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 ,   ,  ,       .        ,      ,       .        ,        .               ,    [1 - Wenner M. Humans carry more bacterial cells than human ones. Scientific American. 2007.].  ,             ,        [2 - Salzberg SL, White O, Peterson J, Eisen JA. Microbial genes in the human genome: lateral transfer or gene loss? Science. 2001; 292 (5523): 1903-6.].  ,      ,      ,    ,    ,     ,     .

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        ,  ,   ,   . ,  ,   ,           .             ,   ,     ,        [10 - Festjens N, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P. Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: signalling cascades, important mediators and concomitant immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006; 1757 (9-10): 1371-87.].

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  ,      ,       .  ,    ,    . ,    ,     , ,       ,   .  ,   ,         ,    ,       .         ,   ,        , .  ,    ,       ,       .     ,   ,        [37 - Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, etal. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science. 1994; 266 (5193): 2011-15.].    ,      :        ,       .

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notes








1


Wenner M. Humans carry more bacterial cells than human ones. Scientific American. 2007.




2


Salzberg SL, White O, Peterson J, Eisen JA. Microbial genes in the human genome: lateral transfer or gene loss? Science. 2001; 292 (5523): 1903-6.




3


Everson T. The Gene: A Historical Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group; 2007.




4


Tuck S. The control of cell growth and body size in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Cell Res. 2014; 321 (1): 71-76.




5


Kramer M. How worms survived NASAs Columbia shuttle disaster. Space.com (http://space.com/), www.space.com/19538-columbia-shuttle-disaster-worms-survive.html (http://www.space.com/19538-columbia-shuttle-disaster-worms-survive.html). 2013.




6


Sulston JE, Brenner S. The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 1974; 77 (1): 95-104.




7


Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: abasic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972; 26 (4): 239-57.




8


Hotchkiss RS, Strasser A, McDunn JE, Swanson PE. Cell death. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361 (16): 1570-83.




9


Lotze MT, Tracey KJ. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005; 5 (4): 331-42.




10


Festjens N, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P. Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: signalling cascades, important mediators and concomitant immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006; 1757 (9-10): 1371-87.




11


Taylor RC, Cullen SP, Martin SJ. Apoptosis: controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008; 9 (3): 231-41.




12


Narula J, Arbustini E, Chandrashekhar Y, Schwaiger M. Apoptosis and the systolic dysfunction in congestive heart failure. Story of apoptosis interruptus and zombie myocytes. Cardiol Clin. 2001; 19 (1): 113-26.




13


Melino G. The sirens song. Nature. 2001; 412 (6842): 23.




14


Horvitz R. Worms, life and death. In: Fr?ngsmyr T, ed. Les Prix Nobel. Stockholm; 2003.




15


Gompertz B. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1825; 115: 513-83.




16


Caserio at the guillotine. NewYork Times. August 16, 1894.




17


Comroe JH Jr. Who was Alexis who? Cardiovasc Dis. 1979; 6 (3): 251-70.




18


Moseley J. Alexis Carrel, the man unknown: journey of an idea. JAMA. 1980; 244 (10): 1119-21.




19


Moseley, Alexis Carrel.




20


Weismann A. Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems. Poulton EB, Sch?nland S, Shipley AE, eds. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1891-92.




21


Carrel A. On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism. J Exp Med. 1912; 15 (5): 516-28.




22


Friedman DM. The Immortalists: Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Alexis Carrel, and Their Daring Quest to Live Forever. Ecco; 2007.




23


Carrel A. Man, the Unknown. Halcyon House; 1938.




24


Witkowski JA. Dr. Carrels immortal cells. Med Hist. 1980; 24 (2): 129-42.




25


Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1965; 37: 614-36.




26


Shay JW, Wright WE. Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000; 1 (1): 72-76.




27


Carrel, Man, the Unknown.




28


Watson JD. Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Nat New Biol. 1972; 239 (94): 197-201.




29


Blackburn EH, Gall JG. A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena. J Mol Biol. 1978; 120 (1): 33-53.




30


Cooke HJ, Smith, BA. Variability at the telomeres of the human X/Y pseudoautosomal region. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986; 51: 213-19.




31


Moyzis RK, Buckingham JM, Cram LS, Dani M, Deaven LL, Jones MD, etal. A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG) n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85 (18): 6622-26.




32


Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts Nature. 1990; 345 (6274): 458-60.




33


Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell. 1985; 43 (2 Pt 1): 405-13.




34


Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, etal. Extension of life span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science. 1998; 279 (5349): 349-52.




35


Jaskelioff M, Muller FL, Paik JH, Thomas E, Jiang S, Adams AC, etal. Telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase-deficient mice. Nature. 2011; 469 (7328): 102-6.




36


Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013; 153 (6): 1194-217.




37


Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, etal. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science. 1994; 266 (5193): 2011-15.




38


Clark A, ed. Aubreys Life of John Graunt (1620-1674). Oxford at the Clarendon Press; 1898.




39


Jones HW. John Graunt and His Bills of Mortality. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1945; 33 (1): 3-4.




40


Smith R, lecturer. John Graunt, the law of natural decline and the origins of urban historical demography. Part of conference: Mortality Past and Present: John Graunts Bills of Mortality Part One. Barnards Inn Hall, London. November 29, 2012.




41


Old Medical Terminology. www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~usgwkidz/oldmedterm.htm (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~usgwkidz/oldmedterm.htm).




42


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43


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44


Howe HF. Boston and New England in 1812. N Engl J Med. 1962; 266: 20-22.




45


Death-rates for 1911 in the United States and its large cities. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1912; CLXVI (2): 63-64.


