 .   ,       
 


     ,         ?         ?     -  ?           1812 ?  ,  ,     ,    -   Chemistry World,              ,           .

    ,      ,    ,     ,    .         ,      .     ,   ,     ,        ,  ,    . ( ).



  PDF A4   .





 

 .   ,       



Lars ?hrstr?m

The Last Alchemist in Paris and other curious tales from chemistry



 Lars ?hrstr?m, 2013

  .,    , 2021

    .    -, 2021











     





     .         ,     ,     ,      ,  114   ,    ,          ,      .

               ,    ,    ,  .        ,     ,           . ,    ,         :    ,          ,          .






 1.   2012    (       )[1 -      (       , 2012.). URL: https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/.].   ,    La  Yb Ac  No    ,         .



             .   1       2012,     ,     ,    (U)   (Gd),    ,               ,            .    ,      ,     ,            .

  ,      ,         ,       :     .     ,            .   ,     .            ,  ;    ,    .

   ,    ,   .    ,      ,         .   ,     (  ,        ),   -   ,   ,       ,   .          : ,       ,  14 (.  2).






 2.   ,      ,          .



     :     ,         ,    .     ,      ,     [2 - . spin  .]        ,        .      ,         ,   ,    :       .   ,       , ,   14 .           .            s, p, d  f.

     ,     ,    ,      s, p, d  f, ,   ,        ,     .   ,       .            ,    ,    3.






 3.    :  ,   ,     , ,   14 . ,   ,     .






 4.      ,  ,           , ,   14.    s-, p-, d-  f- .



        ,            : H, He, Li, Be, B   .                 ,   ,   ,    4. ,    ,          ,   , ,   14     , ,     , s-, p-, d-  f .

       ,                 ;      [3 -      (       )           .].          s, p, d  f          .

      ,     ,  ,   .    ,      700  [4 - ScerriE.R.The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press, 2006.],            ,      . , ,        ,               [5 - BallP.There is No Hidden Understanding to be Teased out by Improving the Periodic Table, Argues Philip Ball. But Eric Scerri Begs to Differ// Chemistry World, September 2010.].

   ,      ,     [6 - .   (The Da Vinci Code). , 2004.]             , ,   ,   ,       -     [7 - .   (The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy). , 1997.].   ,     ,        廠  42[8 -   .          .       ,   7,5         42.],  ?




1

   [9 -    ,    ? (Guess Whos Coming to Dinner). . .]





  +38C,       - ,   , , .     ,  ,     ,       ,        .       ,     ;    ,  ,     ,         ,   ,    ,   .

                      ,  ,    ,    ,       [10 - MwakikagileG.Botswana Since Independence. New Africa Press, 2009.]:  90000       -   ,   ,    .

    ,   ,       .       ,                   (      ),     .

      ; 23 1949    . ,         ,        ,    ,   .    ,    ,        - .          ,       ,            - .

        ,     ;     ,      ,   .           ?

    ,   .    ,        .       ,        ,  ,    ,    [11 - Lloyds of London    ,  XVIII.].     ,      [12 - ParsonsN., HendersonW., TlouT.Seretse Khama. Macmillan, 1995; MbangaW., MbangaT., Seretse & Ruth. Tafelberg, 2005; DutfieldM. AMarriage of Inconvenience. Harper Collins, 1990.].






 5.       , 1949.   Time & Life Pictures / Getty Images.



,      ,   :     -     ;      - .    ;  ,   ,       ,       ,          .           .

      ,       .       ,            ,      ⠫ 廠         ,  ,   ,     50- .

?..          ,      .        :   ,    ,   ,   1952           ;    ,      [13 - Ibidem.].

   ,                ,     , , ,   .

  30-              ,  ,       ( , ),     .  ,      .      ,       ,   ,    ,      ( ,        ).

   ,   ,      ,      ,       .        (      2,3 ppm / 0,00027%)   , ,  , ,   ,     ,      .  ,          ,          [14 - DuffyR.J.History of Nuclear Power// Encyclopedia of Energy. Elsevier, 2004. Vol. 4.].

 1939       .    92       ,  1940     ;           .           .  1939            (W)[15 -    Laerebog i uorganisk kemi   1946     ,             .].                     89  103;     40- .

          ,      ,  1949:          [16 - 49Uranium Rush// Popular Mechanics, 2 (91). 1949.].      (  ,  )  ,        ,  ,           ()    .

           ,  ,   ,  ,    , ,      .      ,             ,        ,    ,     .

     ,   ( ,   ),          ,        ,    . ,      ,     ,   ,        ,     1948, ,    ,   ,       .

,       ,    .       ,       ,  [17 -          1949.]:  .      ,  - (       ,    )  ,  - ()  - (   ,     ).        ,       ,   ;      .

    ,    ,  ,   (,  ,        )        ,       ,      .     ,       ,     -  (     ),       .       ,       .

