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          ,    .  ,  -,     .        ,     2003       21%.       , 160000    -    .          [5 - National Center for Education Statistics. Student Reports of Bullying and Cyber-Bullying: Results from the 2011 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, prepared by Synergy Enterprises, Inc., http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013329.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013329.pdf). Learn How to Prevent Bullying in Schools. Bullying Prevention Institute, accessed October 9, 2016, http://www.bullyingpreventioninstitute.org/Outreach.aspx (http://www.bullyingpreventioninstitute.org/Outreach.aspx).]. ,      .

      .      黠   ,    ,     蠫 [6 - Rachel Feintzeig. Nice Is a Four-Letter Word at Companies Practicing Radical Candor. Wall Street Journal, 30 December 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/nice-is-a-four-letter-word-at-companies-practicing-radical-candor-1451498192 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/nice-is-a-four-letter-word-at-companies-practicing-radical-candor-1451498192).].     .     (,     , ) .    , 70%  ,      .    ,  81%  :     [7 - Weber Shandwick, Powell Tate, and KRC Research. Civility in America 2013. May 2013, https://www.webershandwick.com/uploads/news/files/Civility_in_America_2013_Exec_Summary.pdf (https://www.webershandwick.com/uploads/news/files/Civility_in_America_2013_Exec_Summary.pdf).].   ,  ,   ,     ,     , ,  ,       . ,       .        300  [8 - Statistic Brain Institute. Stress Statistics. July 2016, http://www.statisticbrain.com/stress-statistics (http://www.statisticbrain.com/stress-statistics).].      ,         .     ,      , 26% ,    -  [9 - Shandwick, Tate, and KRC Research. Civility in America 2013.].

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     ,        ,  .   ,       2014,  80%            .           ,   ,      ,  [10 - Rick Weissbound etal. The Children We Mean to Raise: The Real Messages Adults Are Sending About Values. Making Caring Common Project (Cambridge, MA: The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2014), http://sites.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/making-caring-common/files/mcc_report_the_children_we_mean_to_raise_0.pdf (http://sites.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/making-caring-common/files/mcc_report_the_children_we_mean_to_raise_0.pdf).].         .         ,          .

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   ,         ! ,   ,    -,     .         [13 -  .  . .: , Corpus, 2016.],  蠖   ,   [14 - Richard Dawkins. The Selfish Gene, 30th anniversary ed. (NewYork: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006), 19.].         .  ,   , ,   ,      ,   ,   .  ,      .    ,     ,     ,  ,    ,   ,  .     ,     .    :   ,       .            ,              .

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          (, ,  [16 -   (18201903)    ,    ,        XIX,     ;  .. .]),     .     [17 -  .     . .: ࠖ  , 2009.]  : , ,        [18 - Charles Darwin. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2nd ed. (1874), chap. 2, p. 214; chap. 5, p. 452.].  ⠫ [19 -  .     . .: , 2017.] :            ,    [   ].              , : ,     ,       [20 - Darwin. The Descent of Man, chap. 4, p. 371.]. ,    , ,    [21 -   (. 15 1934.)  ,    -,     ,  ,    .. .],    ,   [22 - Paul Ekman. Darwins Compassionate View of Human Nature. Journal of the American Medical Association 303/6 (10 February 2010): 557558; Line Goguen-Hughes. Survival of the Kindest. Mindful: Taking Time for What Matters, December 23, 2010, http://www.mindful.org/in-body-and-mind-psychology/survival-of-the-kindest (http://www.mindful.org/in-body-and-mind-psychology/survival-of-the-kindest).].

             (    )   .       ,     砫   ,    ,        ,   ࠫ  [23 - Darwin. Descent of Man, chap. 4, pp. 425426.].      ,              ,          .

        ,      [24 - Darwin. Descent of Man, chap. 4, p. 393.].  ,  ,    ,   .  ,             .        ,       .

