 .     .  
 


     .  , ,    .   , ,    ,  fight   battle,  forest  wood,  almost  nearly,  sick  ill,  say  tell.         ,  ,  ,    ,  ,   ,    , .





 

    .  



 



 ,2021



ISBN978-5-0053-6235-3 (. 1)

ISBN978-5-0053-6234-6

     Ridero




 


,   ,     ,  , .



,     (  ,  ,     ),     (  )   ,  ,  ,  .



        ,  ?    ? , , , ,    .     ,  ,          .



   ,   .      (    ).  , , ,     ,   , ࠫ컠 ,   .



,   -         .       .       ,  , ,     ,           ,  ,  .



   ( ),  ,  , . ,   . ,    ,     (   )  ,    .    ,  ,    ,         .



  (  ) !



 




  Forest Wood


   ,     ,    , ,   - . ꠖ        .    ,  ࠖ  ,   ,          ,     ,    .       ,   ,        .



  Forest Wood,        堖 .



Ƞ    ,      :         ,       , ,   ,   ,          ,     .    ,  ,       ,     . , ,  ,   ,      ,      .    We shall go on tothe end. We shall fight inFrance, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength inthe air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight inthe fields and inthe streets, we shall fight inthe hills; we shall never surrender ..         ( ,        ,    ,            ).      fight, battle, ?            -,   ,     -  ..   battle   , fight , , .       freedom,  liberty.



   .



Wood     .      堖 wode,  , , widu.        .      wood    ,   ,   .           ࠖ woods:



Ipromise Iwont go into the woods alone again



 , wood    :  , ,  .



 forest   ,     ,  ,        (, ,     fir).     ,  ࠖ .     , .



 wood   , ,  forest ꠫     ,  .       , : forest   ,       .



Forest (afforest)      .



  forest woods ,     .



    : woods    ,    .   forest  .  forest         ,  woods.




  ToBe Going To  Continuous


,       ,        forest wood,  .      :



Iam going tolearn English

Iam going tomy English lesson



, , ,      ,      ࠫ .



    ,   ,   , , ,   :



 ?



  :



 .



   :



Im going tohunt



  ,            



       tobe going to   Continuous.  ,  Continuous     ,   ,         , ,  .        , .  :



   

   



   򻠖  -  .    ,   ,    ,   .   򻠖    ,  ,   -  : , ,  .       :



My brother will come tomorrow

My brother is coming tomorrow



      ,    ,   ,  Continuous  .



-,  ,    ,     tobe (am, is, are, was, were, has/have been)    1- ,   ing.  ,    Iam reading this text,         .



-,        ,     1-  . ʠ   ,    ,   . ,   Iam loving, Iam wanting, Iam owning,       .  ,   ,         蠖 Iam loving it. ,   : ,   ,  ,  



-,   Continuous  .  ,    ,   ,    :



She is watering the garden



 ,    ,    -  ,    . ,    Iam writing anovel,      .    Iam learning English  ,      ,         .



,     , Continuous    always  constantly,    ,  ,    ,  , ,       3- , :



Hes always changing the subject when Itry totalk about my writing



   Continuous    :    ,  , ,     tobe goingto:



Iam going toget agun

Iam getting agun



 ,      , 젖     .  ,      ,   ,   tobe going to    ,  ,  ,   ,         - .



,     -  :



Iam going toLondon



       ,    tobe going to-    go     .    ,     ,      Iam going togo toLondon ,     ,     .

  .              ,  .




  Only Just


  ,   .       ,     :       , ,  - .    only just .



Ive just wokenup



  ,   only  .  just    .



     , only  :



Ifinished my homework only an hourago



     ,  ,  젖  ( )    ( ).



 just only     ,   ?



-,     , . :



Ionly wanted toask aquick question.

Ijust wanted toask aquick question.



-,   -   :



He only calls me when he needs help.

He just calls me when he needs help.



-,   蠫    ,   , , :



Ihave just afew chocolates left.

Ihave only afew chocolates left.



,  ,  ,  only   just (),     :



Mozart was only five when he started composing.

Mozart was just five when he started composing.



       ,      , ,  .



      just only .



Only     ,      :



Ithink it is an advantage tobe an only child.



 ,  ,   only   ,     .    ,:



Only you can understandme.



