocrine News (January 2016); Frederic H. Fahey, Frederick D. Grant, and James H. Thrall, Saul Hertz, MD, and the Birth of Radionuclide Therapy, EJNMMI Physics 4, no. 1 (2017), http://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-017-0182-7 (http://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-017-0182-7).




27


      ,    .      ,          . . .




28


. MIT Reports to the President 73, no. 1 (1937): 19113; Karl T. Compton and John W. M. Bunker, The Genesis of a Curriculum in Biological Engineering, Scientific Monthly 48, no. 1 (1939): 515.




29


. MIT Reports to the President 80, no. 1 (1944): 8.




30


  ,    ,   Biographical Memoirs, vol. 61 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992).




31


    ,        . . .




32


    / ,             . . .




33


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34


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