           .     ,     ,      , ,               ,     .         ,     ,     . ,       ,            ,   ,             [25 - Edward O. Wilson. The Meaning of Human Existence (NewYork: Liveright, 2014), 176178.].     [26 -  .  .    . .: , 2014.]    ,       ,   ,          ,    ,    ,          [27 - Edward O. Wilson. The Social Conquest of Earth (NewYork: Liveright, 2012), 166; Clive Cookson. The Buzz Word, review of The Social Conquest of Earth, by Edward O. Wilson. Financial Times, 56 May 2012.].

,             ,        .              ,   [28 -    (. 1949)  -,         .. .]   ( )    , ,                      [29 - David Sloan Wilson and Edward O. Wilson. Evolution: Survival of the Selfless. New Scientist 196/2628 (3 November 2007): 4246.].  ,  , ,   蠫      ,              ,     ,  .

   ,  ,          [30 - David Sloan Wilson and Edward O. Wilson. Evolution for the Good of the Group. American Scientist 96/5 (September/October 2008): 380389.].     ,         ,   .      ,    ,       ,  ,         ,  ,  .  ,  ,     ,     .   ?                  :   .           ,          .         [31 -  .   . .:  -, 2018.],      ,         ,    [32 - Wilson. Meaning of Human Existence, 33.].

,              ,       .        .    ,          ,      [33 - Christoph Adami and Arnd Hintze. Evolutionary Instability of Zero-Determinant Strategies Demonstrates That Winning Is Not Everything. Nature Communications 4/2193 (1 August 2013): Letters 17; Anna Dreber etal. Winners Dont Punish. Nature 452 (20 March 2008): 348351.].     (  ,     )  ,    ,  .

          The Moral Sense   ⠖       蠖    ,              [34 - Arthur C. Brooks. Social Science with a Soul. Wall Street Journal, 3 March 2012; Brookss summary is clearly supported in James Q. Wilson. The Moral Sense (NewYork: Free Press, 1993), VII, XIV, 225, 250251.].  ,         ,     ,            [35 - Wilson. Moral Sense, 23.].       (    )    ,  ,       ,       .  ,  ,      ,    ,   ,  .

     ,       [36 -     (. 1934)  ,   ,   . -   .             -        .. .]  [37 -   (19321985)  ,      .. .], :   ,    ,     , ,   .       .         ,   ,   [38 - Steve Kemper. No Alpha Males Allowed. Smithsonian, September 2013, 41.].         ,       ,    .

              ,       ,   .             :    .        ,     .   ,           , -       . , ,     (      ),    ,    [39 - Darwin. Descent of Man, chap. 4.].

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       ,     ,     ,    ,     [42 - Wilson. Social Conquest, 290.].   ,       ,     [43 - Wilson. Social Conquest, 251.].             ,    ,         :     .

          .          [44 - The evolutionary model of the brain, called the triune brain, was first proposed by physician and neuroscientist Paul D. MacLean in The Triune Brain in Evolution (NewYork: Plenum, 1990).].          ,    ,  ,   ( ),   /.  ,  ,        ,    ,       [45 - Victoria Sayo Turner. It Takes Effort to Be Selfish. Scientific American, April 2016, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/it-takes-effort-to-be-selfish/ (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/it-takes-effort-to-be-selfish/).].       ,    .        .      ,       ,      ,      ,     .        ,    ,   ,   .




  


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堖   ,    .   -   ,    Social Neuroscience, ,        ,    , , ,    ,    [46 - Leonardo Christov-Mooreet etal. Increasing Generosity by Disrupting Prefrontal Cortex. Social Neuroscience, March 2016, doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1154105 (http://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1154105).].  ,        ,   ,   ,    ,     .          .       XVIII - ,  ,       .        ,       .