,  just, only     , , ,but:



We both live inthe same city only Ilive closer tothesea.

Hes got agreat sense ofhumour only he drinks too much.



  ,  only    If only,   ,     , , ,  ,     ,  养, :



If only we knew the truth (      ,    )



:



If only Ihad studied harder. Iwouldve passed the test.



Π     ,    .      ,      only just,        :



If Ihad just studied harder, Iwouldve passed the test.



,      .



     just .     Be careful. Ijust washed the floor, and its still wet 蠫 Hes just an idiot      , :



She called me just as Iarrived at the airport.



:



Iwas just about todo that.



 ,         , ,     , :



This is just what Iwanted todo.



  just        ,  ..:



This summer day is just so beautiful.



         ,  ,     ,  .    ,    ,  just    :



Did you clean the whole house?

No, Ijust washed the floor.



 just    ,  . ,    ,       only.:



Why is the floorwet?

Because Ijust washedit.



  just         only     .



, ,     just ,     . :



Ijust atetwo pieces ofpizza.



 just         ,        , :



Iate justtwo pieces ofpizza



Just           ,       ,   ,  .




    


   CBS                   court,  date,         courting dating.



            , , ,  , ,  ,       ,  , ,         .    .



Courting,  ,  courtship,          ,   -       ,   ,    .  courting       ,      ,       .         . ,  , courting  , .     ,     .



     dating,      ,    Iam dating someone     .         Ӡ  /. ,  ,  ,   ,    -,        .  ,   dating  ,  hooking up   courting.  ,    Iam dating someone,    ,     :  ,       .



        courting,    , ,   -     .



   : courting    ,   dating   .   dating     ,    .  dating     courting.  courting            .



    courting         commitment,   .     , ,  , courting   ,  . ,       ,        . ,          ,  -  ,    .




  thankful grateful


          .  ,    ,      ,  -     .   



Thankfulness is the beginning ofgratitude. Gratitude is the completion ofthankfulness.



     .



    ,  ,     .   .



         ,     .    :



Thank you so much for helping us move house. We are so grateful.



Iwould be very grateful if you could send me more information about your company for my school project.



Iheard you were inan accident. Are you okay?

Im fine. There was some damage tothe car. Im justthankfulthat no one was injured.



Iam so thankful that the troops came home safely.



       ,    :  grateful    ,  , -,  , -,     , ,  .. ,   .



 thankful     .  ,      .     ,    .   ,       , ,    thankful.    grateful.




  fight battle


        ,         ,  fight  ,  ( feohte   fiucht), battle     ( bataille  battuere).



      ,      ,  ,  ,     .



-,  , fight    ,  battle. , fight    ,  , battle      .



-,  , battle     ,  fight.  fight     ,    ,    ,   battle   .  ,  -  ,  they had afight,      , , ,    ,        17,   ,        ,    otheir battle with cancer.   areligions battle with another religion.



,       , ,   , ,     , ,        .         fight   battle:



We shall go on tothe end. We shall fight inFrance, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength inthe air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight inthe fields and inthe streets, we shall fight inthe hills; we shall never surrender




  Sick Ill


  , ,   sick ill ,  , .



      .  -  Iam sick  Iam ill,   ,   . , ,  -.



-, ,  ill       .   sick ,       .  ,   Iam sick,   ,      ,    ,   ,       .      ,     ,   - , ,   Iam ill.     , ,  ,      Iam sick.



-, ,       sick,      ill.



-,   sick ill      .   ,    asick dog,     ,   sick leave,   (,  )  ,   , ,   airsick, carsick seasick.   , , ,   ( ) ,   homesick.   ill leave  car ill. ,     . ,  .     mentally ill  ill health,       ,     ,   .  mentally sick sick health  ,      ,    .



   sick ill .



,    ,  ill  .  ,     ,   ,    . ,     The ill mannered boy was rude and unfriendly.        .



 ill     , :



The student could ill afford the rent for theflat



    ,       .



 ill  , :



The professor was ill-prepared for his lecture on fossils.

       .



 ill  .



Mary is unkind but Iwish her noill.



  ,    ill      evil,   . -       ill   ,    堖 Shut-Ill-Off ,   .








   sick  ,      :



The boy was violently sick after eating too much rich food.



 :



Poor John stood inthe sick that was left bythe dog vomiting on the floor.