  ,   -           ,      .      ,      ,          . ,     ,  ,    , ,          [18 - WillisR.P.H.The Uranium Story  An Update// The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 106. 2006. P.601609; MasizaZ. A Chronology of South Africas Nuclear Program// The Nonproliferation Review Fall, 1993. P.3555.].  - -        ,    ,  1948                  .

      ,   1949,     ,        .                  .       ..    .           .

     ,      ,          [19 - Parsons, Seretse Khama.].  1986       [20 - HyamR.The Political Consequences of Seretse Khama: Britain, the Bangwato and South Africa, 19481952// The Historical Journal, 29. 1986.],  1990               [21 - Dutfield, A Marriage of Inconvenience.].

,          , , ,     .   ,            - ,        ,   ,             1949.

      , , ,     . 29 1949     ,    ,          ,     .

    ,  ,               ,                 ,   ,   (   )  ,     ,    . -  :          VIII,         [22 - HyamR., HenshawP.Prime Ministers Office Papers// The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa Since the Boer War. Cambridge University Press, 2003.].

 1952      [23 - Willis, The Uranium Story; Masiza, A Chronology of South Africas Nuclear Program.], 26 1957      ,         .   ,   ,       ,          :        [24 - 3 1960 ,   ,  ,       ,     .           .]      .

     ,      .           1, ,    ,     :       , 19211980[25 -    , 19232002.].               [26 - McCall SmithA.The Number One Ladies Detective Agency. Polygon, 1999.].

            ?     .          :     -  (2003)[27 - Hyam, Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok.],            -               ,     .

      ,        ,                .       .    , ,          1949  ,    .   ,        ,     .

   ,    1949,     ,    ,   ,    ,      ,       ,    ;      .

 ,          ,     , ,    ?,     ,    ,     .     [28 -    :       ,       .]             ,     ,     .     1967,    ,          .        17 , 蠫   .  ,            ,   2000[29 - CampbellD.Alabama Votes on Removing its Ban on Mixed Marriages Special Report: The US Elections// The Guardian, 3 November 2000.].



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  1961  ˸              ,     ,         H


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      :



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.


,           ,       ;    .       ,     ,       ,   ,     [30 -         ,    .]. (    ,    ,      0  +2.)

 ˸    .    ,                       1947     1991-[31 -  HenryS.Lowenhaupt, 87; CIA Trailblazer// The Washington Post. 14 March 2006.].       ,                           [32 - LowenhauptH.S. Chasing Bitterfeld Calcium// Studies in Intelligence, 1(17). 1996 ( :   1973.).].

     1,      1949      6.        ,      :     ,    . (          .)               ?  ,        .       ,   ,        .

       ,          .      Uranverein     :            ,         .      ,         .

  ,       (   ),              , ,   ,     .        ,       ,     - ,         [33 -      ; ,         .].

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(       U


O


,     U


U


).         ,   ,      , ,     .

  ,        ,          ,  - ,    ,     ,   .    ,                 () .      ,             ,           , 6       (   ).

 1947    ,      30     .              .         :    78C,     100C;              ,     .       (     - ),         ,     [34 -    .          ,        ,           .].    842C    1484C,        .          ,        ,  1946      ⠫   ,       .

,   ˸   ,  :    ,  30          ,    -     .  ,  ,   5            Osram Phillips    ,   ;  20            .  , ,  30           , ,       ,  26 1947         : , , / 3,   ,    ,    .

 ,        ,       , ,      ,  ,      ,           ,      .      :      UF


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    ,        , ,         ,     F


,  ,       +4,           +2.

         ,      ,       .     [35 -      .         .      238,    40,  ,   80     238 , 30    (  ,   ,    ) 30?238:80 = 187 .],            ,        .     ,     200   30 .      ,      .  ,     ,   1:2,2,  30    66 .

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,  -11 (        6).  - -10    ,       ,    ,     (   ,     ,    ),     -11.        -10,     .

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 6.           ? 5 蠫»      ,  11   ,      -11.



      ,           .      ,   ,   ;            ,    .    .         ѻ (̻   ),    [36 -     , ,    1933    .]   ,         ,   ,  ,       [37 - GoodmanM.S.Spying on the Nuclear Bear: Anglo-American Intelligence and the Soviet Bomb. Stanford University Press, 2007.]. (    6        [38 - CampbellC. A Questing Life. iUniverse, 2006.].)

              ,      ,   -      .       ,        ,     -  United Metal Maniacs.

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.       ,     , He


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3

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     ;     .    ,         ,     .      ,       ,        ,            [40 - BrinckB. Stockholms-Tidningen.       Hindenburg 1937.         ;     2011.    Sveriges Radio   Ombord p? Hindenburg,  30 2010.].

      ,              [41 - RussellP.Faces of the Hindenburg. 2013. URL: http://facesofthehindenburg.blogspot.com.].

                    ,       [42 - The Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program// U.S.Department of Energy. 2013. URL: http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/.].         :             . ,    , ,     ,          Hindenburg ().

       ,     ,             ,         :        .         ,       ,  -  ,            .  , 


,             ,             .