   堖 ,      ,      , ,   ,    (  )   ( ),       [47 - See Shawn Achor. The Happiness Advantage (NewYork: Crown, 2010), esp. 4345; Paul J. Zak. The Moral Molecule: The Source of Love and Prosperity (NewYork: Dutton, 2012), esp. 6366.].    ,  ,   ,   ,    . ,    ,        .  ,       ,         ,        .                    (The Moral Molecule):     ,      ,             唻.   ,    ,     -,         ,    [48 - Zak. The Moral Molecule, XII.].

  ,     ,    ,    .   , ,    ,    .      :        ,  ,     ,          [49 - William T. Harbaugh, Ulrich Mayr, and Daniel R. Burghart. Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving Reveal Motives for Charitable Donations. Science 316 (15 June 2007): 16221625; Elizabeth Svoboda. Hard-Wired for Giving. Wall Street Journal, 31 August 1 September 2013, C12.].             .       ,   ,       .

      ,    ,     .          (vagus     , )        ,    ,  , ,    .      ,   .       ,     . -,     ,      ,      ,  ,   [50 - Dacher Keltner. Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life (NewYork: Norton, 2009), 229.].  ,      ,      ,    .        .

         ,       (     )   (  )[51 - Stephen W. Porges. The Polyvagal Perspective. Biological Psychology 74/2 (February 2007): 116143.].     ,     , , ,    (  ),   [52 - Stephen W. Porges. Social Engagement and Attachment: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Roots of Mental Illness in Children, Annals of NewYork Academy of Sciences, http://condor.depaul.edu/dallbrit/extra/psy588/porges-NYAS.pdf (http://condor.depaul.edu/dallbrit/extra/psy588/porges-NYAS.pdf).].       ,   ,      -,  ,        .  ,               ,  . ,            ,         .

          ,         ,  .  [53 -   (. 1952)      ,      .          . . .]       : ,     ,   ,         [54 - Born to Be Good, 230.].  ,     ,    [55 - Nancy Eisenberg etal. The Relations of Childrens Dispositional Prosocial Behavior to Emotionality, Regulation, and Social Functioning. Child Development 67 (1996): 974992.].  , ,   ,     ,  ,      .




     


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          [56 - Caitlin Esch. Money Triggers Social Insensitivity and Hard Work. Marketplace, NPR, 3 December 2015.].   ,      ,      .         蠖    ,  ,    ,   ,     ,    ,     ,       [57 - Mariano Grondona. A Cultural Typology of Economic Development, in Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds. Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (NewYork: Basic Books, 2000): 4455; Amy Wrzesniewski etal. Multiple Types of Motives Dont Multiply the Motivation of West Point Cadets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 111/30 (29 July 2014): 1099010995.].            (  ,         ),         .

,     ,        ,  ,      .            [58 - Kathleen D. Vohs. Money Priming Can Change Peoples Thoughts, Feelings, Motivations, and Behaviors: An Update on 10 Years of Experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144/4 (August 2015): 8693.].    ,      ,   .            ,        .  ,      ,       ,   .        ,    ,  ,    .         :  ,   [59 - Grondona. A Cultural Typology, 45.].

      ?      .   , ,     ,          ,      [60 - Roy F. Baumeister etal. Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life. Journal of Positive Psychology 8/6 (2013): 505516.].       .        ,     ,    .  ,         -, , ,          , ,  ,       ,  (     )     [61 - Amy Wrzesniewski and Barry Schwartz. The Secret of Effective Motivation. NewYork Times, 4 July 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/opinion/sunday/the-secret-of-effective-motivation.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/opinion/sunday/the-secret-of-effective-motivation.html); Wrzesniewski etal., Multiple Types of Motives.].  ,  ,   ,     ,   ,   .  ,  ,       ,    ,     ,    .  ,    (    ),       ,        [62 - Wrzesniewski etal. Multiple Types of Motives.].