,        :



The rowdy teenagers said their party was sick.



, , ,      sick ill,         .




  Gift Present


-   , -  .  ,      .



 ,    :



We give gifts and receive presents



:



We give presents and receive gifts



 ,   ,     . ,   gift  ,  given,    - ,   present   -  -    presentation.  ,   , -,   ,   gift           ,    蠫 ,   present -   ,  ,  present   ,     present, .. .  ,  gift     ,   present.     wedding presents  birthday presents, gifts.



    . ,  gift.



Gift,    ,   :



The happy school boy brought agift for his teacher.



 ,  :



The concert pianist has areal musical gift.



Gift   ,      ,  , , , :



The gift shop was full ofwonderful toys and games.



, ,   :



The CEO gifted shares toall his employees as an annual bonus.



     gift     Dont look agift horse inthe mouth     ,     , ,    .



Ӡ present     .     :



The children gave their dad apresent on his birthday.



Ƞ:



Princess presented them with ahealthy foal, without complications or assistance.



Ƞ   :



There are three simple tenses used insentences past, present, and future.



Ƞ:



The present ruler made the people rich with his fair laws.



 ,  present    ,    ,     , :   , 렖 .     import, export, contrast ..



    ,  ,    .   present         ,   gift,     ,  present,    .       gifts.     ,     free gifts.    God given gift.



         :



Yesterday is history, tomorrow is amystery. And today? Today is agift. Thats why we call it the present.




  Under Below


 ,        ,   ,     .    ,  ,  ,     ,    ࠖ .



,     Under Below   .          .  ,  Under    ,   : ,  ,  Under.



   Under   under control, under new management  under the command of- -, ,       , ,  ,   .        - :



There were under five students inthe class



 Under    ,     Under stress, Under influence, Under construction, Under aspell, Under pressure ..



 Below    ,  Under,    ,   ,        . ,    ,   .   堫,  .         ,      - , , Below zero, Below the surface, Below the poverty line, Below sea level ..



      Under Below   .  Under Over,         .  Below Above,       .



 Under Below  ,    ? , . ,    below par, ,   ,       .        .   ,  , ,     堖 under the weather,    ,      .  ,      below par under par,    below the weather.




  Port Harbor


, ,  7 1941   ,  ?  ,   . .      , ,   ,   :      ,  ,     .



 Port     . ,  fishing ports

   ; warm water ports,  ; inland ports,    ; dry ports,     ; cruise ship ports   ..,    , , ,  ,    .



 Harbor ( Harbour,     ),     ,   .          ,    .



 ,  Harbor   herebeorg,       .



     ,   , - .      .




  Cause Reason


  ,    .       ,     , . ,      ,    ,   :     . Cause, ,  causa,   , Reason rationem   蠫.  ,           Ը,   .



   , ,  Cause, Reason     ,  Why.



      , ,  , , ,     .  , Cause   -,   Reason     .



,   :



You are the cause ofyour own suffering



   Cause   origin, source  root.   Cause   ,    lead to, produce  prompt.



 , Cause      . ʠ:



Robin Hood robs from the wealthy for anoble cause



  -     .          conviction, belief  ideal.



  Reason,   ,     ,    ,   :



Please give me agood reason for your behaviour



      :



Faith consists inbelieving when it is beyond the power ofreason tobelieve



,   ,     ,       Reason  ,   common sense, sagacity  wise judgement.



   , ,:



There is always some madness inlove. But there is also always some reason inmadness.



,  , ,        wits   mind.



 Reason     :



Itried toreason with her but it was nouse.



       convince persuade.



 , -  reason out,     , :



The scientists finally reasoned out the missing link.



     ,  Reason,  Cause,   ,  ,    .



  ,   Reason  ,  ,  .       :



My reason is an evidence ofexceptional reasoning which demonstrates much reason.



  Cause   :



Linguistics caused my lifes cause.



  ,      ,    Cause:



This study seeks todetermine the most probable cause ofthe illness.



  -,     reason ofthe illness.



   XIX    Age ofReason.  , ,  ,     ,      ꠫ .



,      :  Cause   of,   Reason  for:



The cause ofhis illness is stress, which is his reason for leaving.




  Output Outcome


,      Cause Reason,        Output Outcome.



-,  ,    .   ,   : .   Output,    ,         .   Outcome




  .


   .

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