    ,            ,     .   ,    ,     Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH,    .[43 -  .       SchillerH.V.Zeppelin, Wegbereiter des Weltluftverkehrs. Kirschbaum Verlag, 1966.] ,  Graf Zeppelin ( )      ,        ,       (   )               30.

,         Hindenburg,        - 1937,                 .   ,        , ,         ,          134/[44 - ,     Hindenburg    . YouTube, URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 0rSzc8JxBFg.].

 ,   ;       ?   ,        ,      .     ,     ,   , , ,    ,  [45 - MedlicottW.N.The Economic Blockade// History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series. Longmans, Green and Co., 1952.].

,    .      ,        ,  ,       .      ,  H


, He (     )    ,      .  ,      , ,     (,   , )  ,    .

      . ,         , ,      ,  ,          ,      .     ,  ,     ,     10% (  )      10% (,       ,  10%      ).        ,  ,     ,         .       ?     :      ,   ,  ,     .            (,  ,    ),          ,         ,    ,    ,       .

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           ,     .                .  20-        ,      ,     . , ,     USS Shenandoah (; . .8)        ,        -    ,  1924      USS Los Angeles (-),         -  .






 7.     ,       .  :  ()     ,       ,       ,        ,   .  




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/lars-orstrem/himiya-navsegda-o-gorohovom-supe-opasnosti-utrennego-kofe-i-p/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


     (       , 2012.). URL: https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/.




2


. spin  .




3


     (       )           .




4


ScerriE.R.The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press, 2006.




5


BallP.There is No Hidden Understanding to be Teased out by Improving the Periodic Table, Argues Philip Ball. But Eric Scerri Begs to Differ// Chemistry World, September 2010.




6


.   (The Da Vinci Code). , 2004.




7


.   (The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy). , 1997.




8


  .          .       ,   7,5         42.




9


   ,    ? (Guess Whos Coming to Dinner). . .




10


MwakikagileG.Botswana Since Independence. New Africa Press, 2009.




11


Lloyds of London    ,  XVIII.




12


ParsonsN., HendersonW., TlouT.Seretse Khama. Macmillan, 1995; MbangaW., MbangaT., Seretse & Ruth. Tafelberg, 2005; DutfieldM. AMarriage of Inconvenience. Harper Collins, 1990.




13


Ibidem.




14


DuffyR.J.History of Nuclear Power// Encyclopedia of Energy. Elsevier, 2004. Vol. 4.




15


   Laerebog i uorganisk kemi   1946     ,             .




16


49Uranium Rush// Popular Mechanics, 2 (91). 1949.




17


         1949.




18


WillisR.P.H.The Uranium Story  An Update// The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 106. 2006. P.601609; MasizaZ. A Chronology of South Africas Nuclear Program// The Nonproliferation Review Fall, 1993. P.3555.




19


Parsons, Seretse Khama.




20


HyamR.The Political Consequences of Seretse Khama: Britain, the Bangwato and South Africa, 19481952// The Historical Journal, 29. 1986.




21


Dutfield, A Marriage of Inconvenience.




22


HyamR., HenshawP.Prime Ministers Office Papers// The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa Since the Boer War. Cambridge University Press, 2003.




23


Willis, The Uranium Story; Masiza, A Chronology of South Africas Nuclear Program.




24


3 1960 ,   ,  ,       ,     .           .




25


   , 19232002.




26


McCall SmithA.The Number One Ladies Detective Agency. Polygon, 1999.




27


Hyam, Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok.




28


   :       ,       .




29


CampbellD.Alabama Votes on Removing its Ban on Mixed Marriages Special Report: The US Elections// The Guardian, 3 November 2000.




30


        ,    .




31


 HenryS.Lowenhaupt, 87; CIA Trailblazer// The Washington Post. 14 March 2006.




32


LowenhauptH.S. Chasing Bitterfeld Calcium// Studies in Intelligence, 1(17). 1996 ( :   1973.).




33


     ; ,         .




34


   .          ,        ,           .




35


     .         .      238,    40,  ,   80     238 , 30    (  ,   ,    ) 30?238:80 = 187 .




36


    , ,    1933    .




37


GoodmanM.S.Spying on the Nuclear Bear: Anglo-American Intelligence and the Soviet Bomb. Stanford University Press, 2007.




38


CampbellC. A Questing Life. iUniverse, 2006.




39


     The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (        ). . .




40


BrinckB. Stockholms-Tidningen.       Hindenburg 1937.         ;     2011.    Sveriges Radio   Ombord p? Hindenburg,  30 2010.




41


RussellP.Faces of the Hindenburg. 2013. URL: http://facesofthehindenburg.blogspot.com.




42


The Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program// U.S.Department of Energy. 2013. URL: http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/.




43


 .       SchillerH.V.Zeppelin, Wegbereiter des Weltluftverkehrs. Kirschbaum Verlag, 1966.




44


,     Hindenburg    . YouTube, URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 0rSzc8JxBFg.




45


MedlicottW.N.The Economic Blockade// History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series. Longmans, Green and Co., 1952.