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      .            ,   ,    ,      [63 - Rachel L. Piferi and Kathleen A. Lawler. Social Support and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: An Examination of Both Receiving and Giving. International Journal of Psychophysiology 62/2 (November 2006): 328336.].          .

     .       ,      .  ,          , :     ,  -  ,     .  ,   ,   ,   ,  ,  .      [64 - Meredith Maran. The Activism Cure, in Dacher Keltner, Jason Marsh, and Jeremy Adam Smith, eds. The Compassionate Instinct (NewYork: Norton, 2010), 195202.].

       ,      .           Β -         ,      [65 - Sigal G. Barsade and Olivia A. ONeill. Whats Love Got to Do with It? A Longitudinal Study of the Culture of Companionate Love and Employee and Client Outcomes in the Long-Term Care Setting. Administrative Science Quarterly 59/4 (December 2014): 551598; Alena Hall. Compassionate Work Culture Can Really Benefit the Bottom Line, Too. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref=healthy-living (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref%3dhealthy-living) (April 29, 2015).]. ,     ,    ,    ,  ,     ,    .  ,        1,7 ,   1,4 [66 - Jessica Amortegui. Why Finding Meaning at Work Is More Important Than Feeling Happy. Fast Company, http://www.fastcompany.com/3032126/how-to-find-meaning-during-your-pursuit-of-happiness-at-work (http://www.fastcompany.com/3032126/how-to-find-meaning-during-your-pursuit-of-happiness-at-work) (June 26, 2014).].

 ,  Elite SEM (  ), Withum-Smith+Brown ( ), Orion Holdings ( ) IDEO (   ,      Apple), ,      ,       :      .  Orion Holdings, , :     ,      IDEO ,       蠫   .   , ,        ,     .

    .  2011      -  (SEL Social Emotional Learning),           .     270000  .   ,  ,   SEL,     ,         ,      .   , ,  11%[67 - Joseph A. Durlak, Roger P. Weissberg, Kriston B. Schellinger, Allison B. Dymnicki, and Rebecca D. Taylor. The Impact of Enhancing Students Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions. Child Development 82, no. 1 (January/February 2011): 405432.].

    - ,    2015, :    11     [68 - Clive Belfield etal. The Economic Value of Social and Emotional Learning (NewYork: Center for Benefit-Cost Studies in Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, 2015).].      ?  : ,     SEL,        ,    ,      ,    ,    .          . SEL     (     ),    (   ,    )       .

    ,    .             .       ,        ,       (Pew Research Center), ,    ,      [69 - Zak. The Moral Molecule; Jeremy Adam Smith and Pamela Paxton. Americas Trust Fall, in Keltner, Marsh, and Smith. Compassionate Instinct, 203212.].




      


    ,       .  ,                  ,     .               ,         :         ,        [70 - Lydia Dishman. Is Competition Killing Your Productivity? Fast Company, 11 November 2013, http://www.fastcompany.com/3021287/dialed/is-competition-killing-your-productivity (http://www.fastcompany.com/3021287/dialed/is-competition-killing-your-productivity).].

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        3500   Aetna,     .      2000          ,     [72 - Gelles. Mind Business.].

   ,     ,    .           The Culture Cycle           (    )  .  ,             .             .         ,    [73 - James Heskett. The Culture Cycle: How to Shape the Unseen Force That Transforms Performance (Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press, 2012), 15.]. ,       ,   ,   -  ,     , ,        .             , ,   ,       [74 - Heskett. The Culture Cycle, 23.].

         ,      ,     ,         [75 - Paul P. Baard, Edward L. Deci, and Richard M. Ryan. Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Well-Being in Two Work Settings! Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34/10 (2004): 2064.].    , ,            ,        .     .    ,   Β    Administrative Science Quarterly,  ,   ,          [76 - Barsade and ONeill. Whats Love Got to Do with It?; Alena Hall. Compassionate Work Culture Can Really Benefit the Bottom Line, Too. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref=healthy-living (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref%3dhealthy-living) (April 29, 2015).].

        .   Wall Street Journal  ,    ,    : -  ,        ,         ,     [77 - Melissa Korn and Anita Hofschneider. How to Get Ahead as a Middle Manager: Try These Tips. Wall Street Journal, 7 August 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323838204578654404251084008 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323838204578654404251084008).].  ,    ,   ,    . ,       ,             ,        .




  


       ࠖ     .        .          ,    .  ,  Β         14000 . ,    ,      . , Β  ,        1990-       1979[78 - Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. OBrien, and Courtney Hsing. Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students over Time: A Meta-Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review 15/2 (2011): 180198; David Desteno. The Kindness Cure. Atlantic, 21 July 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/mindfulness-meditation-empathy-compassion/398867 (http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/mindfulness-meditation-empathy-compassion/398867/).].  72  ,    1979 2009, ,       (    1980-)   :      ,   .      ,  2006, ,          ,  ,     .      18 25 81% ,          .       30%       [79 - Konrath, OBrien, and Hsing. Changes in Dispositional Empathy, 187.].

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3.  ,    .       ,      .    ,   .         :       [80 - Zak. The Moral Molecule, 4849.].  ,        ,        ,     ,     [81 - Dacher Keltner. The Compassionate Instinct, in Keltner, Marsh, and Smith, eds. Compassionate Instinct, 12.].                 ,      .   ,  - ,  ,             ,  ,     .     ,     ,  31%.  ,    , ,      [82 - Kupferschmidt. Concentrating on Kindness, 1338; Kate Pickert. The Mindful Revolution: The Science of Finding Focus in a Stressed-Out, Multitasking Culture. Time, 3 February 2014, 4046.]:  ,  ,   ,     [83 - Brain Can Be Trained in Compassion, Study Shows. Association for Psychological Science, 22 May 2013, http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/compassion-training.html (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/compassion-training.html); Helen Weng etal. Compassion Training Alters Altruism and Neural Responses to Suffering. Psychological Science 24/7 (21 May 2013): 11711180.].      ,  .   -    .  ,      ,             [84 - David DeSteno. Compassion Made Easy. NewYork Times, 14 July 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/opinion/sunday/the-science-of-compassion.html?_r=0 (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/opinion/sunday/the-science-of-compassion.html?_r%3d0).].



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notes








1


    Elly, Cade, Quinn Cole.. .




2


Kai Kupferschmidt. Concentrating on Kindness. Science 341 (20 September 2013): 13361339.




3


Bruce J. Ellis and W. Thomas Boyce. Biological Sensitivity to Context. Current Directions in Psychological Science 17/3 (2008): 183187; Johnathan D. Rockoff. Nature vs. Nurture: New Science Stirs Debate. Wall Street Journal, 16 September 2013, http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323527004579079132234671374 (http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323527004579079132234671374).




4


  (. 14 1944.)  ,   ,       .        .    ,    1993.            ,          . . .




5


National Center for Education Statistics. Student Reports of Bullying and Cyber-Bullying: Results from the 2011 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, prepared by Synergy Enterprises, Inc., http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013329.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013329.pdf). Learn How to Prevent Bullying in Schools. Bullying Prevention Institute, accessed October 9, 2016, http://www.bullyingpreventioninstitute.org/Outreach.aspx (http://www.bullyingpreventioninstitute.org/Outreach.aspx).




6


Rachel Feintzeig. Nice Is a Four-Letter Word at Companies Practicing Radical Candor. Wall Street Journal, 30 December 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/nice-is-a-four-letter-word-at-companies-practicing-radical-candor-1451498192 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/nice-is-a-four-letter-word-at-companies-practicing-radical-candor-1451498192).




7


Weber Shandwick, Powell Tate, and KRC Research. Civility in America 2013. May 2013, https://www.webershandwick.com/uploads/news/files/Civility_in_America_2013_Exec_Summary.pdf (https://www.webershandwick.com/uploads/news/files/Civility_in_America_2013_Exec_Summary.pdf).




8


Statistic Brain Institute. Stress Statistics. July 2016, http://www.statisticbrain.com/stress-statistics (http://www.statisticbrain.com/stress-statistics).




9


Shandwick, Tate, and KRC Research. Civility in America 2013.




10


Rick Weissbound etal. The Children We Mean to Raise: The Real Messages Adults Are Sending About Values. Making Caring Common Project (Cambridge, MA: The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2014), http://sites.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/making-caring-common/files/mcc_report_the_children_we_mean_to_raise_0.pdf (http://sites.gse.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/making-caring-common/files/mcc_report_the_children_we_mean_to_raise_0.pdf).




11


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12


Enhanced interrogation techniques: Interview with Sir Richard Dearlove, at the Kent-Presents festival, Kent, Connecticut, 19 August 2016.




13


 .  . .: , Corpus, 2016.




14


Richard Dawkins. The Selfish Gene, 30th anniversary ed. (NewYork: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006), 19.




15


   (. 1929)  , , , , ,    .. .




16


  (18201903)    ,    ,        XIX,     ;  .. .




17


 .     . .: ࠖ  , 2009.




18


Charles Darwin. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2nd ed. (1874), chap. 2, p. 214; chap. 5, p. 452.




19


 .     . .: , 2017.




20


Darwin. The Descent of Man, chap. 4, p. 371.




21


  (. 15 1934.)  ,    -,     ,  ,    .. .




22


Paul Ekman. Darwins Compassionate View of Human Nature. Journal of the American Medical Association 303/6 (10 February 2010): 557558; Line Goguen-Hughes. Survival of the Kindest. Mindful: Taking Time for What Matters, December 23, 2010, http://www.mindful.org/in-body-and-mind-psychology/survival-of-the-kindest (http://www.mindful.org/in-body-and-mind-psychology/survival-of-the-kindest).




23


Darwin. Descent of Man, chap. 4, pp. 425426.




24


Darwin. Descent of Man, chap. 4, p. 393.




25


Edward O. Wilson. The Meaning of Human Existence (NewYork: Liveright, 2014), 176178.




26


 .  .    . .: , 2014.




27


Edward O. Wilson. The Social Conquest of Earth (NewYork: Liveright, 2012), 166; Clive Cookson. The Buzz Word, review of The Social Conquest of Earth, by Edward O. Wilson. Financial Times, 56 May 2012.




28


   (. 1949)  -,         .. .




29


David Sloan Wilson and Edward O. Wilson. Evolution: Survival of the Selfless. New Scientist 196/2628 (3 November 2007): 4246.




30


David Sloan Wilson and Edward O. Wilson. Evolution for the Good of the Group. American Scientist 96/5 (September/October 2008): 380389.




31


 .   . .:  -, 2018.




32


Wilson. Meaning of Human Existence, 33.




33


Christoph Adami and Arnd Hintze. Evolutionary Instability of Zero-Determinant Strategies Demonstrates That Winning Is Not Everything. Nature Communications 4/2193 (1 August 2013): Letters 17; Anna Dreber etal. Winners Dont Punish. Nature 452 (20 March 2008): 348351.




34


Arthur C. Brooks. Social Science with a Soul. Wall Street Journal, 3 March 2012; Brookss summary is clearly supported in James Q. Wilson. The Moral Sense (NewYork: Free Press, 1993), VII, XIV, 225, 250251.




35


Wilson. Moral Sense, 23.




36


    (. 1934)  ,   ,   . -   .             -        .. .




37


  (19321985)  ,      .. .




38


Steve Kemper. No Alpha Males Allowed. Smithsonian, September 2013, 41.




39


Darwin. Descent of Man, chap. 4.




40


Wilson. Social Conquest, 133.




41


Wilson. Social Conquest, 120.




42


Wilson. Social Conquest, 290.




43


Wilson. Social Conquest, 251.




44


The evolutionary model of the brain, called the triune brain, was first proposed by physician and neuroscientist Paul D. MacLean in The Triune Brain in Evolution (NewYork: Plenum, 1990).




45


Victoria Sayo Turner. It Takes Effort to Be Selfish. Scientific American, April 2016, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/it-takes-effort-to-be-selfish/ (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/it-takes-effort-to-be-selfish/).




46


Leonardo Christov-Mooreet etal. Increasing Generosity by Disrupting Prefrontal Cortex. Social Neuroscience, March 2016, doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1154105 (http://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1154105).




47


See Shawn Achor. The Happiness Advantage (NewYork: Crown, 2010), esp. 4345; Paul J. Zak. The Moral Molecule: The Source of Love and Prosperity (NewYork: Dutton, 2012), esp. 6366.




48


Zak. The Moral Molecule, XII.




49


William T. Harbaugh, Ulrich Mayr, and Daniel R. Burghart. Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving Reveal Motives for Charitable Donations. Science 316 (15 June 2007): 16221625; Elizabeth Svoboda. Hard-Wired for Giving. Wall Street Journal, 31 August 1 September 2013, C12.




50


Dacher Keltner. Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life (NewYork: Norton, 2009), 229.




51


Stephen W. Porges. The Polyvagal Perspective. Biological Psychology 74/2 (February 2007): 116143.




52


Stephen W. Porges. Social Engagement and Attachment: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Roots of Mental Illness in Children, Annals of NewYork Academy of Sciences, http://condor.depaul.edu/dallbrit/extra/psy588/porges-NYAS.pdf (http://condor.depaul.edu/dallbrit/extra/psy588/porges-NYAS.pdf).




53


  (. 1952)      ,      .          . . .




54


Born to Be Good, 230.




55


Nancy Eisenberg etal. The Relations of Childrens Dispositional Prosocial Behavior to Emotionality, Regulation, and Social Functioning. Child Development 67 (1996): 974992.




56


Caitlin Esch. Money Triggers Social Insensitivity and Hard Work. Marketplace, NPR, 3 December 2015.




57


Mariano Grondona. A Cultural Typology of Economic Development, in Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds. Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (NewYork: Basic Books, 2000): 4455; Amy Wrzesniewski etal. Multiple Types of Motives Dont Multiply the Motivation of West Point Cadets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 111/30 (29 July 2014): 1099010995.




58


Kathleen D. Vohs. Money Priming Can Change Peoples Thoughts, Feelings, Motivations, and Behaviors: An Update on 10 Years of Experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144/4 (August 2015): 8693.




59


Grondona. A Cultural Typology, 45.




60


Roy F. Baumeister etal. Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life. Journal of Positive Psychology 8/6 (2013): 505516.




61


Amy Wrzesniewski and Barry Schwartz. The Secret of Effective Motivation. NewYork Times, 4 July 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/opinion/sunday/the-secret-of-effective-motivation.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/opinion/sunday/the-secret-of-effective-motivation.html); Wrzesniewski etal., Multiple Types of Motives.




62


Wrzesniewski etal. Multiple Types of Motives.




63


Rachel L. Piferi and Kathleen A. Lawler. Social Support and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: An Examination of Both Receiving and Giving. International Journal of Psychophysiology 62/2 (November 2006): 328336.




64


Meredith Maran. The Activism Cure, in Dacher Keltner, Jason Marsh, and Jeremy Adam Smith, eds. The Compassionate Instinct (NewYork: Norton, 2010), 195202.




65


Sigal G. Barsade and Olivia A. ONeill. Whats Love Got to Do with It? A Longitudinal Study of the Culture of Companionate Love and Employee and Client Outcomes in the Long-Term Care Setting. Administrative Science Quarterly 59/4 (December 2014): 551598; Alena Hall. Compassionate Work Culture Can Really Benefit the Bottom Line, Too. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref=healthy-living (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref%3dhealthy-living) (April 29, 2015).




66


Jessica Amortegui. Why Finding Meaning at Work Is More Important Than Feeling Happy. Fast Company, http://www.fastcompany.com/3032126/how-to-find-meaning-during-your-pursuit-of-happiness-at-work (http://www.fastcompany.com/3032126/how-to-find-meaning-during-your-pursuit-of-happiness-at-work) (June 26, 2014).




67


Joseph A. Durlak, Roger P. Weissberg, Kriston B. Schellinger, Allison B. Dymnicki, and Rebecca D. Taylor. The Impact of Enhancing Students Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions. Child Development 82, no. 1 (January/February 2011): 405432.




68


Clive Belfield etal. The Economic Value of Social and Emotional Learning (NewYork: Center for Benefit-Cost Studies in Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, 2015).




69


Zak. The Moral Molecule; Jeremy Adam Smith and Pamela Paxton. Americas Trust Fall, in Keltner, Marsh, and Smith. Compassionate Instinct, 203212.




70


Lydia Dishman. Is Competition Killing Your Productivity? Fast Company, 11 November 2013, http://www.fastcompany.com/3021287/dialed/is-competition-killing-your-productivity (http://www.fastcompany.com/3021287/dialed/is-competition-killing-your-productivity).




71


David Gelles. The Mind Business. Financial Times, 24 August 2012, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d9cb7940-ebea-11e1-985a-00144feab49a.html (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d9cb7940-ebea-11e1-985a-00144feab49a.html).




72


Gelles. Mind Business.




73


James Heskett. The Culture Cycle: How to Shape the Unseen Force That Transforms Performance (Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press, 2012), 15.




74


Heskett. The Culture Cycle, 23.




75


Paul P. Baard, Edward L. Deci, and Richard M. Ryan. Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Well-Being in Two Work Settings! Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34/10 (2004): 2064.




76


Barsade and ONeill. Whats Love Got to Do with It?; Alena Hall. Compassionate Work Culture Can Really Benefit the Bottom Line, Too. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref=healthy-living (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/29/compassion-at-work_n_7057382.html?utm_hp_ref%3dhealthy-living) (April 29, 2015).




77


Melissa Korn and Anita Hofschneider. How to Get Ahead as a Middle Manager: Try These Tips. Wall Street Journal, 7 August 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323838204578654404251084008 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323838204578654404251084008).




78


Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. OBrien, and Courtney Hsing. Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students over Time: A Meta-Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review 15/2 (2011): 180198; David Desteno. The Kindness Cure. Atlantic, 21 July 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/mindfulness-meditation-empathy-compassion/398867 (http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/mindfulness-meditation-empathy-compassion/398867/).




79


Konrath, OBrien, and Hsing. Changes in Dispositional Empathy, 187.




80


Zak. The Moral Molecule, 4849.




81


Dacher Keltner. The Compassionate Instinct, in Keltner, Marsh, and Smith, eds. Compassionate Instinct, 12.




82


Kupferschmidt. Concentrating on Kindness, 1338; Kate Pickert. The Mindful Revolution: The Science of Finding Focus in a Stressed-Out, Multitasking Culture. Time, 3 February 2014, 4046.




83


Brain Can Be Trained in Compassion, Study Shows. Association for Psychological Science, 22 May 2013, http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/compassion-training.html (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/compassion-training.html); Helen Weng etal. Compassion Training Alters Altruism and Neural Responses to Suffering. Psychological Science 24/7 (21 May 2013): 11711180.




84


David DeSteno. Compassion Made Easy. NewYork Times, 14 July 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/opinion/sunday/the-science-of-compassion.html?_r=0 (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/opinion/sunday/the-science-of-compassion.html?_r%3d0).




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